Inflammation and Repair Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following eicosanoids cause vasoconstriction and increase vascular permeability?

Leukotriene C4. **Explanation:** The correct answer is **Leukotriene C4 (LTC4)**. Eicosanoids are lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid via two main pathways: the Cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway and the Lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway [1]. **1. Why Leukotriene C4 is correct:** LTC4, along with LTD4 and LTE4 (collectively known as cysteinyl leukotrienes), are produced via the 5-LOX pathway. These mediators are potent triggers of **smooth muscle contraction**. In the vascular system, they cause **vasoconstriction**, while in the microcirculation, they induce endothelial cell contraction, leading to increased **vascular permeability** (venular leakage) [1]. They are significantly more potent than histamine in inducing these effects [1]. **2. Why the other options are incorrect:** * **Prostacyclin (PGI2):** Produced by vascular endothelium, it is a potent **vasodilator** and inhibitor of platelet aggregation [1]. * **Thromboxane A2 (TXA2):** Produced by platelets, it causes potent vasoconstriction and promotes platelet aggregation, but it does **not** increase vascular permeability [1]. * **PGE1:** Prostaglandins of the E series (PGE1 and PGE2) are primarily **vasodilators** and are involved in inducing pain and fever [1]. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Vasodilation:** PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2 [1]. * **Vasoconstriction:** TXA2, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 [1]. * **Increased Vascular Permeability:** LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 (Cysteinyl leukotrienes) [1]. * **Chemotaxis:** LTB4 is the "gold standard" chemotactic agent among eicosanoids (along with IL-8, C5a, and bacterial products) [1]. * **Aspirin-induced Asthma:** Caused by the shunting of arachidonic acid from the COX pathway to the LOX pathway, leading to an overproduction of bronchoconstrictive leukotrienes. **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Inflammation and Repair, pp. 93-101.

Q: Angiogenesis is a function of which of the following types of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)?

FGF 2. **Explanation:** **Angiogenesis** is a critical step in the repair process (granulation tissue formation). It is primarily mediated by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and members of the **Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)** family [1]. **Why Option B is Correct:** **FGF-2 (also known as Basic FGF/bFGF)** is the most potent angiogenic factor among the FGFs [2]. It promotes angiogenesis by stimulating the proliferation of endothelial cells and their migration to form new blood vessels. Additionally, it aids in the recruitment of macrophages and fibroblasts to the site of injury, facilitating the synthesis of the extracellular matrix [1]. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **FGF-1 (Acidic FGF):** While it has some mitogenic activity, it is significantly less potent than FGF-2 in the context of physiological angiogenesis and repair. * **FGF-3 (INT-2) and FGF-4 (HST-1):** These are primarily categorized as **proto-oncogenes**. They play vital roles in embryonic development and organogenesis but are more commonly associated with tumorigenesis (cell transformation) rather than the physiological process of wound healing and angiogenesis. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **FGF-7** is also known as **Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF)**; it is essential for re-epithelialization. * **VEGF** is the most important growth factor for angiogenesis in *both* physiological (healing) and pathological (tumor growth) states [1]. * **TGF-̢** is the most important cytokine for **collagen synthesis** and the termination of the inflammatory response (fibrosis) [1]. * **HIF-1 (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor)** is the primary intracellular sensor that triggers the release of VEGF during tissue ischemia [2]. **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Inflammation and Repair, pp. 115-119. [2] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Neoplasia, pp. 313-314.

Question 1

Reperfusion injury is caused by:

Accepted Answer

Superoxide ion

Answer

Vitamin E

Answer

Calcium ion

Answer

Magnesium ion

Question 2

Which one of the following impairs epithelialization in wound healing?

Accepted Answer

Basic growth factor (BGF)

Answer

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Answer

Fibronectin

Answer

Transforming growth factor (TGF)

Question 3

Macrophages are characteristically seen in which phase of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Late inflammation

Answer

Early inflammation

Answer

Wound repair

Answer

Healing

Question 4

Which of the following is not capable of replication?

Accepted Answer

Neuron

Answer

Liver

Answer

Kidney

Answer

None of the above

Question 5

Wound contraction is primarily mediated by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Myofibroblasts.

Answer

Smooth muscle cells.

Answer

Macrophages.

Answer

Fibroblasts.

Question 6

A fibroblast in a healing wound contains large quantities of which of the following cell organelles?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Nucleoli

Answer

Free non-membranous bound ribosomes

Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 7

Arrange the following steps in order of the events occurring first to last: Margination, Rolling, Stasis, Pavementing?

Accepted Answer

Stasis, Margination, Rolling, Pavementing

Answer

Margination, Rolling, Stasis, Pavementing

Answer

Pavementing, Stasis, Rolling, Margination

Answer

Pavementing, Margination, Rolling, Stasis

Question 8

Which of the following eicosanoids cause vasoconstriction and increase vascular permeability?

Accepted Answer

Leukotriene C4

Answer

Prostacyclin

Answer

Thromboxane A2

Answer

PGE1

Question 9

Angiogenesis is a function of which of the following types of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)?

Accepted Answer

FGF 2

Answer

FGF 1

Answer

FGF 3

Answer

FGF 4

Question 10

Esterase inhibitor deficiency causes which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Hereditary angioneurotic edema

Answer

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Answer

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

Answer

Omen syndrome

Inflammation and Repair — MCQs

Inflammation and Repair — MCQs

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