General Pathology Practice Questions

Q: Dohle bodies are what?

Endoplasmic reticulum. **Explanation:** **Dohle bodies** are small, light blue-gray, oval inclusions found in the periphery of the cytoplasm of neutrophils. They represent **remnants of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)** arranged in parallel rows. They are typically seen in states of "left shift" or accelerated granulopoiesis, where the bone marrow rushes the maturation of neutrophils, leaving behind these immature cytoplasmic structures. * **Why Option B is correct:** Ultrastructural studies confirm that Dohle bodies are composed of lamellar rows of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Their basophilic (blue) appearance on Romanowsky stains (like Leishman or Giemsa) is due to the presence of RNA associated with the ribosomes on the RER. * **Why Option A is incorrect:** Lysosomes in neutrophils are represented by primary (azurophilic) and secondary (specific) granules, not by these distinct blue inclusions. * **Why Option C is incorrect:** Mitochondria are not visible as discrete inclusions like Dohle bodies on light microscopy; their dysfunction usually leads to swelling or vacuolation. * **Why Option D is incorrect:** Toxic granules are dark, coarse, purple-black granules representing abnormal primary granules. While they often coexist with Dohle bodies in systemic inflammation, they are biochemically and morphologically distinct. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** 1. **Clinical Associations:** Dohle bodies are classically seen in **severe bacterial infections (sepsis)**, burns, trauma, and pregnancy. 2. **May-Hegglin Anomaly:** This is a triad of **Dohle-like bodies** (larger and more prominent), giant platelets, and thrombocytopenia. 3. **Toxic Changes:** The "Toxic Triad" in neutrophils includes **Dohle bodies, Toxic Granulations, and Cytoplasmic Vacuolation.**

Q: Which of the following is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder?

Neurofibromatosis. **Explanation:** **Neurofibromatosis (Option C)** is a classic example of an **Autosomal Dominant (AD)** disorder. It is characterized by high penetrance but variable expressivity. NF-1 (von Recklinghausen disease) results from a mutation in the *NF1* gene on chromosome 17, which encodes neurofibromin, a tumor suppressor that regulates the RAS pathway. NF-2 results from a mutation in the *merlin* gene on chromosome 22. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **G6PD Deficiency (Option A):** This is an **X-linked Recessive** disorder. It primarily affects males and is characterized by episodic hemolysis triggered by oxidative stress (e.g., fava beans, infections, or drugs like Primaquine). * **Hirschsprung Disease (Option B):** This condition exhibits **Multifactorial inheritance** with variable penetrance. While associated with mutations in the *RET* proto-oncogene, it does not follow a simple Mendelian AD pattern. * **Vitamin D Resistant Rickets (Option D):** Also known as Hereditary Hypophosphatemic Rickets, this is a rare **X-linked Dominant** disorder. It is one of the few classic examples of X-linked dominant inheritance tested in exams. **NEET-PG High-Yield Pearls:** * **AD Disorders:** Usually involve mutations in **structural proteins** (e.g., Marfan syndrome, Osteogenesis Imperfecta) or **regulatory proteins/receptors** (e.g., Familial Hypercholesterolemia, NF). [1], [2] * **AR Disorders:** Usually involve mutations in **enzymes** (e.g., Phenylketonuria, Alkaptonuria). * **NF-1 Clinical Triad:** Café-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas), and neurofibromas. * **NF-2 Hallmark:** Bilateral acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannomas). **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. The Skin, pp. 1157-1158. [2] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. The Central Nervous System, pp. 1318-1319.

Question 1

Dohle bodies are what?

Accepted Answer

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer

Lysosomes

Answer

Mitochondria

Answer

Toxic neutrophilic granules

Question 2

In familial Mediterranean fever, which protein undergoes mutation?

Accepted Answer

Pyrin

Answer

Perforin

Answer

Atrial natriuretic factor

Answer

Immunoglobulin light chain

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about tumour markers?

Accepted Answer

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is used for prostate cancer.

Answer

Tumour markers can be used to diagnose residual recurrence of disease.

Answer

Tumour markers can be used for the diagnosis of cancer.

Answer

CA-19-9 is used for colon cancer.

Question 4

Which of the following is a transcription factor?

Accepted Answer

MYC

Answer

RAS

Answer

FOS

Answer

GRAP

Question 5

Granuloma is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Accepted Answer

Type IV Hypersensitivity reaction

Answer

Type I Hypersensitivity reaction

Answer

Type II Hypersensitivity reaction

Answer

Type III Hypersensitivity reaction

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a tumor suppressor gene?

Accepted Answer

RAS

Answer

WT-1

Answer

RB

Answer

P53

Question 7

Which protein is implicated in Familial Amyloidosis?

Accepted Answer

Transthyretin

Answer

Serum amyloid A

Answer

b2-microglobulin

Answer

Amyloid b peptide

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder?

Accepted Answer

Neurofibromatosis

Answer

G6PD deficiency

Answer

Hirschsprung disease

Answer

Vitamin D resistant rickets

Question 9

Which of the following features is NOT characteristic of leukoplakia?

Accepted Answer

Plasma cell infiltration within the dermal papillae

Answer

Hyperkeratosis

Answer

Clinically, a paint-like patch

Answer

A moist shiny lesion

Question 10

What is the critical pH for the initiation of caries in dentin?

Accepted Answer

6.2-6.5

Answer

4.3-4.5

Answer

5.2-5.5

Answer

4.9-5.1

General Pathology — MCQs

General Pathology — MCQs

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