Diseases of the Conjunctiva Practice Questions

Q: Phlyctenular conjunctivitis is primarily associated with hypersensitivity to which of the following?

Staphylococcus. ***Staphylococcus*** - **Phlyctenular conjunctivitis** is characterized by delayed (Type IV) hypersensitivity reactions to bacterial antigens, most commonly from **Staphylococcus aureus**. - This condition often presents with small, nodular lesions (phlyctenules) on the conjunctiva or cornea, which are essentially collections of inflammatory cells responding to bacterial proteins. - **Important note**: **Mycobacterium tuberculosis** is another well-documented cause of phlyctenular conjunctivitis, particularly in TB-endemic regions, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis. - Other triggers include protein antigens from organisms colonizing the ocular surface. *Chlamydia* - While **Chlamydia trachomatis** can cause chronic conjunctivitis (e.g., trachoma, adult inclusion conjunctivitis), it does not typically lead to the distinct nodular lesions seen in phlyctenular conjunctivitis. - Ocular chlamydial infections are primarily characterized by follicular conjunctivitis and pannus formation. *Pneumococcus* - **Streptococcus pneumoniae** (Pneumococcus) is a common cause of acute bacterial conjunctivitis, characterized by purulent discharge and redness. - However, it is not associated with the specific delayed hypersensitivity reaction that defines phlyctenular conjunctivitis. *Aspergillus* - **Aspergillus** species are fungi and are more commonly implicated in fungal keratitis or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. - Fungal infections of the conjunctiva are rare and do not typically manifest as phlyctenular conjunctivitis.

Q: Cicatrising trachoma is associated with which stage of the disease?

Stage-3. ***Stage-3*** - **Cicatrising trachoma** corresponds to Stage 3 of the WHO classification for trachoma, characterized by scarring of the conjunctiva. - This stage is marked by the presence of **conjunctival scarring (TS)**, which can lead to further complications. *Stage-1* - Stage 1 is characterized by **trachomatous inflammation, follicular (TF)**, indicating active infection with follicles in the upper tarsal conjunctiva. - It represents the initial, active inflammatory phase and does not involve scarring. *Stage-2* - Stage 2 is characterized by **trachomatous inflammation, intense (TI)**, where there is pronounced inflammation that obscures blood vessels. - While intense inflammation is present, significant scarring has not yet developed at this stage, differentiating it from cicatrising trachoma. *Stage-4* - Stage 4 is characterized by **trachomatous trichiasis (TT)**, where the eyelashes turn inward and rub against the cornea. - This stage is a direct complication of the scarring from Stage 3, leading to corneal damage, rather than the cicatrising stage itself.

Q: Epithelial xerosis of conjunctiva is caused by?

Xerophthalmia. ***Xerophthalmia*** - **Xerophthalmia** is a medical condition characterized by **dryness of the eye**, often due to **vitamin A deficiency**. - **Epithelial xerosis of the conjunctiva** is one of the early and hallmark signs of xerophthalmia, representing the drying and thickening of the conjunctival epithelium due to goblet cell loss and squamous metaplasia. *Infectious conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis* - This typically causes **trachoma**, characterized by chronic inflammation, scarring, and eventual blindness. - While it can lead to dryness and scarring in later stages due to **symblepharon** or **entropion**, it does not primarily manifest as epithelial xerosis. *Autoimmune blistering conjunctivitis* - This condition involves **immune-mediated inflammation** leading to subepithelial blistering, scarring, and shrinkage of the conjunctiva. - It results in significant **ocular surface damage** and vision loss but is distinct from the primary epithelial changes seen in xerosis due to vitamin A deficiency. *Bacterial conjunctivitis due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae* - **Diphtheritic conjunctivitis** is a severe form of bacterial conjunctivitis that causes a distinctive **"pseudomembrane"** on the conjunctiva. - It leads to acute inflammation and potentially systemic illness, not primarily epithelial xerosis.

Q: Stocker's line is seen in?

Pterygium. **Pterygium** - **Stocker's line** is a **ferrous deposit** that appears as a brown or yellow line at the leading edge of a **pterygium**. - Its presence signifies the progressive nature of the pterygium, indicating ongoing iron deposition due to chronic epithelial degeneration and remodeling. *Glaucoma* - Glaucoma is characterized by **optic nerve damage** and **visual field loss**, usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure. - It does not involve the formation of Stocker's line, which is a corneal or conjunctival finding. *Posterior scleritis* - Posterior scleritis is an **inflammation of the sclera** behind the equator of the globe, often presenting with pain, vision loss, or choroidal folds. - It does not involve the characteristic Stocker's line, which is specific to pterygium. *Diabetic retinopathy* - Diabetic retinopathy involves **microvascular damage** to the retina, leading to vision loss, and is characterized by microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and neovascularization. - It is a retinal disease and does not present with Stocker's line.

Q: Which of the following is the most specific feature of vernal conjunctivitis?

Horner-Tranta's spots (deposits at the limbus). ***Horner-Tranta's spots (deposits on the cornea)*** - **Horner-Tranta's spots** are white, raised gelatinous or chalky white concretions composed of degenerated epithelial cells and eosinophils, found at the limbus. - While not exclusive, their presence is highly characteristic and considered the most **specific clinical sign** of vernal conjunctivitis. *Shield ulcer (corneal ulcer due to keratoconjunctivitis)* - A **shield ulcer** is a complication of vernal conjunctivitis, not a primary or most specific feature itself. It indicates more severe disease. - It results from chronic friction from giant papillae and allergic inflammation leading to epithelial defects, but its absence does not rule out VC. *Cobblestone appearance of conjunctiva* - The **cobblestone appearance** refers to the presence of large, flattened papillae on the upper tarsal conjunctiva. - While highly indicative of vernal conjunctivitis, it is a general sign of severe allergic conjunctivitis and not as specific as Horner-Tranta's spots, which are more pathognomonic. *Papillary hypertrophy (enlarged papillae on the conjunctiva)* - **Papillary hypertrophy** is a common finding in many forms of chronic conjunctivitis, including allergic conjunctivitis. - While prominent in vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), it is a less specific feature compared to Horner-Tranta's spots, which are unique to VKC.

Q: Neonatal conjunctivitis is caused by all of the following except:

Aspergillus. ***Aspergillus*** - **Fungal infections** of the eye, particularly by *Aspergillus*, are extremely rare in neonates and typically present as **keratitis** rather than conjunctivitis. - While *Aspergillus* can cause severe infections in immunocompromised individuals, it is not a common cause of neonatal conjunctivitis. *Gonococcus* - **_Neisseria gonorrhoeae_** is a well-known cause of **ophthalmia neonatorum** (gonococcal conjunctivitis), presenting as severe, purulent discharge usually within the first 2-5 days of life. - This infection can lead to **corneal ulceration** and blindness if untreated. *Chlamydia* - **_Chlamydia trachomatis_** is the most common bacterial cause of **neonatal conjunctivitis**, typically appearing 5-14 days after birth. - It causes a **mucopurulent discharge** and can be associated with **chlamydial pneumonia** in infants. *Pseudomonas* - **_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_** can cause severe and rapidly progressive **neonatal conjunctivitis** and **keratitis**, especially in premature infants or those exposed to contaminated solutions. - It is a highly aggressive pathogen that can lead to significant ocular morbidity.

Q: What is the term for the fusion of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva?

Symblepharon. ***Symblepharon*** - **Symblepharon** is the term for the adhesion between the **palpebral conjunctiva** (lining the eyelid) and the **bulbar conjunctiva** (covering the eyeball). - This condition can limit eye movement and cause chronic irritation, often resulting from severe conjunctival inflammation or injury. *Trichiasis (inward growth of eyelashes)* - **Trichiasis** refers to the misdirection of eyelashes such that they rub against the cornea or conjunctiva. - It causes irritation, foreign body sensation, and can lead to corneal abrasion, but it does not involve fusion of conjunctival layers. *Ectropion (outward turning of eyelid)* - **Ectropion** is a condition where the lower eyelid turns outward or sags away from the eyeball. - This exposes the conjunctiva, causing dryness, irritation, and epiphora (excessive tearing), but it is not a fusion of conjunctival tissues. *Tylosis (thickening of skin on palms and soles)* - **Tylosis** is a medical term referring to diffuse **hyperkeratosis** or thickening of the skin, typically observed on the palms and soles. - This condition is completely unrelated to the conjunctiva or eye structures.

Q: Which of the following is a known complication of vernal keratoconjunctivitis?

Keratoconus. ***Keratoconus*** - **Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC)** is a chronic allergic eye condition associated with persistent eye rubbing, which can lead to thinning and bulging of the cornea, a condition known as **keratoconus**. - Long-term inflammation and mechanical stress from allergic reactions and *eye rubbing* contribute to the corneal structural changes seen in keratoconus. - This is the **most common and well-recognized complication** of VKC. *Cataract* - While cataracts can occur in VKC patients (particularly from **chronic topical steroid use** or severe disease with shield ulcers), they are **less common than keratoconus** as a direct complication. - Keratoconus remains the more characteristic and frequently encountered complication specifically associated with the mechanical trauma of eye rubbing in VKC. *Retinal detachment* - **Retinal detachment** is a condition where the retina separates from its underlying support tissues and is typically associated with trauma, high myopia, or diabetic retinopathy, not VKC. - VKC primarily affects the conjunctiva and cornea, and its inflammatory processes do not directly cause retinal detachment. *Vitreous hemorrhage* - **Vitreous hemorrhage** involves bleeding into the gel-like substance that fills the eye and is commonly caused by conditions like diabetic retinopathy or retinal tears, not VKC. - VKC does not involve the posterior segment of the eye in a way that would lead to vitreous hemorrhage.

Q: In which condition is a subconjunctival cyst most commonly observed?

Cysticercosis. ***Cysticercosis*** - **Cysticercosis**, caused by the larval stage of *Taenia solium*, is a common cause of **subconjunctival cysts** globally, especially in endemic areas. - The larvae (cysticerci) can migrate and encyst in various tissues, including the subconjunctival space, presenting as mobile, yellowish cysts. *Toxoplasmosis* - **Toxoplasmosis** primarily affects the eye as **retinochoroiditis**, where inflammation and scarring occur in the retina and choroid. - It does not typically form characteristic subconjunctival cysts. *Leishmaniasis* - **Leishmaniasis** can manifest in several forms, including cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral, with ocular involvement generally being secondary to skin lesions on the eyelids or adnexa. - It does not commonly result in the formation of **subconjunctival cysts**. *Chagas disease* - **Chagas disease**, caused by *Trypanosoma cruzi*, is associated with ocular manifestations such as **Romaña's sign** (unilateral periorbital edema and conjunctivitis) in the acute phase. - It does not typically present with subconjunctival cysts as a primary feature.

Question 1

All statements are true about trachoma except:

Accepted Answer

Marked papillary hyperplasia with limbal follicles are seen in stage III

Answer

Strains mainly responsible are A, B, Ba and C

Answer

Trachoma is caused by bedsonian organism of psittacosis - lymphogranuloma - trachoma (PLT) group.

Answer

Corneal ulceration is a complication

Question 2

Phlyctenular conjunctivitis is primarily associated with hypersensitivity to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Staphylococcus

Answer

Chlamydia

Answer

Pneumococcus

Answer

Aspergillus

Question 3

Cicatrising trachoma is associated with which stage of the disease?

Accepted Answer

Stage-3

Answer

Stage-1

Answer

Stage-2

Answer

Stage-4

Question 4

Epithelial xerosis of conjunctiva is caused by?

Accepted Answer

Xerophthalmia

Answer

Infectious conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

Answer

Autoimmune blistering conjunctivitis

Answer

Bacterial conjunctivitis due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 5

Stocker's line is seen in?

Accepted Answer

Pterygium

Answer

Glaucoma

Answer

Posterior scleritis

Answer

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 6

Which of the following is the most specific feature of vernal conjunctivitis?

Accepted Answer

Horner-Tranta's spots (deposits at the limbus)

Answer

Cobblestone appearance of conjunctiva

Answer

Shield ulcer (corneal ulcer due to keratoconjunctivitis)

Answer

Papillary hypertrophy (enlarged papillae on the conjunctiva)

Question 7

Neonatal conjunctivitis is caused by all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Aspergillus

Answer

Chlamydia

Answer

Pseudomonas

Answer

Gonococcus

Question 8

What is the term for the fusion of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva?

Accepted Answer

Symblepharon

Answer

Trichiasis (inward growth of eyelashes)

Answer

Ectropion (outward turning of eyelid)

Answer

Tylosis (thickening of skin on palms and soles)

Question 9

Which of the following is a known complication of vernal keratoconjunctivitis?

Accepted Answer

Keratoconus

Answer

Retinal detachment

Answer

Vitreous hemorrhage

Answer

Cataract

Question 10

In which condition is a subconjunctival cyst most commonly observed?

Accepted Answer

Cysticercosis

Answer

Toxoplasmosis

Answer

Leishmaniasis

Answer

Chagas disease

Diseases of the Conjunctiva — MCQs

Diseases of the Conjunctiva — MCQs

On this page

Practice by Chapter

Want unlimited practice?