Inflammation and Repair Practice Questions

Q: Trauma to the breast causes which type of necrosis?

Fat necrosis. **Explanation:** **Fat necrosis** is the correct answer because it is a specialized form of cell death occurring in tissues with high lipid content, such as the breast, omentum, and pancreas [1]. When trauma occurs to the breast, adipocytes (fat cells) rupture, releasing neutral fats (triglycerides). These fats are broken down by lipases into free fatty acids, which then combine with calcium ions in a process called **saponification** [1]. This results in the characteristic "chalky white" macroscopic appearance [1]. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Coagulative Necrosis:** This is the most common pattern of necrosis, typically caused by ischemia/infarction in solid organs (e.g., heart, kidney, spleen), except the brain. The cell architecture is preserved for a few days. * **Liquefactive Necrosis:** Characterized by the digestion of dead cells into a liquid viscous mass. It is seen in focal bacterial/fungal infections (abscesses) and **hypoxic death of cells within the Central Nervous System (brain).** * **Caseous Necrosis:** A "cheese-like" friable appearance characteristic of **Tuberculosis** infection [1]. It is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis where the tissue architecture is completely obliterated. **High-Yield Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Clinical Mimicry:** Breast fat necrosis is high-yield because it can present as a painless, hard mass with skin retraction, clinically **mimicking breast carcinoma**. * **Radiology:** On mammography, it may show "egg-shell" calcifications. * **Enzymatic vs. Traumatic:** Fat necrosis in the **pancreas** is "enzymatic" (due to activated lipases), whereas in the **breast**, it is typically "traumatic." **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury, and Death, p. 55.

Q: Which cells secrete IL-1 and TNF-alpha during inflammation?

Activated macrophages. **Explanation:** **Correct Answer: C. Activated macrophages** The primary source of the major pro-inflammatory cytokines, **Interleukin-1 (IL-1)** and **Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-̑)**, is activated macrophages [1]. These cytokines are released in response to bacterial products (like LPS), immune complexes, or physical injury. They act as "master regulators" of inflammation by inducing endothelial activation, stimulating the synthesis of acute-phase proteins in the liver, and triggering systemic effects like fever (by acting on the hypothalamus). **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **A. Plasma cells:** These are terminally differentiated B-cells primarily responsible for the secretion of **antibodies (immunoglobulins)**, not pro-inflammatory cytokines. * **B. Lymphocytes:** While T-lymphocytes can secrete TNF, their primary products are interleukins like IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-̑. Macrophages remain the most potent and prolific source of IL-1 and TNF-̑ in the acute inflammatory milieu [1]. * **D. Platelets:** Platelets primarily release growth factors (like **PDGF** and **TGF-̒**) and vasoactive amines (serotonin) from their granules to assist in clotting and wound healing. **High-Yield NEET-PG Pearls:** * **Fever Induction:** IL-1 and TNF-̑ induce fever by increasing **PGE2** synthesis in the hypothalamus. * **Cachexia:** TNF-̑ is also known as **"Cachectin"** because it promotes weight loss and anorexia by suppressing appetite and mobilizing fat stores during chronic inflammation or malignancy. * **Septic Shock:** High concentrations of TNF-̑ are the primary mediators of the systemic hypotension and metabolic disturbances seen in septic shock. * **Inhibitors:** Drugs like **Etanercept** and **Infliximab** are TNF-antagonists used in treating rheumatoid arthritis and IBD. **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Inflammation and Repair, pp. 105-106.

Question 1

Trauma to the breast causes which type of necrosis?

Accepted Answer

Fat necrosis

Answer

Coagulative necrosis

Answer

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer

Caseous necrosis

Question 2

A full-thickness wound that is not sutured heals by what process?

Accepted Answer

Secondary healing

Answer

Primary healing

Answer

Delayed primary healing

Answer

Reepithelization

Question 3

Delayed wound healing is seen in all of the following conditions EXCEPT?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Malignancy

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Infection

Question 4

Delayed wound healing is seen in all of the following conditions except:

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Answer

Malignancy

Answer

Diabetes

Answer

Infection

Question 5

A 9-year-old boy is admitted with acute abdominal pain localized in the right iliac fossa. He is pyrexial with localized peritonism in the RIF. Which type of cell is primarily involved in the inflammatory response causing these signs?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Answer

Lymphocytes

Answer

Macrophages

Answer

Monocytes

Question 6

Which cells secrete IL-1 and TNF-alpha during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Activated macrophages

Answer

Plasma cells

Answer

Lymphocytes

Answer

Platelets

Question 7

Delayed prolonged increase in vascular permeability in inflammation is due to?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin 1 mediated endothelial retraction

Answer

Increased transcytosis

Answer

Leakage from newly formed blood vessels

Answer

Release of histamine causing endothelial contraction

Question 8

All are major cytokines in chronic inflammation except?

Accepted Answer

IL-6

Answer

IL-12

Answer

IFN-y

Answer

IL-17

Question 9

Which of the following historical figures is credited with adding the fifth cardinal sign of inflammation, loss of function (functio laesa)?

Accepted Answer

Rudolf Virchow

Answer

Elie Metchinkoff

Answer

Louis Pasteur

Answer

George Bernard

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a positive acute-phase reactant?

Accepted Answer

Transthyretin

Answer

Serum Amyloid A protein

Answer

Fibrinogen

Answer

Hepcidin

Inflammation and Repair — MCQs

Inflammation and Repair — MCQs

On this page

Practice by Chapter

Want unlimited practice?