Gynecologic Oncology — MCQs

Gynecologic Oncology Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 771: What is the stage of endometrial carcinoma when it involves the cervix?

A. Stage 1: Cancer confined to the uterus.
B. Stage 3: Cancer has spread beyond the uterus but not beyond the pelvis.
C. Stage 2: Cancer has spread to the cervix. (Correct Answer)
D. Stage 4: Cancer has spread to distant sites.

Explanation: ***Stage 2: Cancer has spread to the cervix*** - According to the **FIGO 2009 staging system** for endometrial carcinoma (applicable at the time of this exam), involvement of the cervix with **stromal invasion** without extending beyond the uterus into the parametrium is classified as **Stage II**. - This stage indicates that the cancer remains within the confines of the uterus but has spread from the uterine corpus to the **cervical stroma**. - **Note:** FIGO staging was updated in 2023, but this question reflects the 2009 criteria used at the time. *Stage 1: Cancer confined to the uterus* - This stage indicates that the cancer is **limited to the uterine corpus (body of the uterus)**, with no spread to the cervix or beyond. - Stage 1 is further subdivided based on the **depth of myometrial invasion**, but the cervix is not involved at this stage. *Stage 3: Cancer has spread beyond the uterus but not beyond the pelvis* - Stage 3 involves spread **beyond the uterus but is still confined to the pelvis**, including parametrial involvement, vaginal or serosal invasion, or pelvic/paraaortic lymph node involvement. - This stage represents more extensive local or regional spread than simply cervical involvement. *Stage 4: Cancer has spread to distant sites* - This is the most advanced stage, indicating that the cancer has spread to **distant organs** (e.g., lungs, bone) or involves the **bladder or bowel mucosa**. - Stage 4 represents a systemic disease rather than localized pelvic spread.

Question 772: What is the initial drug of choice for ovarian cancer?

A. Cisplatin (Correct Answer)
B. Doxorubicin
C. Ifosfamide
D. Methotrexate

Explanation: ***Cisplatin*** - **Cisplatin** is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug that forms DNA adducts, leading to apoptosis and is a **first-line agent** for ovarian cancer. - Historically, it was the platinum agent of choice and is typically used in combination with a taxane (e.g., **paclitaxel**) for initial treatment of advanced disease. - **Note:** In current practice, **carboplatin** has largely replaced cisplatin as the preferred platinum agent due to better tolerability, less nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity, and easier administration, while maintaining equivalent efficacy. - Among the options listed, **cisplatin remains the correct answer** as it is the only platinum-based first-line agent. *Doxorubicin* - **Doxorubicin** is an **anthracycline antibiotic** used in various cancers but is **not a first-line drug** for ovarian cancer. - It may be used in recurrent or platinum-resistant disease. - Its use is limited due to potential **cardiotoxicity**. *Ifosfamide* - **Ifosfamide** is an **alkylating agent** that is generally reserved for **recurrent** or refractory ovarian cancer. - It is associated with **hemorrhagic cystitis** (preventable with mesna) and neurotoxicity. - Not part of standard first-line treatment. *Methotrexate* - **Methotrexate** is an **antimetabolite** primarily used in other cancers like choriocarcinoma and is **not a standard treatment** for epithelial ovarian cancer. - It works by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, disrupting DNA synthesis. - Has no role in first-line ovarian cancer treatment.

Question 773: At which stage of cervical cancer is hydronephrosis typically observed?

A. Stage 2A
B. Stage 2B
C. Stage 3A
D. Stage 3B (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Stage 3B*** - **Hydronephrosis** in cervical cancer is typically a sign of advanced disease where the tumor has spread to the **pelvic side wall**, compressing the **ureters**. - According to the **FIGO staging system**, involvement of the **pelvic side wall** and/or causing **hydronephrosis** indicates **Stage IIIB** disease. *Stage 2A* - This stage involves invasion beyond the uterus but **without involvement of the lower third of the vagina or parametrium**. - **Hydronephrosis** would not be expected at this earlier stage as it typically signifies more extensive tumor bulk or spread. *Stage 2B* - This stage indicates involvement of the **parametrium** but **without extension to the pelvic side wall**. - While the tumor is more advanced than Stage 2A, it is not yet associated with the direct **ureteral compression** that leads to **hydronephrosis**. *Stage 3A* - This stage involves the **lower third of the vagina** but **not the pelvic side wall**. - Although the tumor has spread to the vagina, the specific characteristic of **hydronephrosis** due to **ureteral obstruction** by the tumor reaching the pelvic side wall differentiating Stage 3A from Stage 3B is not present.

Question 774: Which of the following is not a recognized risk factor for endometrial carcinoma?

A. Infertility
B. Obesity
C. Smoking (Correct Answer)
D. Tamoxifen

Explanation: ***Smoking*** - Smoking is generally not considered a risk factor for endometrial carcinoma; in fact, some studies suggest it may paradoxically **decrease risk** by altering estrogen metabolism. - While smoking is a known risk factor for many cancers, its effect on **estrogen-dependent cancers** like endometrial cancer is complex and often opposite to that of other cancers. *Obesity* - Obesity is a significant risk factor due to the increased peripheral conversion of **androgens to estrogens** in adipose tissue, leading to unopposed estrogen stimulation of the endometrium. - This **elevated estrogen exposure** promotes endometrial hyperplasia and increases the risk of malignant transformation. *Infertility* - Infertility, particularly anovulatory infertility, is often associated with **unopposed estrogen exposure** due to a lack of progesterone production. - This hormonal imbalance can lead to endometrial hyperplasia and an increased risk of developing endometrial cancer. *Tamoxifen* - Tamoxifen, a **selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)**, acts as an estrogen antagonist in breast tissue but as an estrogen agonist in the endometrium. - This estrogenic effect on the endometrium can lead to **endometrial hyperplasia** and increase the risk of endometrial cancer, particularly when used long-term.

Question 775: What is the most common primary malignancy of the fallopian tube?

A. Squamous cell carcinoma
B. Serous carcinoma (Correct Answer)
C. Teratoma
D. Choriocarcinoma

Explanation: ***Serous carcinoma*** - **Serous carcinoma** is the most common type of **primary** fallopian tube malignancy, accounting for approximately **90%** of primary tumors. - It often shares molecular and morphological similarities with **high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma** and **primary peritoneal cancer**. - Note: While primary fallopian tube cancer is rare (0.14-1.8% of gynecologic malignancies), metastatic disease to the fallopian tube is more common, typically from **ovarian or endometrial** primaries. *Squamous cell carcinoma* - **Squamous cell carcinoma** is exceedingly rare in the fallopian tube, as the tubal lining is composed of **ciliated and secretory columnar epithelium**, not squamous epithelium. - When present, it usually represents **metastatic spread** from cervical or other primary sites. *Teratoma* - **Teratomas** are germ cell tumors typically found in the **ovaries**, composed of tissues from multiple germ layers. - Primary teratomas of the fallopian tube are **extraordinarily rare** and not the most common primary malignancy. *Choriocarcinoma* - **Choriocarcinoma** is a highly malignant **gestational trophoblastic neoplasm** usually associated with pregnancy complications. - It primarily occurs in the **uterus**, and primary fallopian tube choriocarcinoma is **exceptionally uncommon**.

Question 776: Staging of ovarian cancer when the rectum is involved.

A. Stage I
B. Stage 2 (Correct Answer)
C. Stage 4
D. Stage 3

Explanation: ***Stage 2*** - **Rectal involvement** in ovarian cancer represents direct extension to other **pelvic structures**, which defines **Stage II disease** according to FIGO staging. - **Stage IIB** specifically includes extension to other pelvic intraperitoneal tissues, including the rectum, sigmoid colon, bladder, and uterus. - The rectum is a **pelvic organ**, and its involvement represents local spread within the pelvis, not distant metastasis. *Stage I* - **Stage I** ovarian cancer is confined to the **ovaries or fallopian tubes** only. - There is no extension beyond the ovaries or fallopian tubes, making rectal involvement inconsistent with this stage. *Stage 3* - **Stage III** involves tumor **outside the pelvis** with peritoneal implants beyond the pelvis or positive retroperitoneal lymph nodes. - This represents intra-abdominal spread but still within the peritoneal cavity, not limited to pelvic organ involvement like the rectum. *Stage 4* - **Stage IV** is defined by **distant metastasis outside the peritoneal cavity**, including parenchymal liver or spleen metastasis, pleural effusion with positive cytology, or metastasis to extra-abdominal organs. - Direct rectal involvement does not constitute distant metastasis and therefore is not Stage IV.

Question 777: What is the percentage of myomas undergoing malignant transformation?

A. 0.50% (Correct Answer)
B. 5%
C. 10%
D. 1%

Explanation: ***0.50%*** - The risk of **leiomyosarcoma** arising from a pre-existing uterine fibroid (myoma) is generally considered to be very low, approximately **0.1% to 0.5%**. - This low percentage highlights that most uterine fibroids are **benign** and do not undergo malignant transformation. *5%* - This percentage is considerably **higher** than the actual reported rates for malignant transformation. - A 5% risk would imply a much greater clinical concern for malignancy in patients with fibroids than is currently recognized. *10%* - This percentage is significantly **too high** for the malignant transformation of uterine myomas. - While fibroids are common, the development of leiomyosarcoma is a **rare event**. *1%* - While closer than 5% or 10%, 1% is still generally considered to be an overestimate of the malignant transformation rate of myomas. - Most reputable sources cite a risk of **less than 1%**, often in the range of 0.1% to 0.5%.

Question 778: Which of the following is a risk factor for cervical cancer?

A. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types. (Correct Answer)
B. Chronic cigarette smoking.
C. Delayed onset of menstruation (late menarche).
D. Having no children (nulliparity).

Explanation: ***Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types.*** - **Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types**, particularly HPV-16 and HPV-18, is the **primary and most significant risk factor** for cervical cancer. - HPV infection is the **necessary cause** of virtually all cervical cancers, leading to cellular changes that can progress from **dysplasia** to **invasive cervical carcinoma** over time. - This is the **most important risk factor** among all options. *Chronic cigarette smoking.* - Smoking **is an independent risk factor** for cervical cancer that approximately doubles the risk in women. - Tobacco by-products in cervical mucus damage cervical cell DNA and impair immune function. - In women with HPV infection, smoking acts as a **strong cofactor** that increases progression to cervical cancer by impairing the body's ability to clear HPV infections. - However, **HPV infection is the stronger and necessary risk factor**, making Option A the best answer. *Delayed onset of menstruation (late menarche).* - **Late menarche is NOT a risk factor** for cervical cancer. - Early menarche is weakly associated with increased risk of breast cancer due to prolonged estrogen exposure, but menarche timing has no established relationship with cervical cancer risk. - Cervical cancer risk is primarily related to **HPV exposure**, not hormonal factors like age at menarche. *Having no children (nulliparity).* - **Nulliparity is NOT a risk factor** for cervical cancer. - Conversely, **multiparity** (having 3 or more full-term pregnancies) is associated with increased cervical cancer risk, possibly due to hormonal changes, immunosuppression during pregnancy, or increased HPV exposure. - Among parous women, higher parity increases risk compared to lower parity.

Question 779: Which of the following is NOT a favorable prognostic factor for ovarian cancer?

A. Clear cell carcinoma (Correct Answer)
B. Well differentiated tumor
C. No ascites
D. Young age

Explanation: ***Clear cell carcinoma*** - Clear cell carcinoma is **NOT a favorable prognostic factor** and is actually associated with a **poor prognosis** in ovarian cancer. - It is typically **chemoresistant** to standard platinum-based therapy, with lower response rates compared to serous carcinomas. - Clear cell histology is associated with **worse survival outcomes** even when diagnosed at early stages. - This aggressive subtype accounts for higher mortality rates relative to other epithelial ovarian cancers. *Young age* - **Younger patients** with ovarian cancer tend to have a better overall prognosis compared to older patients. - This is often attributed to **better physiological reserve** and ability to tolerate aggressive treatments. - Younger age is a well-established **favorable prognostic factor**. *Well differentiated tumor* - **Well-differentiated tumors** (low grade) generally have a slower growth rate and are less aggressive, leading to a **more favorable prognosis**. - **Poorly differentiated tumors** (high grade) are aggressive and associated with worse outcomes. - Tumor differentiation is one of the key histological prognostic factors. *No ascites* - The absence of **ascites** (fluid accumulation in the abdomen) is indicative of a lower tumor burden and less advanced disease, which is a **favorable prognostic sign**. - The presence of ascites often suggests widespread peritoneal dissemination and is associated with a **worse prognosis**.

Question 780: Which of the following treatment options best represents the standard management approach for stage IB cervical cancer?

A. Surgery and Radiotherapy
B. Surgery (Correct Answer)
C. Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
D. Surgery and Chemotherapy

Explanation: ***Surgery*** - For **stage IB cervical cancer**, **radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy** is the primary standard surgical treatment option. - Surgery alone is appropriate for cases without high-risk features on final pathology. - This represents the cornerstone primary management approach for early-stage cervical cancer. - Alternative primary treatment is definitive **concurrent chemoradiation**, which is considered equivalent to surgery. *Surgery and Radiotherapy* - **Adjuvant radiotherapy** (or chemoradiation) is added only if **high-risk pathologic features** are found post-surgery, such as positive margins, parametrial involvement, or positive lymph nodes. - This is not the standard primary approach but rather selective adjuvant therapy based on surgical pathology findings. - Not all stage IB cases require adjuvant radiotherapy. *Surgery and Chemotherapy* - **Adjuvant chemotherapy alone** is NOT standard management for cervical cancer. - When adjuvant therapy is needed, it is **concurrent chemoradiation** (radiation with chemotherapy as a radiosensitizer), not chemotherapy alone. - Chemotherapy alone does not provide adequate locoregional control for cervical cancer. *Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy* - **Concurrent chemoradiation** is the primary treatment for **locally advanced cervical cancer** (stages IB3 with certain features, IIB-IVA). - It is also an alternative to surgery for primary treatment of stage IB, but the question asks for standard management, which traditionally refers to the surgical approach for early-stage disease. - This is definitive treatment without surgery for larger or locally advanced tumors.

Practice by Chapter

Cervical Cancer

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Endometrial Cancer

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Ovarian Cancer

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Vulvar and Vaginal Cancer

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Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

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Screening for Gynecologic Cancers

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Principles of Gynecologic Oncology Surgery

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Radiation Therapy in Gynecologic Malignancies

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Chemotherapy in Gynecologic Oncology

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Palliative Care in Gynecologic Oncology

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