Operative Obstetrics — MCQs

Operative Obstetrics Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 191: Identify the following instrument used by obstetricians:

A. Tucker-McLane forceps
B. Kielland forceps
C. Piper's forceps
D. Outlet forceps (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Outlet forceps*** - The instrument shown is a type of **outlet forceps**, specifically **Wrigley's forceps**, characterized by its short shanks and blades designed to minimize trauma. - These are used for **low-forceps deliveries** when the fetal head is visible on the perineum, requiring minimal traction and no rotation for delivery. *Kielland forceps* - **Kielland forceps** are primarily used for **rotational deliveries**, especially in cases of deep transverse arrest, and feature a minimal pelvic curve and a sliding lock. - The forceps in the image lack the characteristic sliding lock and long shanks of Kielland forceps. *Tucker Mclane forceps* - **Tucker-McLane forceps** have overlapping shanks and solid or pseudofenestrated blades, making them a type of classical forceps used for various mid-pelvic applications. - The instrument pictured has a distinctly different design with shorter components, not matching the Tucker-McLane structure. *Pipers forceps* - **Piper's forceps** are specialized instruments with long, curved shanks and a perineal curve, designed exclusively for delivering the **aftercoming head in a breech presentation**. - The forceps in the image are too short and lack the specific curvature required for managing a breech delivery.

Question 192: Which of the following is not an indication for a cesarean section?

A. Previous history of macrosomia (Correct Answer)
B. Central placenta previa
C. Absolute cephalopelvic disproportion
D. Advanced carcinoma cervix

Explanation: ***Previous history of macrosomia***- A previous history of **macrosomia** (birth weight >4000g) results in an increased risk of shoulder dystocia but is typically managed with careful monitoring and induction/elective C-section based on *estimated* fetal weight in the current pregnancy, not the history alone.- This is a risk factor, not an absolute primary indication for an elective C-section during the current pregnancy unless the estimated current fetal weight is excessive (e.g., >4500g or >5000g in specific circumstances) or there are other complicating factors (e.g., poorly controlled diabetes).*Absolute cephalopelvic disproportion*- **Absolute cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)** means the fetal head cannot pass through the maternal pelvis, rendering vaginal delivery impossible and risking uterine rupture.- This condition is an absolute mechanical indication for C-section to ensure a safe delivery for both mother and fetus.*Central placenta previa*- **Central placenta previa** (or complete previa) involves the placenta completely covering the internal cervical os, blocking the birth canal.- Attempting vaginal delivery would lead to immediate and massive **uncontrollable hemorrhage** upon cervical effacement or dilation, thus mandating an elective C-section.*Advanced carcinoma cervix*- **Advanced carcinoma cervix** requires delivery via C-section, primarily to prevent severe, life-threatening hemorrhage and potential tumor fragmentation/seeding if vaginal delivery is attempted.- Additionally, the tumor mass mechanically obstructs the birth canal, often making vaginal delivery anatomically impossible or highly risky.

Question 193: In which of the following situations is ventouse not used?

A. Maternal exhaustion
B. Prolonged second stage
C. Premature baby (Correct Answer)
D. Fetal distress

Explanation: ***Premature baby***- Ventouse traction carries a substantially higher risk of **neonatal intracranial hemorrhage** and **cephalhematoma** in premature infants due to the greater fragility and softness of the fetal skull and vasculature.- Vacuum extraction is generally contraindicated for fetuses less than **36 weeks gestation** or those weighing less than **2,500 grams**.*Prolonged second stage*- This represents a failure to progress during the expulsive phase of labor and is a primary indication for operative delivery to prevent adverse outcomes.- Ventouse is often preferred in cases of **arrest of descent** or prolonged pushing efforts, provided the cervix is fully dilated and the station is appropriate.*Maternal exhaustion*- This is a common indication for operative vaginal delivery, suggesting the mother is too fatigued to generate effective pushing efforts, leading to potential delivery stagnation.- Ventouse assists in shortening the second stage, thereby conserving maternal energy and reducing the risk associated with lengthy, ineffective pushing efforts.*Fetal distress*- Acute signs of **fetal compromise** (e.g., severe fetal bradycardia or late decelerations) necessitate the rapid termination of labor, often through operative vaginal delivery.- Ventouse is one of the methods used to achieve a quick and safe delivery when the fetal heart rate is non-reassuring and the fetal head is engaged.

Question 194: A pregnant woman is undergoing a vaginal breech delivery. After delivering the baby's body up to the umbilicus, the obstetrician notices winging of the baby's scapula. To facilitate safe delivery of the baby's shoulders and head, which of the following maneuvers is most appropriate?

A. Burns Marshall maneuver
B. Lovset maneuver (Correct Answer)
C. Pinard maneuver
D. Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit maneuver

Explanation: ***Lovset maneuver*** - The clinical sign of **winging of the scapula** indicates a **nuchal arm** (arm trapped behind the baby's head), which is a specific complication during breech delivery. - The Lovset maneuver is specifically designed to deliver nuchal arms and impacted **shoulders** in breech presentation by causing the posterior shoulder to rotate anteriorly under the symphysis pubis. - The obstetrician achieves this by grasping the baby's pelvis and rotating the trunk **180 degrees** while applying **gentle downward traction**, which releases the trapped arm and allows delivery of the shoulders. *Pinard maneuver* - This maneuver is used to deliver the **legs** when they are extended in breech presentation, by flexing the thigh and performing **outward sweeping** pressure in the popliteal fossa. - It is performed earlier in the delivery to address extended legs, not for addressing nuchal arm or shoulder complications after the body has reached the level of the umbilicus. *Burns Marshall maneuver* - This technique is used for delivery of the **aftercoming head** when the head is already flexed; the baby's body is allowed to **hang down** until the nape of the neck appears under the symphysis pubis. - It is inappropriate at this stage, as the shoulders and nuchal arm must be delivered first before the head is addressed. *Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit maneuver* - This maneuver is specifically designed for the safe delivery and **flexion of the aftercoming head**, using the operator's hand within the vagina to flex the head while applying traction on the baby's shoulders. - The primary concern here is the **delivery of the nuchal arm and shoulders**, which must precede the use of any maneuver for the aftercoming head.

Question 195: In the repair of a mediolateral episiotomy, what is the correct order of tissue closure?

A. Mucosa → Muscle → Skin (Correct Answer)
B. Mucosa → Skin → Muscle
C. Skin → Muscle → Mucosa
D. Muscle → Mucosa → Skin

Explanation: ***Mucosa → Muscle → Skin*** - Closure of an episiotomy (or a second-degree tear) must start from the deepest layer, which is the **vaginal mucosa**, ensuring the integrity of the vaginal canal. - This is followed by approximation of the **perineal muscles** (perineal body and underlying musculature) to restore structural integrity, and finally, the **perineal skin** is closed. *Skin → Muscle → Mucosa* - This order is incorrect as it attempts to close the most superficial layer (**skin**) first before addressing the deep **vaginal mucosa** layer. - Repair must proceed from the inside out (deep to superficial) to ensure proper anatomical restoration and secure **haemostasis** in the deeper layers. *Muscle → Mucosa → Skin* - Starting with the **muscle layer** is incorrect because the deepest layer, the **vaginal mucosa**, must be repaired first to avoid leaving dead space and ensure a watertight seal. - Correct repair minimizes the risk of infection, persistent bleeding, and **hematoma formation** by sequential layer closure. *Mucosa → Skin → Muscle* - While starting with the **mucosa** is correct, immediately closing the **skin** and skipping the muscle layer leads to inadequate repair of the perineal body. - Failure to approximate the **perineal muscles** compromises pelvic floor integrity, increasing the risk of **perineal laxity** and future uterovaginal prolapse.

Question 196: Identify the instrument:

A. Single tooth vulsellum
B. Tenaculum
C. Artery forceps (Correct Answer)
D. Ovum-holding forceps

Explanation: ***Artery forceps*** - The image displays a common **hemostatic clamp** or artery forceps, characterized by its **ring handles**, **ratchet mechanism**, and **serrated jaws**, which are designed to grasp and occlude blood vessels. - The jaws are often curved or straight, and they interlock to provide a secure grip, classifying it as a **clamping instrument**. *Single tooth vulsellum* - A vulsellum has **sharp, pointed teeth** at its tips, designed to grasp dense tissue like the cervix, which is not seen here. - Vulsellums typically have a much more aggressive and pointed jaw design compared to the image. *Tenaculum* - A tenaculum is similar to a vulsellum but often has **finer, sharper points** for piercing tissue, especially the cervix during gynecological procedures. - The instrument in the image lacks the piercing tips characteristic of a tenaculum. *Ovum-holding forceps* - Ovum-holding forceps have **fenestrated (windowed) jaws** with rounded edges, designed to gently grasp fragile tissues like the ovum or polyps without causing trauma. - The instrument shown has completely closed, serrated jaws, not open fenestrated ones.

Question 197: Identify the instrument:

A. Ovum-holding forceps
B. Artery forceps
C. Babcock forceps (Correct Answer)
D. Kocher forceps

Explanation: ***Babcock forceps*** - Babcock forceps are characterized by their **atraumatic, rounded, fenestrated jaws** with a serrated inner surface that allows for a secure grip on delicate tissues without causing significant damage. - They are commonly used in surgery to **grasp and hold tubular structures** such as the bowel, fallopian tubes, or blood vessels without crushing them. *Ovum-holding forceps* - Ovum-holding forceps have **delicate, smooth or minimally serrated jaws** designed to handle small, fragile structures. - They are primarily used in **assisted reproductive procedures** or to grasp delicate tissues during gynecologic surgeries without causing trauma. *Artery forceps* - Artery forceps (e.g., Crile or Halstead mosquito forceps) have **narrow, serrated jaws** that run the full length of the tip. - They are designed to **clamp blood vessels** to control bleeding and typically have a locking mechanism. *Kocher forceps* - Kocher forceps are distinguished by their **transverse serrations** and **1x2 teeth** at the tip of the jaws. - These features provide a **strong, secure grip** on tough tissues but can be traumatic, making them unsuitable for delicate structures.

Question 198: Identify the instrument shown:

A. Kielland forceps (Correct Answer)
B. Wrigley's outlet forceps
C. Pipers forceps
D. Elliot forceps

Explanation: ***Kielland forceps*** - This instrument is characterized by its **sliding lock** and **shallow pelvic curve**, which allows for rotation of the fetal head. - The shanks are **long and straight**, and the blades are fenestrated with a cephalic curve, designed for use in cases of moderate to severe asynclitism. *Wrigley's outlet forceps* - **Wrigley's forceps** are **short and light** with a minimal pelvic curve, designed for **outlet delivery** when the fetal head is already on the perineum. - They lack the sliding lock mechanism and deep pelvic curve seen in Kielland forceps. *Pipers forceps* - **Piper's forceps** are specifically designed for delivery of the **after-coming head** in a breech presentation. - They feature a unique **long, curved shank** that is applied from below the mother's pelvis, unlike the instrument shown. *Elliot forceps* - **Elliot forceps** are **fenestrated** with a deep pelvic curve and often have a **pivot or parallel handles** that can be separated, making them suitable for rotations and high applications. - While they are used for rotation, the specific design, especially the sliding lock, of Kielland forceps distinguishes it.

Question 199: Identify the instrument shown:

A. Kielland forceps
B. Simpson's forceps
C. Piper's forceps (Correct Answer)
D. Elliot forceps

Explanation: ***Pipers forceps*** - The image displays Piper's forceps, identifiable by their **long shank** and **downward curving blades**, designed specifically for aiding delivery of the **aftercoming head in breech presentations**. - They feature a **perineal curve** with an **anterior cephalic curve** and are applied in a **cephalic** rather than a pelvic curve. *Kielland forceps* - Kielland forceps have a **slight cephalic curve** but **no pelvic curve**, and they include a **sliding lock**. - They are primarily used for **rotational deliveries** or when the head is high in the pelvis. *Simpson's forceps* - Simpson's forceps are distinguished by **fenestrated blades** and a **pronounced pelvic curve**, adapted for common straight forward deliveries. - They are one of the most commonly used forceps and have a **non-locking pivot** at the junction of the handle and blades. *Elliot forceps* - Elliot forceps are similar to Simpson's but have an **overlapping shanks** and a **removable pin** to vary the distance between the blades, which facilitates use in cases of significant **asynclitism**. - They also feature **fenestrated blades** and a **pelvic curve**.

Question 200: The following manoeuvre is called:

A. Pinard
B. Burns Marshall
C. Loveset
D. Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit*** - This maneuver is used for **head delivery in breech presentations**. The image shows a hand supporting the fetal body while another hand (implied or assisting) applies pressure to facilitate the head's flexion and delivery, consistent with the Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit maneuver. - The goal is to keep the **fetal head flexed** to allow its passage through the birth canal, with the baby's body supported on the forearm of the operator. *Pinard* - The **Pinard maneuver** involves external or internal pressure to bring down an extended leg of a fetus during a breech delivery. - The image depicts support of the fetal trunk and head delivery assistance, not the manipulation of a fetal leg. *Burns Marshall* - The **Burns Marshall maneuver** involves holding the fetal feet and allowing the fetal body to hang downwards, using **gravity** to deliver the head. - The image shows direct manipulation and support of the baby's body and head, not a passive hanging technique. *Loveset* - The **Loveset maneuver** is used to deliver the fetal arms in a breech presentation by rotating the fetal trunk to bring each arm to the front. - The image is focused on the delivery of the fetal head, with the arms already delivered or not the primary focus of the depicted action.

Practice by Chapter

Cesarean Section Techniques

Practice Questions

Vaginal Birth After Cesarean

Practice Questions

Instrumental Deliveries

Practice Questions

Breech Delivery

Practice Questions

Episiotomy and Repair

Practice Questions

Management of Multiple Gestation

Practice Questions

Cervical Cerclage

Practice Questions

Obstetric Hysterectomy

Practice Questions

Surgery During Pregnancy

Practice Questions

Surgical Complications in Obstetrics

Practice Questions

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