Gynecological Disorders Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following fluids or gases are used for hysteroscopy?

Air. **Explanation:** Hysteroscopy requires a distension medium to expand the uterine cavity for visualization. The choice of medium depends on whether the procedure is diagnostic or operative. **Why 'Air' is the Correct Answer (Contextual to the Question):** While modern hysteroscopy primarily uses CO2 or liquid media, **Air** was historically used and is still technically listed in textbooks as a gaseous medium. However, it is rarely used today due to the high risk of **Venous Air Embolism (VAE)**. In the context of this specific question format (often seen in older NEET-PG/AIIMS patterns), Air is identified as a distension medium, though it is the most dangerous one. **Analysis of Other Options:** * **CO2 (Option D):** This is the preferred gaseous medium for **diagnostic hysteroscopy**. It provides excellent clarity but requires a specialized insufflator to maintain a flow rate <100 mL/min to prevent gas embolism. * **Glycine (1.5%) (Option C):** A non-electrolytic, hypo-osmolar liquid used for **operative hysteroscopy** (e.g., TCRE) when monopolar cautery is used. Its main risk is "TURP Syndrome" (hyponatremia and fluid overload). * **Distilled Water (Option A):** It is **not used** because it is hypotonic and causes rapid hemolysis if absorbed into the circulation. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Diagnostic Hysteroscopy:** Best medium is **CO2** or **Normal Saline** (Normal Saline is now the gold standard for "See-and-Treat" hysteroscopy). * **Operative Hysteroscopy (Monopolar):** Use non-electrolytic fluids like **1.5% Glycine**, 3% Sorbitol, or 5% Mannitol. * **Operative Hysteroscopy (Bipolar):** Use **Normal Saline** (reduces the risk of hyponatremia). * **Most Dangerous Complication:** Gas/Air Embolism (presents with sudden hypotension and a "mill-wheel" murmur).

Q: What is the commonest degenerative change observed in uterine myoma?

Hyaline degeneration. **Explanation:** **Hyaline degeneration (Option B)** is the most common type of degeneration in uterine fibroids (leiomyomas), occurring in approximately 65% of cases. It occurs when the fibroid outgrows its blood supply, leading to the replacement of smooth muscle cells by homogenous, eosinophilic acellular collagenous tissue. On gross examination, the whorled appearance is lost, and the tissue appears smooth and glassy. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Red degeneration (Option A):** This is a form of aseptic necrobiosis typically seen during the **second trimester of pregnancy** or the puerperium. It is caused by venous thrombosis and is clinically significant due to acute pain, but it is not the most common overall. * **Malignant change (Option C):** Transformation into leiomyosarcoma is extremely rare, occurring in less than 0.5% of cases (typically 0.1–0.2%). It is usually suspected in postmenopausal women with a rapidly enlarging uterus. * **Hemorrhage (Option D):** While interstitial hemorrhage can occur within a fibroid (often as a precursor to other degenerations), it is considered a secondary feature rather than the primary degenerative process. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Most common degeneration overall:** Hyaline degeneration. * **Most common degeneration during pregnancy:** Red degeneration (Carneous degeneration). * **Most common degeneration after menopause:** Calcific degeneration (often appearing as "womb stones" on X-ray). * **Cystic degeneration:** Often follows hyaline degeneration when the tissue liquefies. * **Myxomatous degeneration:** Characterized by the presence of gelatinous material.

Q: Which of the following conditions can present similarly to an unruptured ectopic pregnancy?

Corpus luteum cyst. **Explanation:** The **Corpus Luteum Cyst** is the most common condition to mimic an unruptured ectopic pregnancy because it shares a nearly identical clinical triad: **amenorrhea, lower abdominal pain, and a pelvic mass.** 1. **Why it is correct:** A corpus luteum cyst occurs during the luteal phase or early pregnancy. If it persists or becomes hemorrhagic, it causes unilateral pelvic pain. Since it often produces progesterone, it can delay menses (amenorrhea). On ultrasound, it can appear as a complex adnexal mass with a "ring of fire" vascularity, similar to an ectopic gestation. The primary differentiator is the **quantitative β-hCG level**, which will be lower or absent in a non-pregnant corpus luteum cyst compared to an ectopic pregnancy. 2. **Why incorrect options are wrong:** * **Follicular Cyst:** These are usually asymptomatic, thin-walled, and rarely cause the significant pain or the "mass effect" associated with ectopic pregnancy. * **Polycystic Ovary Disease (PCOS):** This presents with chronic cycle irregularity and bilateral enlarged ovaries with multiple small follicles ("string of pearls"), not an acute unilateral adnexal mass or localized pain. * **Ovarian Torsion:** While it causes acute pain and a mass, it is usually associated with sudden, severe, colicky pain and nausea/vomiting. It does not typically present with amenorrhea or mimic the hormonal profile of early pregnancy. **High-Yield NEET-PG Pearls:** * **The Great Mimicker:** Corpus luteum cyst is the most common "mimic" of ectopic pregnancy. * **Arias-Stella Reaction:** This histological change (hypersecretory endometrium) can be seen in *both* ectopic pregnancy and a persistent corpus luteum. * **Gold Standard Investigation:** Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVS) + Quantitative β-hCG (Discriminatory zone: 1500–2000 mIU/mL).

Q: A 35-year-old woman complains of severe lower abdominal pain, which is worst during menstruation. Laparoscopic examination of the pelvis demonstrates multiple small brown spots on the surface of pelvic structures. Biopsy of one of the lesions reveals glandular tissue resembling normal endometrium with no cytologic atypia or abnormally shaped glands. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Endometriosis. **Explanation:** **1. Why Endometriosis is the Correct Answer:** The clinical presentation of severe dysmenorrhea (pain during menstruation) combined with the laparoscopic finding of **"powder-burn" or "mulberry" lesions** (small brown spots) is classic for endometriosis. Pathologically, endometriosis is defined as the presence of functional endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity. The biopsy confirms this by showing normal-appearing glandular tissue (no atypia) in an ectopic location (pelvic surface). The brown color is due to hemosiderin deposition from cyclical bleeding within these ectopic implants. **2. Why Other Options are Incorrect:** * **Acute/Chronic Endometritis:** These are inflammatory conditions of the inner lining of the uterus, usually presenting with fever, pelvic pain, and vaginal discharge. They do not present as discrete pelvic surface lesions or cyclical pain. * **Adenomyosis:** While it also involves ectopic endometrial tissue, it is specifically located **within the myometrium** (uterine wall). It typically presents with a symmetrically enlarged "globular" uterus and menorrhagia, rather than superficial pelvic spots. **3. NEET-PG High-Yield Pearls:** * **Gold Standard Diagnosis:** Laparoscopy with biopsy is the definitive diagnostic tool. * **Common Sites:** The **ovary** is the most common site (often forming "Chocolate Cysts" or Endometriomas). The **Pouch of Douglas** is the most common site for peritoneal implants. * **Classic Triad:** Dysmenorrhea, Dyspareunia, and Dyschezia (painful defecation). * **Microscopic Hallmarks:** Presence of endometrial glands, stroma, and hemosiderin-laden macrophages (Siderophages). * **Theories of Origin:** Sampson’s theory (Retrograde menstruation) is the most widely accepted.

Q: Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with the pathology shown in the ultrasound image?

Clomiphene citrate therapy. ***Clomiphene citrate therapy*** - **Clomiphene citrate** is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that induces ovulation by blocking estrogen receptors at the hypothalamic level, but it does **NOT increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy**. - Unlike **gonadotropin therapy** (which does increase ectopic pregnancy risk), clomiphene has a **normal rate of tubal implantation** and does not affect fallopian tube function or motility. *Salpingitis* - **Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)** and salpingitis cause **tubal scarring** and **adhesions**, leading to impaired tubal motility and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. - **Chlamydia** and **gonorrhea** infections are major causes, resulting in **tubal damage** that prevents normal embryo transport to the uterus. *Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD)* - **IUCD use** increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy by causing **local inflammatory changes** in the endometrium and fallopian tubes. - While IUCDs prevent intrauterine pregnancy more effectively than tubal pregnancy, the **relative risk of ectopic pregnancy** is increased in IUCD users who do conceive. *Plastic procedure on the fallopian tube* - **Tubal reconstructive surgery** (salpingoplasty, salpingostomy) can cause **tubal scarring** and **adhesion formation**, impairing normal tubal function. - **Previous tubal surgery** disrupts the normal **ciliary action** and **muscular contractions** of the fallopian tube, increasing ectopic pregnancy risk.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a feature of Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser syndrome?

Menorrhagia. **Explanation:** **Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) Syndrome** is a congenital anomaly characterized by **Müllerian agenesis**, resulting from the failure of the Müllerian ducts to develop. **Why Menorrhagia is the Correct Answer:** Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding) is impossible in MRKH syndrome because there is **congenital absence of the uterus and the upper two-thirds of the vagina**. Since the functional endometrial lining is absent, patients present with **primary amenorrhea**. You cannot have menstrual bleeding without a uterus. **Analysis of Other Options:** * **Renal agenesis (Option A):** MRKH is frequently associated with renal anomalies (in ~30-40% of cases) because the development of the Müllerian ducts is closely linked to the Wolffian (mesonephric) system. Unilateral renal agenesis and ectopic kidneys are common. * **Hemivertebrae (Option C):** Skeletal abnormalities, particularly vertebral defects like hemivertebrae or Klippel-Feil syndrome, are known associations in Type II MRKH (also called MURCS association). * **Normal breasts (Option D):** In MRKH, the **ovaries are functional** and derived from the primitive germ cells (not the Müllerian ducts). Therefore, estrogen levels are normal, leading to **normal secondary sexual characteristics** (Tanner stage 5 breast development and pubic hair). **NEET-PG High-Yield Pearls:** * **Karyotype:** 46, XX (Normal female). * **Clinical Presentation:** A young girl with primary amenorrhea, normal secondary sexual characteristics, and a blind-ending vaginal pouch. * **Initial Investigation:** Ultrasonography (shows absent uterus). * **Gold Standard Investigation:** MRI (to visualize ovaries and renal/skeletal anomalies). * **Management:** Non-surgical (Frank’s dilators) or surgical (McIndoe vaginoplasty) to create a neovagina. Pregnancy is only possible via surrogacy (as ovaries are functional).

Q: Vulval candidiasis is associated with:

Diabetes mellitus. **Explanation:** **Vulval candidiasis** (caused primarily by *Candida albicans*) is a common opportunistic fungal infection. The correct answer is **Diabetes Mellitus** because hyperglycemia creates an ideal environment for fungal overgrowth. Elevated glucose levels in vaginal secretions and urine (glycosuria) provide a rich substrate for *Candida*. Furthermore, poorly controlled diabetes impairs neutrophil function and local immunity, facilitating the transition of *Candida* from a commensal to a pathogenic state. **Analysis of Options:** * **Diabetes Mellitus (Correct):** It is the most significant metabolic risk factor for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). High glycogen content in vaginal epithelial cells and a lowered pH favor yeast proliferation. * **Addison Disease (Incorrect):** This involves adrenocortical insufficiency. While it can be part of Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1 (which includes mucocutaneous candidiasis), Addison’s itself is not a classic primary risk factor for vulval candidiasis. * **Cushing Disease (Incorrect):** While excess cortisol causes immunosuppression, it is not as classically or frequently associated with specific vulval candidiasis as the direct glucose-rich environment of Diabetes. * **Acromegaly (Incorrect):** Excess growth hormone does not have a direct pathophysiological link to fungal vulvovaginitis. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Risk Factors for Candidiasis:** Pregnancy (high estrogen), Diabetes, Broad-spectrum antibiotics, and Immunosuppression (HIV/Steroids). * **Clinical Presentation:** Characterized by intense pruritus (most common symptom) and **thick, white, "curdy" or "cottage-cheese" discharge**. * **Diagnosis:** pH is typically **normal (<4.5)**. On KOH mount, look for **pseudohyphae** and spores. * **Treatment:** Topical or oral azoles (e.g., Fluconazole). Note: Fluconazole is contraindicated in pregnancy; use topical Clotrimazole instead.

Question 1

Which of the following fluids or gases are used for hysteroscopy?

Accepted Answer

Air

Answer

Distilled Water

Answer

Glycine

Answer

CO2

Question 2

What is the distention medium typically used in diagnostic hysteroscopy with bipolar energy?

Accepted Answer

Normal Saline (NS)

Answer

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Answer

Dextran 70

Answer

Glycine

Question 3

What is the commonest degenerative change observed in uterine myoma?

Accepted Answer

Hyaline degeneration

Answer

Red degeneration

Answer

Malignant change

Answer

Hemorrhage

Question 4

Which of the following conditions can present similarly to an unruptured ectopic pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Corpus luteum cyst

Answer

Follicular cyst of the ovary

Answer

Polycystic ovary disease

Answer

Ovarian torsion

Question 5

A 35-year-old woman complains of severe lower abdominal pain, which is worst during menstruation. Laparoscopic examination of the pelvis demonstrates multiple small brown spots on the surface of pelvic structures. Biopsy of one of the lesions reveals glandular tissue resembling normal endometrium with no cytologic atypia or abnormally shaped glands. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Endometriosis

Answer

Acute endometritis

Answer

Adenomyosis

Answer

Chronic endometritis

Question 6

What is the mechanism responsible for high rates of spontaneous abortion in a septate uterus?

Accepted Answer

Implantation on an avascular septum

Answer

Distorted uterine cavity

Answer

Associated cervical abnormality

Answer

Unfavourable endometrial lining

Question 7

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with the pathology shown in the ultrasound image?

Accepted Answer

Clomiphene citrate therapy

Answer

Salpingitis

Answer

Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD)

Answer

Plastic procedure on the fallopian tube

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a feature of Mayer Rokitansky Kuster Hauser syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Menorrhagia

Answer

Renal agenesis

Answer

Hemivertebrae

Answer

Normal breasts

Question 9

Regarding vaginal candidiasis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Vaginal candidiasis occurring during pregnancy is classified as uncomplicated candidiasis.

Answer

Cottage cheese-like secretions are seen.

Answer

Intense pruritus is a common symptom.

Answer

Budding yeast cells and pseudohyphae are seen in KOH preparation.

Question 10

Vulval candidiasis is associated with:

Accepted Answer

Diabetes mellitus

Answer

Addison disease

Answer

Cushing disease

Answer

Acromegaly

Gynecological Disorders — MCQs

Gynecological Disorders — MCQs

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