General Pathology Practice Questions

Q: Which stain is NOT used for lipids?

Congo red. **Explanation:** The correct answer is **Congo red** because it is the gold-standard stain for **Amyloid**, not lipids. 1. **Why Congo red is the correct answer:** Congo red is a specific stain used to identify amyloid fibrils. Under ordinary light, it stains amyloid pink-red [1]. However, its diagnostic hallmark is seen under **polarized microscopy**, where amyloid exhibits a characteristic **apple-green birefringence** [1, 2]. It has no affinity for lipid molecules. 2. **Why the other options are incorrect:** * **Oil Red O:** This is a lysochrome (fat-soluble) dye used specifically to demonstrate neutral triglycerides and lipids in frozen sections. It imparts a bright red color to fat droplets. * **Sudan III & Sudan Black B:** These are the most common stains for lipids. Sudan III stains lipids orange-red, while Sudan Black B is the most sensitive of the Sudan dyes, staining neutral fats black. Sudan Black is also used in hematopathology to differentiate AML (positive) from ALL (negative). **NEET-PG High-Yield Pearls:** * **Processing Requirement:** To stain lipids, tissues must be processed as **frozen sections**. Conventional paraffin embedding involves alcohols and xylol, which dissolve lipids, leaving behind empty vacuoles (clear spaces). * **Other Lipid Stains:** Osmium tetroxide (stains fat black and is used for electron microscopy). * **Amyloid Stains:** Apart from Congo red, other stains include Thioflavin T/S (fluorescent) and Crystal violet (metachromatic). **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Diseases of the Immune System, pp. 268-269. [2] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. The Heart, pp. 580-581.

Q: A married middle-aged female gives a history of repeated abortions for the past 5 years. The given below is a prenatal karyogram from one of her conceptions. This karyogram suggests which of the following?

Down's syndrome. ***Down's syndrome*** - The karyogram shows **47 chromosomes with trisomy 21**, characteristic of Down's syndrome, which can lead to **spontaneous abortions** in early pregnancy. - **Advanced maternal age** increases the risk of nondisjunction during meiosis, resulting in chromosomal abnormalities like trisomy 21. *Klinefelter's syndrome* - This condition shows a **47,XXY karyotype** with an extra X chromosome, not an extra autosome like chromosome 21. - Primarily affects **males** and is associated with **hypogonadism** and **infertility**, not recurrent abortions in females. *Turner's syndrome* - Characterized by a **45,X karyotype** with a missing X chromosome, resulting in **monosomy**. - Affects **females** with features like **short stature** and **ovarian dysgenesis**, but shows chromosome loss, not gain. *Patau's syndrome* - Results from **trisomy 13** showing **47 chromosomes with an extra chromosome 13**, not chromosome 21. - Associated with severe **intellectual disability** and **multiple congenital anomalies**, with most cases resulting in early death.

Q: Which disease is characterized by the following histopathological finding?

Wolman disease. ***Wolman disease*** - Characterized by **foamy macrophages** filled with **cholesteryl esters** and **triglycerides** due to **lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) deficiency**. - Classic presentation includes **bilateral adrenal calcification** and **hepatosplenomegaly** in infants with failure to thrive. *I-cell disease* - Shows **inclusion bodies** in **fibroblasts** with **coarse cytoplasmic granules**, not foamy macrophages. - Results from **N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase deficiency**, causing defective lysosomal enzyme targeting. *Gaucher disease* - Exhibits **Gaucher cells** with characteristic **wrinkled-paper cytoplasm** appearance, distinct from foamy macrophages. - Caused by **glucocerebrosidase deficiency** leading to **glucocerebroside accumulation** in macrophages. *Metachromatic leukodystrophy* - Features **metachromatic sulfatide deposits** that stain **brown-yellow** with cresyl violet, not foamy appearance. - Results from **arylsulfatase A deficiency** causing **sulfatide accumulation** primarily in nervous tissue.

Question 1

Which stain is NOT used for lipids?

Accepted Answer

Congo red

Answer

Oil red

Answer

Sudan III

Answer

Sudan black

Question 2

Aneuploidy is due to:

Accepted Answer

Non-disjunction at meiosis

Answer

Mosaicism

Answer

Deletion

Answer

Translocation

Question 3

A CT scan of a 43-year-old woman with a parathyroid adenoma and hyperparathyroidism reveals extensive calcium deposits in the lungs and kidney parenchyma. These radiologic findings are best explained by which of the following mechanisms of disease?

Accepted Answer

Metastatic calcification

Answer

Arteriosclerosis

Answer

Dystrophic calcification

Answer

Granulomatous inflammation

Question 4

Metaplasia occurs in all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Stem cells

Answer

Squamous cells

Answer

Columnar cells

Answer

Transitional cells

Question 5

A 31-year-old man presents with infertility and aspermia. He reports chronic diarrhea with elevated quantitative stool fat, and has a history of recurrent, severe respiratory tract infections since early childhood. As a neonate, he experienced bowel obstruction due to meconium ileus. Which gene is most likely to harbor a mutation causing these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

CFTR

Answer

FGFR

Answer

G6PD

Answer

HFE

Question 6

Which organ is least affected by arterial thromboembolism?

Accepted Answer

Liver

Answer

Kidney

Answer

Heart

Answer

Brain

Question 7

A married middle-aged female gives a history of repeated abortions for the past 5 years. The given below is a prenatal karyogram from one of her conceptions. This karyogram suggests which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Down's syndrome

Answer

Klinefelter's syndrome

Answer

Turner's syndrome

Answer

Patau's syndrome

Question 8

In muscle hypertrophy, which myosin isoform changes?

Accepted Answer

Alpha

Answer

Beta

Answer

Theta

Answer

Delta

Question 9

Which disease is characterized by the following histopathological finding?

Accepted Answer

Wolman disease

Answer

I-cell disease

Answer

Gaucher disease

Answer

Metachromatic leukodystrophy

Question 10

A 60-year-old male patient complains of discoloration of his right leg. He is a known case of diabetes mellitus. Physical examination reveals blackish discoloration of the right leg with a dry and shrunken appearance. Which of the following most appropriately describes the condition of this patient?

Accepted Answer

Dry gangrene

Answer

Wet gangrene

Answer

Psoriasis

Answer

Pemphigus

General Pathology — MCQs

General Pathology — MCQs

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