Gastroenterology — MCQs

A 48-year-old male presents with a 6-month history of constant abdominal pain, particularly after meals, located in the upper mid-abdomen superior to the umbilicus. He also reports some heartburn that occurred during the previous year. Under significant stress, he has been self-medicating with over-the-counter antacids, with some relief. He notes that his stools have changed in colour over the previous 2 months and are now intermittently dark and tarry in consistency. Following stool testing, which organ is most likely to be affected?

Q1326

D-xylose absorption test is used to assess which of the following conditions?

Q1327

A 45-year-old man presents with an upper gastrointestinal bleed. An upper endoscopy reveals multiple duodenal ulcers and an enlarged stomach.

Q1328

An elderly male presents with a history of dysphagia, regurgitation, foul breath, and cough. Bilateral lung crepitations are noted on examination. The most likely diagnosis is:

Q1329

Crohn's disease can be seen in which of the following locations?

Q1330

Erosive gastritis commonly affects which part of the stomach?

Gastroenterology Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 1321: Toxic megacolon is most commonly associated with what?

A. Ulcerative colitis (Correct Answer)
B. Crohn's disease
C. Whipple's disease
D. Reiter's disease

Explanation: ***Ulcerative colitis*** - Toxic megacolon is most commonly associated with **ulcerative colitis** [1], a condition causing severe colon inflammation and ulceration. - The risk of toxic megacolon increases with **colitis flares** and extends the colon's diameter significantly. *Reiter's disease* - Also known as **reactive arthritis**, it primarily affects the joints and has **no direct link** to toxic megacolon. - Symptoms include joint pain, urethritis, and conjunctivitis, unrelated to intestinal dilation. *Whipple's disease* - A rare bacterial infection affecting the gastrointestinal tract, but it does not commonly lead to **toxic megacolon**. - Primarily presents with **malabsorption**, weight loss, and other systemic symptoms rather than intestinal dilation. *Crohn's disease* - While it can lead to colon issues, toxic megacolon is **more characteristic of ulcerative colitis** rather than Crohn's. - Crohn's disease may cause **stenosis and fistulas**, not typically contributing to toxic megacolon [2].

Question 1322: A 55-year-old woman presents with progressively deepening jaundice, uncontrollable pruritus, pain in the abdomen (right upper quadrant), and yellow-coloured urine. Investigations reveal that the patient has a mass in the head of the pancreas on imaging studies. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Obstructive jaundice due to carcinoma of the pancreas (Correct Answer)
B. Advanced liver cancer with jaundice
C. Acute hepatitis with jaundice
D. Chronic liver disease with jaundice

Explanation: ***Obstructive jaundice due to carcinoma of the pancreas*** - The constellation of **progressively deepening jaundice**, **uncontrollable pruritus**, and **yellow urine** (indicating conjugated hyperbilirubinemia) points to **obstructive jaundice** [1]. - The presence of a **mass in the head of the pancreas** on imaging directly explains the obstruction of the common bile duct, which is a classic presentation of **pancreatic head carcinoma**. *Acute hepatitis with jaundice* - **Acute hepatitis** typically presents with fatigue, nausea, and jaundice, but the jaundice is usually **not rapidly progressive** or accompanied by significant **pruritus** due to obstruction. Jaundice due to parenchymal liver disease is characteristically associated with significant increases in transaminases [2]. - Imaging would reveal **liver inflammation** rather than a pancreatic mass. *Advanced liver cancer with jaundice* - While **liver cancer** can cause jaundice, it's usually due to direct **liver cell damage** or widespread infiltration, leading to unconjugated or mixed hyperbilirubinemia [2]. - The most striking feature here is the **pancreatic mass** causing obstruction, not primarily liver parenchymal disease. *Chronic liver disease with jaundice* - **Chronic liver disease** (e.g., cirrhosis) can cause jaundice, but it's typically prolonged and associated with other signs of liver failure like **ascites**, **encephalopathy**, and **variceal bleeding**. - The prominent **obstructive symptoms** and the finding of a **pancreatic mass** are not characteristic of chronic liver disease as the primary cause of jaundice.

Question 1323: Which of the following is a prognostic factor in acute liver failure?

A. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
B. Prothrombin time (PT) (Correct Answer)
C. Serum albumin level
D. Serum globulin level

Explanation: - **Prothrombin time (PT)** is a crucial prognostic factor in acute liver failure because the liver synthesizes **coagulation factors**, and severe liver dysfunction impairs this synthesis [1]. - A **prolonged PT** indicates reduced synthetic function of the liver, reflecting the severity of hepatic damage and poorer prognosis [1], [2]. *Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)* - **Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)** is primarily a tumor marker for **hepatocellular carcinoma** and germ cell tumors. - While it can be elevated in some liver diseases, it is not a direct or reliable prognostic marker for acute liver failure. *Serum albumin level* - **Serum albumin** is a measure of the liver's synthetic function, but its half-life is approximately **3 weeks**. - This makes it a better indicator of **chronic liver disease** rather than the rapid changes seen in acute liver failure. *Serum globulin level* - **Serum globulin levels** reflect a mixture of proteins, including immunoglobulins, and are not specific markers of acute liver failure severity. - Elevated globulins are often associated with **chronic inflammation** or certain autoimmune conditions.

Question 1324: Pentagastrin stimulation test is used to assess which organ?

A. Lung
B. Liver
C. Stomach (Correct Answer)
D. Heart

Explanation: ***Stomach*** - The **pentagastrin stimulation test** is used to assess the stomach's ability to secrete acid [1]. - Pentagastrin is a synthetic analog of **gastrin**, a hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretion from **parietal cells** [1]. *Lung* - The lung is primarily involved in **gas exchange** and is assessed through tests like spirometry, chest X-rays, and arterial blood gas analysis [2]. - Pentagastrin has no direct diagnostic role in assessing lung function. *Liver* - The liver's function is evaluated by tests such as liver enzymes (ALT, AST), bilirubin levels, and imaging studies like ultrasound or MRI. - Pentagastrin is not a relevant diagnostic tool for assessing liver health or function. *Heart* - Cardiac function is assessed with electrocardiograms (ECG), echocardiography, stress tests, and measurement of cardiac biomarkers. - Pentagastrin stimulation has no application in the diagnosis or evaluation of heart conditions.

Question 1325: A 48-year-old male presents with a 6-month history of constant abdominal pain, particularly after meals, located in the upper mid-abdomen superior to the umbilicus. He also reports some heartburn that occurred during the previous year. Under significant stress, he has been self-medicating with over-the-counter antacids, with some relief. He notes that his stools have changed in colour over the previous 2 months and are now intermittently dark and tarry in consistency. Following stool testing, which organ is most likely to be affected?

A. Stomach (Correct Answer)
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. None of the options

Explanation: ***Stomach*** - The patient's symptoms, including **constant epigastric pain after meals**, heartburn, and **dark, tarry stools (melena)**, are highly suggestive of an **upper gastrointestinal bleed**, most commonly due to a **peptic ulcer** in the stomach or duodenum [1]. - While antacids provide some relief for heartburn, they do not address the underlying cause of a bleeding ulcer, and **melena** indicates significant blood loss from the upper GI tract [1]. *Liver* - Liver conditions, such as **cirrhosis or hepatitis**, might cause abdominal pain or dark stools if there's significant bleeding from **esophageal varices**, but the primary location of pain (upper mid-abdomen superior to the umbilicus) and **heartburn** point away from the liver as the primary affected organ. - Liver disease would typically present with other symptoms like **jaundice, ascites**, or abnormal liver function tests, which are not mentioned. *Pancreas* - Pancreatic conditions, such as **pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer**, typically cause **severe epigastric pain** that often radiates to the back and is not usually relieved by antacids. - While pancreatic issues can lead to complications affecting digestion, they don't typically manifest with **dark, tarry stools** as a primary symptom unless there's an unusual complication like a fistula causing GI bleeding. *None of the options* - Given the classic presentation of **epigastric pain, heartburn**, and **melena**, one of the provided organs (stomach) is very likely to be affected by the patient's condition [1]. - The symptom cluster strongly points to an issue within the upper gastrointestinal tract, specifically involving acid-related damage and bleeding.

Question 1326: D-xylose absorption test is used to assess which of the following conditions?

A. Colon cancer
B. PUD
C. Celiac disease (Correct Answer)
D. Ulcerative colitis

Explanation: Celiac disease - The **D-xylose absorption test** assesses the functional integrity of the **small intestinal mucosa**, which is damaged in celiac disease. [1] - In celiac disease, the damaged villi impair the absorption of D-xylose, leading to **low urinary excretion** of the sugar. *Colon cancer* - Colon cancer primarily affects the **large intestine** and does not typically interfere with small intestinal D-xylose absorption. [2] - Diagnosis commonly involves **colonoscopy** and biopsy, not absorption tests. *PUD* - **Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)** affects the stomach or duodenum and does not impair the absorptive function of the small intestine. [3] - The primary diagnostic tool for PUD is **endoscopy** with biopsy for H. pylori. *Ulcerative colitis* - **Ulcerative colitis** is an inflammatory condition predominantly affecting the **large intestine** and rectum. [2] - It does not cause malabsorption in the small intestine, and therefore, D-xylose absorption would typically be normal.

Question 1327: A 45-year-old man presents with an upper gastrointestinal bleed. An upper endoscopy reveals multiple duodenal ulcers and an enlarged stomach.

A. Insulinoma
B. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) (Correct Answer)
C. Glucagonoma
D. Watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria (WDHA) syndrome

Explanation: ***Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES)*** - **ZES** is characterized by excessive **gastrin** secretion, leading to multiple, refractory peptic ulcers, especially in the **duodenum**, and often an **enlarged stomach** due to gastric hyperplasia [1]. - The combination of **multiple duodenal ulcers** and an **upper gastrointestinal bleed** strongly suggests this diagnosis [1]. *Glucagonoma* - Characterized by a **necrolytic migratory erythema** rash, stomatitis, and diabetes, which are not present here. - Does not typically cause **multiple duodenal ulcers** or an **enlarged stomach**. *Insulinoma* - Presents with symptoms of **hypoglycemia** such as sweating, tremors, and confusion, which are absent in this case. - Does not cause **gastric hyperplasia** or **recurrent peptic ulcers**. *Watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria (WDHA) syndrome* - Primarily presents with **severe watery diarrhea**, **hypokalemia**, and **achlorhydria** due to VIPoma (vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumor). - This syndrome does not typically cause **gastrointestinal bleeding** or **duodenal ulcers**.

Question 1328: An elderly male presents with a history of dysphagia, regurgitation, foul breath, and cough. Bilateral lung crepitations are noted on examination. The most likely diagnosis is:

A. Schatzki's ring
B. Zenker's diverticulum (Correct Answer)
C. Corkscrew esophagus
D. Plummer-Vinson syndrome

Explanation: ***Zenker's diverticulum*** - The classic presentation includes **dysphagia**, **regurgitation** of undigested food, **foul breath (halitosis)** due to stagnant food, and **cough** [1]. - **Bilateral lung crepitations** suggest **aspiration pneumonia** due to chronic aspiration of swallowed contents, a common complication [1]. *Schatzki's ring* - This is a **mucosal ring** at the gastroesophageal junction, primarily causing **intermittent dysphagia** to solids. - It is not typically associated with **regurgitation of stagnant food**, **foul breath**, or **aspiration pneumonia**. *Corkscrew esophagus* - This refers to **diffuse esophageal spasm**, characterized by **intermittent chest pain** and **dysphagia** due to uncoordinated esophageal contractions [2]. - It does not typically cause the complete symptom complex of **regurgitation of stagnant food**, **foul breath**, or **aspiration**. *Plummer-Vinson syndrome* - This syndrome is characterized by the triad of **iron deficiency anemia**, **dysphagia** (due to esophageal webs), and **esophageal webs**. - While it causes dysphagia, it is not associated with **foul breath** or the high risk of **aspiration pneumonia** seen in this patient.

Question 1329: Crohn's disease can be seen in which of the following locations?

A. Jejunum only
B. Colon only
C. Terminal ileum and right side
D. Mouth to anus (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Mouth to anus*** - Crohn's disease is a **transmural inflammatory condition** that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus [1]. - This pan-GI involvement is a key characteristic, distinguishing it from other inflammatory bowel diseases [1]. *Jejunum only* - While Crohn's can affect the **jejunum**, it is rarely confined to this segment alone [1]. - Such limited involvement is atypical for the widespread nature of Crohn's disease [1]. *Colon only* - If inflammation were restricted to the **colon only**, it would be more suggestive of **ulcerative colitis**, not Crohn's disease [1]. - Crohn's disease often presents with "skip lesions," meaning affected areas are interspersed with healthy tissue, which is uncommon in diffuse colonic involvement [1]. *Terminal ileum and right side* - Involvement of the **terminal ileum and right colon** is the most common presentation of Crohn's disease [1]. - However, it is not the *only* location, nor does it encompass the full potential extent of the disease throughout the GI tract [1].

Question 1330: Erosive gastritis commonly affects which part of the stomach?

A. Stomach fundus
B. Stomach body
C. Stomach antrum (Correct Answer)
D. Pylorus

Explanation: ***Stomach antrum*** - The **antrum** is the most common site for erosive gastritis due to its role in regulating gastric emptying and exposure to gastric acid and pepsin [1]. - While gastritis can affect any part of the stomach, inflammation and erosion are often pronounced in the antrum due to its location relative to the pylorus and continuous exposure to luminal contents [1]. *Stomach fundus* - The **fundus** is the upper part of the stomach and is less commonly affected by erosive gastritis compared to the antrum and body. - It plays a significant role in accumulating gas during digestion. Its location and functions make it less susceptible to the type of chronic inflammation that leads to erosions [2]. *Stomach body* - The **stomach body (corpus)** is responsible for producing acid and pepsin and can be affected by gastritis, but it is less frequently the primary site of erosions than the antrum [1]. - Inflammatory changes in the body are often associated with other forms of gastritis, such as autoimmune gastritis, which typically does not manifest with widespread erosions [1]. *Pylorus* - The **pylorus** is the muscular valve connecting the stomach to the duodenum; while it is adjacent to the antrum, erosions are typically described as occurring in the antrum itself rather than within the pyloric channel. - Inflammation affecting the pylorus directly might lead to issues with gastric emptying but is usually secondary to disease in the antrum or duodenum.

Practice by Chapter

Esophageal Disorders

Practice Questions

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Practice Questions

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Practice Questions

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

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Malabsorption Syndromes

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Pancreatitis (Acute and Chronic)

Practice Questions

Gastrointestinal Bleeding

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Liver Diseases and Cirrhosis

Practice Questions

Viral Hepatitis

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Biliary Tract Disorders

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Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders

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Gastrointestinal Malignancies

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