Pediatric Orthopaedics Practice Questions

Q: Fairbank's triangle is seen in which of the following conditions?

Congenital coxa vara. **Explanation:** **Congenital Coxa Vara** is a developmental deformity characterized by a decreased neck-shaft angle (less than 120°). The hallmark radiographic feature of this condition is **Fairbank’s Triangle**. This is a triangular fragment of bone located at the inferior aspect of the femoral neck, demarcated by two lucent bands forming an inverted "V." These bands represent a vertical, disordered epiphyseal plate. The presence of this triangle is pathognomonic for developmental/congenital coxa vara and helps differentiate it from other causes of a short femoral neck. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **A. Congenital Dislocation of the Hip (CDH/DDH):** Characterized by Shenton’s line break, Perkins’ line lateralization, and Hilgenreiner’s line measurements. It does not involve a metaphyseal triangular fragment. * **B. Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE):** Features the "Trethowan’s sign" (Klein’s line not intersecting the epiphysis) and the "Steel’s blanch sign." * **D. Perthes Disease:** Characterized by avascular necrosis findings such as the "Crescent sign" (subchondral fracture), fragmentation, and eventual re-ossification of the femoral head. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Hilgenreiner-Epiphyseal (H-E) Angle:** Used to assess the severity and progression of Coxa Vara. An angle **>60°** is likely to progress and requires surgical intervention (e.g., Valgus Osteotomy). * **Clinical Presentation:** Patients typically present with a painless "painless waddling gait" (if bilateral) or a Trendelenburg gait (if unilateral) due to abductor insufficiency. * **Neck-Shaft Angle:** Normal is ~135°; in Coxa Vara, it is significantly reduced, often reaching <90°.

Q: What is the most common elbow injury in adolescents?

Supracondylar fracture. **Explanation:** **Supracondylar fracture of the humerus** is the most common elbow injury in the pediatric and adolescent age group, accounting for approximately 60% of all pediatric elbow fractures. The peak incidence occurs between **5 to 8 years** of age. The injury typically occurs due to a fall on an outstretched hand (FOOSH) with the elbow in extension, leading to a fracture through the thin bone of the olecranon fossa. **Analysis of Options:** * **A. Dislocation:** While common in adults, elbow dislocations are relatively rare in children because the ligaments and joint capsules are often stronger than the adjacent growth plates (physes). * **B. Physeal injury:** Although common in the pediatric skeleton, specific physeal injuries (like Lateral Condyle fractures) are second in frequency to supracondylar fractures. * **D. Olecranon fracture:** These are much less common in children compared to adults and are often associated with other injuries like radial head dislocations (Monteggia fracture-dislocation). **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Classification:** The **Gartland Classification** is used to grade these fractures (Type I: Undisplaced; Type II: Displaced with intact posterior cortex; Type III: Completely displaced). * **Neurological Complication:** The **Anterior Interosseous Nerve (AIN)**—a branch of the Median nerve—is the most commonly injured nerve in extension-type fractures (test: "OK" sign). * **Vascular Complication:** Injury to the **Brachial Artery** can lead to **Volkmann’s Ischemic Contracture**, the most dreaded complication. * **Deformity:** Malunion typically results in **Cubitus Varus** (Gunstock deformity), which is primarily a cosmetic rather than functional issue.

Q: When should treatment for Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV) start?

Immediately after birth. **Explanation:** The primary goal in managing **Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV)**, also known as Clubfoot, is to achieve a functional, pain-free, plantigrade foot. The correct answer is **Immediately after birth** because the neonatal period offers a unique physiological window where the connective tissues (ligaments, tendons, and joint capsules) are extremely pliable due to the presence of maternal hormones (like relaxin) still circulating in the infant’s blood. **Why Option A is correct:** Early intervention—ideally within the first week of life—utilizes this maximum elasticity. Starting treatment immediately allows for easier manual correction of the four components of the deformity (**CAVE**: Cavus, Adduction, Varus, and Equinus) using the **Ponseti Method**. Delaying treatment leads to the stiffening of these structures, making non-operative correction significantly more difficult. **Why other options are incorrect:** * **Option B & C (3 and 6 months):** Waiting this long allows the soft tissues to contract and the bones to begin ossifying in a deformed position. This often necessitates more invasive surgical releases rather than simple serial casting. * **Option D (After 24 hours):** While treatment can technically start after 24 hours, the clinical teaching emphasizes "immediately" (as soon as the baby is stable) to reinforce the urgency of early manipulation. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Ponseti Method:** The gold standard treatment involving serial casting. * **Order of Correction:** Remember the mnemonic **CAVE**. Cavus is corrected first; Equinus is always corrected last. * **Tenotomy:** Approximately 85-90% of cases require a Percutaneous Achilles Tenotomy to correct the residual Equinus. * **Pirani Score:** Used to assess the severity of the deformity and monitor progress during casting.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a feature of Achondroplasia?

Mental retardation. **Achondroplasia** is the most common cause of disproportionate short-limbed dwarfism. It is caused by a gain-of-function mutation in the **FGFR3 gene** (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3) on chromosome 4p. ### **Explanation of Options:** * **A. Mental Retardation (Correct Answer):** Patients with achondroplasia typically have **normal intelligence** and a normal lifespan. While they may experience motor delays due to hypotonia and a large head (macrocephaly), their cognitive development is unaffected. * **B. Autosomal Recessive Inheritance (Incorrect/Note):** While the question lists this as a feature to be excluded, it is important to note that Achondroplasia is actually **Autosomal Dominant**. However, 80% of cases are due to *de novo* mutations associated with advanced paternal age. (Note: In some versions of this MCQ, this option is also factually incorrect, but "Mental Retardation" is the most classic "distractor" used in exams). * **C. Defective Endochondral Ossification:** This is the core pathophysiology. The FGFR3 mutation over-inhibits the proliferation of chondrocytes in the growth plate, specifically affecting **long bones** (endochondral) while sparing flat bones (intramembranous). * **D. Familial Occurrence:** Since it is an Autosomal Dominant condition, it can be passed down from an affected parent to offspring (50% chance). ### **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Rhizomelic Shortening:** Shortening is most prominent in the proximal segments (humerus/femur). * **Trident Hand:** A characteristic wide space between the 3rd and 4th digits. * **Champagne Glass Pelvis:** Radiographic finding showing a flat, broad pelvis with narrow sacrosciatic notches. * **Foramen Magnum Stenosis:** A critical complication in infancy that can lead to sudden death or hydrocephalus. * **Spinal Stenosis:** Common in adults due to short pedicles and a narrowed spinal canal.

Q: Coxa vara is caused by:

All of the above. **Explanation:** **Coxa vara** is a clinical deformity of the hip where the **neck-shaft angle** of the femur is reduced to **less than 120°** (normal is 120°–135°). This reduction in angle leads to a shortened limb and a characteristic abductor lurch (Trendelenburg gait). **Why "All of the Above" is correct:** Coxa vara is not a single disease but a structural manifestation of various underlying pathologies that weaken the femoral neck or affect the proximal femoral growth plate: 1. **SCFE (Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis):** In this condition, the femoral head slips posteriorly and inferiorly relative to the neck. This displacement results in a "relative" coxa vara and retroversion of the femoral neck. 2. **Rickets:** Metabolic bone diseases like Rickets (in children) or Osteomalacia (in adults) lead to softened osteoid. Under the physiological stress of weight-bearing, the softened femoral neck bends, leading to an acquired coxa vara. 3. **Paget’s Disease:** This is a disorder of bone remodeling resulting in structurally weak, hypervascular bone. When it involves the proximal femur, the "shepherd’s crook deformity" occurs, which is a severe form of coxa vara. **Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Congenital Coxa Vara:** Characterized by a **vertical epiphyseal plate** and a **Fairbank’s triangle** (a triangular bone fragment in the inferior neck) on X-ray. * **Hilgenreiner’s Epiphyseal Angle (HEA):** Used to assess severity; an angle **>60°** usually requires surgical correction (Valgus Osteotomy). * **Differential Diagnosis:** Must be distinguished from Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH); in coxa vara, the femoral head is *inside* the acetabulum, whereas in DDH, it is displaced. * **Common presentation:** Painless limping, positive Trendelenburg sign, and restricted abduction and internal rotation.

Q: Which fracture requires open reduction in children?

Lateral condyle fracture of humerus. **Explanation:** **Lateral condyle fracture of the humerus** is the correct answer because it is a **Salter-Harris Type IV injury** and an intra-articular fracture. In children, these fractures are notoriously unstable due to the pull of the common extensor origin, which often leads to rotation and displacement of the fragment. Because it involves the joint surface, anatomic reduction is mandatory to prevent complications like non-union, cubitus valgus deformity, and delayed ulnar nerve palsy. Most displaced lateral condyle fractures (>2mm) require **Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)** with K-wires. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **A. Fracture both bones forearm:** These are typically managed by **closed reduction** and casting. Children have a thick periosteum and significant remodeling potential, allowing for acceptable angulation that corrects with growth. * **B. Epiphyseal separation of tibia:** Most physeal injuries of the tibia (e.g., Salter-Harris I or II) can be managed by closed reduction. Open reduction is only reserved for unstable Type III or IV injuries (like Tillaux fractures in older children). * **C. Intercondylar fracture of femur:** While serious, these are rare in children. Many can be managed via closed or percutaneous methods unless there is significant intra-articular incongruity that cannot be reduced closed. **Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Milch Classification** is used for lateral condyle fractures. * **Complications:** It is the most common fracture to go into **Non-union** if missed. **Cubitus valgus** is a late complication, which may lead to **Tardy Ulnar Nerve Palsy**. * **Rule of Thumb:** Any intra-articular fracture in a child that is displaced >2mm generally requires operative intervention to ensure joint congruity.

Q: In CDH, the hip and knees are held in a flexed position and gradually abducted. A 'click of entrance' is felt as the femoral head slips into the acetabulum from the position of dislocation. What is this maneuver known as?

Ortolani's test. ### Explanation **Correct Option: B. Ortolani’s test** The **Ortolani maneuver** is a clinical test used to identify a dislocated hip that can be **reduced**. In this maneuver, the clinician flexes the infant’s hips and knees to 90 degrees and then gradually **abducts** the hip while applying upward pressure on the greater trochanter. The "click" or "clunk" of entrance occurs as the femoral head slides back over the posterior acetabular rim into the socket. It is essentially a test of **reduction**. **Incorrect Options:** * **A. Barlow’s test:** This is a provocative maneuver used to identify an unstable hip that is currently "in" but can be **dislocated**. The hip is adducted and a downward (posterior) force is applied. It is a test of **dislocatability**. * **C. Thomas test:** This is used to assess **fixed flexion deformity (FFD)** of the hip, commonly seen in conditions like hip tuberculosis or osteoarthritis. * **D. Lasegue test:** Also known as the Straight Leg Raising (SLR) test, it is used to identify nerve root irritation (sciatica) or disc prolapse. **Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** 1. **Sequence:** Remember **B**arlow comes before **O**rtolani alphabetically; Barlow **dislocates** (goes out), and Ortolani **reduces** (comes back in). 2. **Age Limit:** These tests are most reliable in newborns. After **3–6 months**, soft tissue contractures develop, making these tests negative. At this stage, **limited abduction** becomes the most sensitive clinical sign of DDH (Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip). 3. **Galeazzi Sign:** Used in older infants to detect limb length discrepancy due to unilateral hip dislocation (the knee on the affected side appears lower). 4. **Imaging:** Ultrasound is the investigation of choice before 6 months (Graf classification); X-rays are used after 6 months once the femoral head ossifies.

Q: What is the cause of congenital pseudoarthrosis?

Unknown. **Explanation:** **Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia (CPT)** is a rare and challenging condition characterized by a spontaneous fracture of the tibia that fails to heal, leading to a "false joint" (pseudarthrosis). 1. **Why "Unknown" is the correct answer:** Despite its name, the exact underlying etiology of CPT remains **idiopathic (unknown)**. While there is a strong clinical association with other conditions, the precise molecular or mechanical trigger that prevents the bone from uniting at birth or shortly after is not yet fully understood. Histologically, it involves a hamartomatous proliferation of fibrous tissue in the periosteum, which impairs normal bone healing. 2. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Intrauterine fracture (A):** While the deformity may be present at birth, it is not caused by mechanical trauma in utero. It is a primary failure of bone formation and remodeling. * **Neurofibromatosis (B):** This is the most common **associated** condition (seen in approximately 50% of cases). However, NF-1 is a predisposing factor/association, not the primary cause itself. * **Fibrous dysplasia (C):** Although both involve fibrous replacement of bone, they are distinct clinical entities. Fibrous dysplasia is rarely the cause of a congenital pseudarthrosis. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Most Common Site:** Distal third of the tibia (often with anterior-lateral bowing). * **Association:** Always screen for **Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1)** (look for Café-au-lait spots). * **Boyd’s Classification:** Used to categorize the types of CPT. * **Treatment:** Extremely difficult; options include the **Ilizarov technique**, vascularized fibular bone grafting, or intramedullary nailing (Williams rod). Amputation is a last resort for recalcitrant cases.

Question 1

Fairbank's triangle is seen in which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Congenital coxa vara

Answer

Congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH)

Answer

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)

Answer

Perthes disease

Question 2

What is the most common elbow injury in adolescents?

Accepted Answer

Supracondylar fracture

Answer

Dislocation

Answer

Physeal injury

Answer

Olecranon fracture

Question 3

When should treatment for Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV) start?

Accepted Answer

Immediately after birth

Answer

After 3 months

Answer

After 6 months

Answer

After 24 hours

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a feature of Achondroplasia?

Accepted Answer

Mental retardation

Answer

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Answer

Defective endochondral ossification

Answer

Familial occurrence

Question 5

Coxa vara is caused by:

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Answer

SCFE

Answer

Rickets

Answer

Paget's disease

Question 6

A 7-year-old boy presents with abrupt onset of hip pain, and his hip is held in abduction. Hemogram is normal, but ESR is elevated. What is the next line of management?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound-guided aspiration of the hip

Answer

Hospitalize and observe

Answer

Ambulatory observation

Answer

Intravenous antibiotics

Question 7

Which fracture requires open reduction in children?

Accepted Answer

Lateral condyle fracture of humerus

Answer

Fracture of both bones of forearm

Answer

Epiphyseal separation of tibia

Answer

Intercondylar fracture of femur

Question 8

Which type of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is considered most dangerous in a fetus in utero?

Accepted Answer

Type 3 OI

Answer

Type 1 OI

Answer

Type 2 OI

Answer

Type 4 OI

Question 9

In CDH, the hip and knees are held in a flexed position and gradually abducted. A 'click of entrance' is felt as the femoral head slips into the acetabulum from the position of dislocation. What is this maneuver known as?

Accepted Answer

Ortolani's test

Answer

Barlow's test

Answer

Thomas test

Answer

Lasegue test

Question 10

What is the cause of congenital pseudoarthrosis?

Accepted Answer

Unknown

Answer

Intrauterine fracture

Answer

Neurofibromatosis

Answer

Fibrous dysplasia

Pediatric Orthopaedics — MCQs

Pediatric Orthopaedics — MCQs

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