General Pathology Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following is a metastasis suppressor gene in relation to prostate cancer?

KAI-1. **Explanation:** Metastasis suppressor genes are a distinct class of genes that inhibit the spread of cancer cells without necessarily affecting the growth of the primary tumor. **A. KAI-1 (CD82):** This is the correct answer. Located on chromosome 11p11.2, KAI-1 encodes a cell surface glycoprotein (tetraspanin) that promotes cell-cell adhesion and suppresses tumor cell migration. Its expression is significantly downregulated during the progression of **prostate cancer**, making it a specific marker for metastatic potential in this malignancy. **B. NM 23:** While this was the first metastasis suppressor gene discovered, it is most classically associated with **breast cancer** and melanomas. It functions as a nucleoside diphosphate kinase. **C. KISS-1:** This gene encodes the protein kisspeptin. It acts as a metastasis suppressor primarily in **melanoma** and breast cancer by signaling through G-protein coupled receptors to inhibit chemotaxis and invasion. **D. p53:** This is a classic **Tumor Suppressor Gene** (the "Guardian of the Genome"). While its loss certainly leads to advanced cancer and eventual metastasis, it primarily functions by regulating the cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptosis at the primary site, rather than being classified specifically as a "metastasis suppressor gene." **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **KAI-1** = Prostate Cancer. * **NM 23** = Breast Cancer. * **BRMS1** = Breast Cancer Metastasis Suppressor. * **MKK4** = Ovarian Cancer. * **E-Cadherin** loss is a hallmark of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), a critical step in the metastatic cascade.

Q: N-MYC amplification is associated with which of the following conditions?

Neuroblastoma. **Explanation:** The **MYC family of proto-oncogenes** (C-MYC, N-MYC, and L-MYC) encodes transcription factors that play a pivotal role in cell growth and proliferation. **N-MYC amplification** is a classic example of gene amplification in human tumors, where the gene is replicated many times, appearing as "Double Minutes" (extrachromosomal fragments) or "Homogeneously Staining Regions" (HSRs) on karyotyping. **Why Neuroblastoma is correct:** N-MYC amplification occurs in approximately 25–30% of **Neuroblastomas** [1]. It is the most significant prognostic indicator for this childhood tumor; its presence signifies an aggressive clinical course, rapid tumor progression, and a poor prognosis, regardless of the clinical stage [1]. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **A. Burkitt Lymphoma:** This is associated with the **translocation t(8;14)**, which leads to the overexpression of **C-MYC**, not N-MYC [2]. * **B. Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung:** While various mutations occur, **L-MYC** amplification is more specifically associated with Small Cell Carcinoma of the lung. * **C. Astrocytoma:** High-grade gliomas (like Glioblastoma) are more commonly associated with **EGFR amplification** or PTEN mutations rather than N-MYC. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **C-MYC:** Burkitt Lymphoma (t(8;14)) [2]. * **N-MYC:** Neuroblastoma (Poor prognosis) [1]. * **L-MYC:** Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung. * **Double Minutes/HSRs:** These are the cytogenetic hallmarks of gene amplification (commonly seen with N-MYC in Neuroblastoma and ERBB2 in Breast Cancer). **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, pp. 486-487. [2] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Neoplasia, pp. 324-325.

Question 1

Which of the following types of necrosis is most commonly associated with ischemic injury?

Accepted Answer

Coagulative necrosis

Answer

Casseous necrosis

Answer

Liquifactive necrosis

Answer

Fat necrosis

Question 2

Metastatic calcification is most commonly seen in which of the following locations?

Accepted Answer

Renal tubules

Answer

Cornea

Answer

Extensor tendons

Answer

Brain

Question 3

What happens in hypertrophy?

Accepted Answer

Increase in the size of cells

Answer

Increase in the number of cells

Answer

Increase in protein within cells

Answer

Decrease in cell number

Question 4

Turner syndrome is characterized by which chromosomal abnormality?

Accepted Answer

45, XO

Answer

47, XXY

Answer

Trisomy 13

Answer

Trisomy 18

Question 5

Which of the following conditions is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern?

Accepted Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Answer

Hemophilia

Answer

Hereditary spherocytosis

Answer

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Question 6

The APC gene exerts its effect in combination with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Beta-catenin

Answer

E-cadherin

Answer

Alpha-catenin

Answer

BCAP31

Question 7

Which of the following is a metastasis suppressor gene in relation to prostate cancer?

Accepted Answer

KAI-1

Answer

NM 23

Answer

KISS

Answer

p53

Question 8

N-MYC amplification is associated with which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Neuroblastoma

Answer

Burkitt lymphoma

Answer

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

Answer

Astrocytoma

Question 9

Fenton reaction leads to free radical generation when:

Accepted Answer

Ferrous ion is converted to ferric ion

Answer

Radiant energy is absorbed by water

Answer

H2O2 is formed by myeloperoxidase

Answer

Nitric oxide is converted to peroxynitrite

Question 10

Which of the following is false regarding Gaucher's disease?

Accepted Answer

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase is negative

Answer

Beta-glucocerebrosidase is defective

Answer

Cherry red spots are seen on fundoscopy

Answer

Erlenmeyer's flask deformity is present

General Pathology — MCQs

General Pathology — MCQs

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