Inflammation and Repair Practice Questions

Q: Necrosis with cell bodies retained as ghost cells is characteristic of which type?

Coagulative necrosis. ### Explanation **Correct Option: A. Coagulative Necrosis** Coagulative necrosis is characterized by the preservation of the basic structural outline of the cell and tissue for several days [1]. The underlying mechanism involves the **denaturation of both structural proteins and enzymes**. Because the lysosomal enzymes (proteases) are also denatured, they cannot digest the dead cells immediately. This results in the formation of **"ghost cells"**—cells that retain their cellular architecture and tissue framework but lack a nucleus (due to karyolysis) [1]. **Incorrect Options:** * **B. Liquefactive Necrosis:** In this type, the dead cells are completely digested by powerful hydrolytic enzymes, turning the tissue into a liquid viscous mass (pus). The cellular architecture is lost immediately, so "ghost cells" are never seen. It is characteristic of brain infarcts and bacterial/fungal infections. * **C. Caseous Necrosis:** This is a form of coagulative necrosis typically seen in Tuberculosis. It presents as a "cheese-like" friable white appearance. Microscopically, it appears as a structureless, granular, eosinophilic area of debris; the tissue architecture is completely obliterated, unlike the preserved outlines in coagulative necrosis. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Most Common Cause:** Ischemia (hypoxia) leading to infarction in all solid organs **except the brain** [1]. * **Microscopic Hallmark:** Loss of nuclei with preservation of cell shape (Ghost cells) [1]. * **Heart:** Myocardial infarction is the classic example of coagulative necrosis. * **Mechanism:** Acidosis denatures proteins, inhibiting proteolysis [1]. **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Cellular Responses to Stress and Toxic Insults: Adaptation, Injury, and Death, p. 53.

Q: Which is the most potent chemoattractant?

Leukotriene B4. **Explanation:** The correct answer is **Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)**. **1. Why LTB4 is the correct answer:** Leukotrienes are products of the **5-lipoxygenase pathway** of arachidonic acid metabolism. LTB4 is specifically synthesized by neutrophils and macrophages [1]. It is one of the most potent **chemoattractants** known in the inflammatory process [1]. Its primary functions include: * Stimulating neutrophil adhesion to the endothelium. * Promoting **chemotaxis** (directed movement of leukocytes toward the site of injury) [1]. * Inducing the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and the release of lysosomal enzymes. **2. Why the other options are incorrect:** * **Leukotriene C4, D4, and E4:** These are collectively known as **cysteinyl-containing leukotrienes** (or the "Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis" - SRS-A). Their primary roles are not chemotaxis, but rather: * Potent **vasoconstriction** [1]. * Increased **vascular permeability** (significantly more potent than histamine) [1]. * **Bronchospasm**, making them central to the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. **3. NEET-PG High-Yield Pearls:** * **Other potent chemoattractants to remember:** Complement component **C5a**, Bacterial products (e.g., **N-formyl methionine** peptides), and Chemokines (specifically **IL-8**). * **Lipoxins:** Unlike leukotrienes, lipoxins (LXA4, LXB4) act as **inhibitors** of inflammation and chemotaxis, serving as "stop signals." * **Zileuton** is a drug that inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, while **Montelukast** blocks leukotriene receptors (C4/D4/E4), highlighting the clinical importance of this pathway in asthma management. **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Inflammation and Repair, pp. 93-96.

Question 1

Which product of arachidonic acid metabolism has anti-inflammatory properties?

Accepted Answer

Lipoxin

Answer

Prostacyclin

Answer

TGF-beta

Answer

Leukotrienes

Question 2

Necrosis with cell bodies retained as ghost cells is characteristic of which type?

Accepted Answer

Coagulative necrosis

Answer

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer

Caseous necrosis

Answer

None of the above

Question 3

To which of the following families of chemical mediators of inflammation do lipoxins belong?

Accepted Answer

Arachidonic acid metabolites

Answer

Kinin system

Answer

Cytokines

Answer

Chemokines

Question 4

Which is the most potent chemoattractant?

Accepted Answer

Leukotriene B4

Answer

Leukotriene C4

Answer

Leukotriene D4

Answer

Leukotriene E4

Question 5

What is the most important mediator of chemotaxis among the following?

Accepted Answer

C5a

Answer

C3b

Answer

C567

Answer

C2

Question 6

Which of the following is the principal chemical mediator of fever?

Accepted Answer

Fever

Answer

Itching

Answer

Vasoconstriction

Answer

Chemotaxis

Question 7

The process of coating a microbe to target it for phagocytosis is:

Accepted Answer

Opsonisation

Answer

Diapedesis

Answer

Margination

Answer

Chemotaxis

Question 8

All of the following are true about bacterial killing by phagocytes EXCEPT?

Accepted Answer

The immune deficiency in Bruton's agammaglobulinemia is not related to opsonization.

Answer

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) aids in the formation of hypochlorous acid (OCI).

Answer

Chediak-Higashi syndrome results from a failure of phagolysosome formation.

Answer

NADPH oxidase is essential for the generation of superoxide anions.

Question 9

What is the characteristic of stem cells?

Accepted Answer

Labile

Answer

Stable

Answer

Permanent

Answer

None of the above

Question 10

Which type of collagen is involved and expressed during the early stages of wound healing?

Accepted Answer

Type 3

Answer

Type 1

Answer

Type 2

Answer

Type 4

Inflammation and Repair — MCQs

Inflammation and Repair — MCQs

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