Maternal-Fetal Medicine Practice Questions

Q: Late hyperglycemia in pregnancy is associated with which of the following conditions?

Macrosomia. **Explanation:** The timing of hyperglycemia in pregnancy significantly dictates the fetal outcome. This question focuses on **Late Hyperglycemia** (occurring in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters), which is the hallmark of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). **1. Why Macrosomia is Correct:** The underlying mechanism is the **Pedersen Hypothesis**. Maternal hyperglycemia leads to fetal hyperglycemia because glucose crosses the placenta via facilitated diffusion (GLUT-1). However, maternal insulin does not cross the placenta. The fetal pancreas responds by secreting excess insulin (fetal hyperinsulinemia). Since insulin is a potent **anabolic hormone** and a growth promoter (similar to IGF-1), it causes excessive deposition of fat and glycogen in fetal tissues, leading to **Macrosomia** (birth weight >4kg). **2. Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Congenital Malformations:** These occur due to **Early Hyperglycemia** (pre-gestational diabetes) during the period of organogenesis (first 8 weeks). High glucose levels are teratogenic. * **Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR):** This is typically seen in long-standing pre-gestational diabetics with **vasculopathy** (White’s Classification Class R/F), leading to placental insufficiency. Late hyperglycemia in GDM usually causes overgrowth, not restriction. * **Postmaturity:** Diabetes is more commonly associated with preterm birth or elective induction; it does not physiologically cause post-term pregnancy. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Most common malformation** in diabetic pregnancy: Congenital Heart Disease (specifically VSD). * **Most specific malformation:** Caudal Regression Syndrome (Sacral Agenesis). * **Neonatal complications:** Hypoglycemia (due to persistent hyperinsulinemia), Hypocalcemia, Hyperbilirubinemia, and Polycythemia. * **Best screening test for GDM:** DIPSI criteria (75g glucose load regardless of last meal; 2-hour value ≥140 mg/dL).

Q: Anencephaly causes all of the following except:

None of the above. **Explanation:** Anencephaly is a lethal neural tube defect characterized by the absence of the cranial vault and cerebral hemispheres. This condition leads to several obstetric complications, making "None of the above" the correct answer as all listed options are known associations. 1. **Hydramnios (Option C):** This is a classic association (seen in ~50% of cases). It occurs due to two main reasons: the absence of the swallowing reflex in the fetus and the transudation of cerebrospinal fluid from the exposed meninges into the amniotic sac. 2. **Face Presentation (Option B):** Due to the absence of the vertex (calvarium), the head cannot flex properly. The lack of a bony vault often results in a "deflexed" head, leading to a face presentation during labor. 3. **Prematurity (Option A):** Anencephaly is frequently associated with preterm labor. This is primarily triggered by the severe **hydramnios**, which causes overdistension of the uterus, leading to early contractions and premature rupture of membranes. **Why "None of the above" is correct:** Since prematurity, face presentation, and hydramnios are all recognized complications of anencephaly, none of the individual options are "incorrect" consequences. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Post-term Pregnancy:** Paradoxically, if hydramnios is absent, anencephaly can lead to post-term pregnancy due to the absence of the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis, which is necessary for the initiation of labor. * **Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP):** Maternal serum AFP is significantly elevated. * **Shoulder Dystocia:** Large trunk size relative to the small head can occasionally lead to shoulder dystocia. * **Frog-like facies:** A characteristic ultrasound and physical appearance due to bulging eyes and absent forehead.

Q: Death of the mother from an automobile accident comes under which category of mortality?

Nonmaternal death. ### Explanation The classification of maternal mortality is based on the relationship between the pregnancy and the cause of death, as defined by the ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases). **Why Option C is Correct:** **Nonmaternal death** (also known as accidental or incidental death) refers to the death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of delivery resulting from **accidental or incidental causes** unrelated to the pregnancy or its management. An automobile accident is a classic example of an external, coincidental event that would have occurred regardless of the patient's pregnant state. **Why the Other Options are Incorrect:** * **Option A (Direct Maternal Death):** These result from obstetric complications of the pregnant state (pregnancy, labor, and puerperium) or from interventions, omissions, or incorrect treatment. Examples include postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), eclampsia, or pulmonary embolism. * **Option B (Indirect Maternal Death):** These result from a pre-existing disease or a disease that developed during pregnancy, which was not due to direct obstetric causes but was **aggravated** by the physiological effects of pregnancy. Examples include death due to mitral stenosis or viral hepatitis during pregnancy. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR):** Calculated as (Total Maternal Deaths / Total Live Births) × 100,000. Note: Nonmaternal (accidental) deaths are **excluded** from the numerator when calculating MMR. * **Late Maternal Death:** Death occurring more than 42 days but less than one year after the termination of pregnancy. * **Pregnancy-Related Death:** Defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, **irrespective of the cause** (this category includes accidental deaths). * **Most common cause of Maternal Mortality in India:** Obstetric Hemorrhage (Direct cause).

Q: A 24-year-old woman in her third trimester of pregnancy presents with urinary frequency and burning for the past few days. She denies fever or chills. She has mild suprapubic tenderness, and a urine dipstick is positive for WBC, protein, and a small amount of blood. Culture produces greater than 100,000 colonies of gram-negative bacilli. Which attribute of this uropathogenic organism is most strongly associated with its virulence?

P pili. **Explanation:** The clinical presentation of urinary frequency, burning, and suprapubic tenderness in a pregnant patient, combined with a culture showing >100,000 CFU/mL of gram-negative bacilli, confirms a **Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)**, most commonly caused by **Uropathogenic *Escherichia coli* (UPEC)**. **Why P pili is the correct answer:** The most critical virulence factor for UPEC in causing UTIs is its ability to adhere to the uroepithelium. **P pili (Pyelonephritis-associated pili)** contain the **PapG adhesin**, which binds specifically to **Gal-Gal (galactose-galactose) receptors** on the surface of uroepithelial cells. This attachment prevents the bacteria from being washed away during micturition and is strongly associated with upper UTI (pyelonephritis) and persistent infections. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **A. Colonisation factor antigen (CFA):** These are fimbriae used for attachment by **Enterotoxigenic *E. coli* (ETEC)** to the intestinal mucosa, causing secretory diarrhea, not UTIs. * **B & C. Heat labile (LT) and Heat stable (ST) toxins:** These toxins are also characteristic of **ETEC**. They increase cAMP and cGMP levels respectively, leading to fluid secretion in the gut. They do not play a role in the pathogenesis of UTIs. **Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Type 1 Pili:** These bind to mannose receptors and are more commonly associated with **cystitis** (bladder infections). * **Pregnancy & UTI:** Pregnancy increases the risk of progression from asymptomatic bacteriuria to pyelonephritis due to progesterone-induced ureteral dilation and mechanical compression by the gravid uterus. * **Treatment:** In pregnancy, Nitrofurantoin (avoid near term) or Amoxicillin-Clavulanate are common first-line choices; Fluoroquinolones are generally avoided.

Q: What is true about fraternal twins?

Dizygotic twins. **Explanation:** **Fraternal twins**, also known as **Dizygotic (DZ) twins**, occur when two separate ova are released during a single ovulation cycle and are fertilized by two different spermatozoa. This results in two genetically distinct embryos that share approximately 50% of their genes, similar to any other pair of siblings. **Analysis of Options:** * **A. Dizygotic twins (Correct):** By definition, "di" (two) and "zygotic" (zygotes) refers to the fertilization of two separate eggs. This is the most common type of twinning (approx. 2/3 of cases). * **B. Single fertilized egg:** This describes **Monozygotic (MZ)** or identical twins, where one zygote splits into two embryos. * **C. Fertilized at different times:** This refers to **Superfetation**, a rare phenomenon where a second pregnancy occurs after one is already established. While fraternal twins are fertilized by different sperm, they typically occur within the same ovulatory cycle. * **D. Genetically unrelated:** This is incorrect. Fraternal twins are biological siblings and share 50% of their DNA; they are not "unrelated." **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Placentation:** Dizygotic twins are **always Dichorionic-Diamniotic (DCDA)**. They never share a placenta or amniotic sac. * **Factors increasing DZ twinning:** Advancing maternal age (peak at 37 years), use of ovulation induction (clomiphene), and family history on the **maternal** side. * **Hellin’s Rule:** Used to estimate the frequency of multiple births (Twins 1:80, Triplets 1:80², Quadruplets 1:80³). * **Vanishing Twin Syndrome:** More common in dizygotic gestations where one embryo is resorbed in the first trimester.

Q: What is the minimum percentage difference in weight between twins to diagnose twin discordance, considering the larger twin as the index?

20%. **Explanation:** **Twin discordance** refers to a significant size disparity between twins in a multiple pregnancy. It is a critical clinical marker because it increases the risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality, particularly for the smaller twin. **Why 20% is the Correct Answer:** The standard clinical definition for twin discordance is a **birth weight difference of 20% or more**. This is calculated using the larger twin as the index (denominator) to determine the percentage lag of the smaller twin. The formula used is: *[(Weight of larger twin – Weight of smaller twin) / Weight of larger twin] × 100.* While some older literature mentioned 15% and some severe cases are defined at 25%, the **ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists)** and most standard textbooks (like Williams Obstetrics) recognize **20%** as the threshold for diagnosis. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **15% (Options A & B):** While a 15% difference may warrant closer monitoring, it is generally considered within the range of biological variation and does not meet the formal diagnostic criteria for discordance. * **25% (Option D):** A 25% difference is considered "severe discordance" and is associated with a significantly higher risk of fetal demise, but it is not the *minimum* percentage required for the initial diagnosis. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Most Common Cause:** In dizygotic twins, it is usually due to genetic potential or placental insufficiency. In monochorionic twins, it is often due to **TTTS (Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome)** or selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR). * **Ultrasound Diagnosis:** Antenatally, discordance is suspected if there is a **20% difference in Estimated Fetal Weight (EFW)** or an abdominal circumference (AC) difference of >20 mm. * **Monochorionic vs. Dichorionic:** Discordance is more dangerous in monochorionic twins due to shared placental vasculature.

Q: A 28-week pregnant multigravida with preeclampsia presented with fulminant signs. An urgent C-section was planned. What is the best method for the diagnosis of lung maturity?

Phosphatidyl glycerol estimation in amniotic fluid. **Explanation:** The assessment of fetal lung maturity (FLM) is crucial in high-risk pregnancies like severe preeclampsia where preterm delivery is indicated. **Why Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is the correct answer:** Phosphatidylglycerol is a minor constituent of surfactant that appears late in gestation (usually after **35 weeks**). Its presence is a highly specific indicator of pulmonary maturity. The primary clinical advantage of PG estimation is that its validity is **not affected by contamination** with blood, meconium, or vaginal secretions. In a fulminant case requiring urgent C-section, where amniotic fluid may be contaminated during collection, PG remains the most reliable diagnostic marker. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **L/S Ratio (Lecithin/Sphingomyelin):** While an L/S ratio >2.0 generally indicates maturity, it is highly sensitive to contamination. Blood or meconium can falsely alter the ratio, making it less reliable in emergency or complicated presentations. * **Bilirubin in Amniotic Fluid:** This is measured via spectrophotometry ($\Delta OD_{450}$) primarily to assess the severity of **Rh isoimmunization** and fetal hemolysis, not lung maturity. * **Amniotic Fluid Creatinine:** This was historically used to estimate **fetal renal maturity** and muscle mass (values >2 mg/dL suggest a term fetus), but it is an indirect and unreliable marker for lung maturity. **Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Gold Standard:** L/S ratio is often cited as the traditional gold standard, but **PG** is the most specific. * **Diabetes Mellitus:** In diabetic pregnancies, the L/S ratio may be >2.0, yet the fetus can still develop RDS. Therefore, the presence of **PG** is mandatory to confirm maturity in diabetic mothers. * **Lamellar Body Count:** A rapid, modern automated test; a count >30,000–50,000/µL indicates maturity.

Q: A 28-year-old female presents with a 6-week history of amenorrhea and abdominal pain. Ultrasound reveals fluid in the pouch of Douglas. Aspiration yields dark blood that fails to clot. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Ruptured ectopic pregnancy. ### Explanation **Correct Answer: B. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy** The clinical triad of **amenorrhea, abdominal pain, and vaginal bleeding** in a reproductive-age woman is highly suggestive of an ectopic pregnancy. The ultrasound finding of fluid in the Pouch of Douglas (POD) indicates hemoperitoneum. The definitive diagnostic clue here is the aspiration of **dark, non-clotting blood** via culdocentesis. This occurs because the blood has been present in the peritoneal cavity for some time, leading to **defibrination** (lysis of fibrin by the pelvic peritoneum), which prevents it from clotting. **Why the other options are incorrect:** * **A. Ruptured ovarian cyst:** While this can cause acute pain and fluid in the POD, it usually presents with serous fluid or fresh blood (which may clot) and is less likely to be associated with a history of amenorrhea. * **C. Red degeneration of fibroid:** This typically occurs during the second or third trimester of pregnancy due to rapid growth and ischemia. It presents with localized pain and tenderness over the fibroid, not with hemoperitoneum or non-clotting blood in the POD. * **D. Pelvic abscess:** Aspiration would yield **pus** (purulent fluid) rather than blood. Patients usually present with high-grade fever, leucocytosis, and signs of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Culdocentesis:** Aspiration of non-clotting blood from the POD is a classic (though now less frequently used) sign of ruptured ectopic pregnancy. * **Most common site:** The **Ampulla** of the fallopian tube is the most common site for ectopic pregnancy. * **Most common site for rupture:** The **Isthmus** (due to its narrow lumen, it ruptures early, around 6–8 weeks). * **Gold Standard Diagnosis:** Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVS) combined with quantitative β-hCG levels (Discriminatory zone: 1500–2000 mIU/mL).

Question 1

Late hyperglycemia in pregnancy is associated with which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Macrosomia

Answer

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

Answer

Postmaturity

Answer

Congenital malformation

Question 2

Anencephaly causes all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

None of the above

Answer

Prematurity

Answer

Face presentation

Answer

Hydramnios

Question 3

Death of the mother from an automobile accident comes under which category of mortality?

Accepted Answer

Nonmaternal death

Answer

Direct maternal death

Answer

Indirect maternal death

Answer

None of the above

Question 4

A 24-year-old woman in her third trimester of pregnancy presents with urinary frequency and burning for the past few days. She denies fever or chills. She has mild suprapubic tenderness, and a urine dipstick is positive for WBC, protein, and a small amount of blood. Culture produces greater than 100,000 colonies of gram-negative bacilli. Which attribute of this uropathogenic organism is most strongly associated with its virulence?

Accepted Answer

P pili

Answer

Colonisation factor antigen

Answer

Heat labile toxins

Answer

Heat stable toxins

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT related to uterine souffle?

Accepted Answer

It is due to increased blood flow through the placental site.

Answer

It is a soft blowing systolic murmur heard on the sides of the pregnant uterus.

Answer

The sound is synchronous with the maternal pulse.

Answer

It can be heard even in a large fibroid.

Question 6

What is true about fraternal twins?

Accepted Answer

Dizygotic twins

Answer

Twins originating from a single fertilized egg

Answer

Twins resulting from two eggs fertilized at different times during gestation

Answer

Twins that are genetically unrelated

Question 7

What is the minimum percentage difference in weight between twins to diagnose twin discordance, considering the larger twin as the index?

Accepted Answer

20%

Answer

15%

Answer

15%

Answer

25%

Question 8

A 28-week pregnant multigravida with preeclampsia presented with fulminant signs. An urgent C-section was planned. What is the best method for the diagnosis of lung maturity?

Accepted Answer

Phosphatidyl glycerol estimation in amniotic fluid

Answer

L/S ratio in amniotic fluid

Answer

Bilirubin in amniotic fluid

Answer

Amniotic fluid creatinine

Question 9

A 28-year-old female presents with a 6-week history of amenorrhea and abdominal pain. Ultrasound reveals fluid in the pouch of Douglas. Aspiration yields dark blood that fails to clot. What is the most probable diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Ruptured ectopic pregnancy

Answer

Ruptured ovarian cyst

Answer

Red degeneration of fibroid

Answer

Pelvic abscess

Question 10

Intrauterine fetal distress is indicated by which of the following fetal heart rate patterns?

Accepted Answer

Deceleration of 30/min, Variable deceleration 5-25/min, and Fetal HR 160-180/min

Answer

Deceleration of 30/min and Fetal HR 160-180/min

Answer

Acceleration of 15/min and Deceleration of 30/min

Answer

Acceleration of 15/min and Variable deceleration 5-25/min

Maternal-Fetal Medicine — MCQs

Maternal-Fetal Medicine — MCQs

On this page

Practice by Chapter

Want unlimited practice?