Gastroenterology — MCQs

Gastroenterology Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 1061: Which of the following is the MOST common complication associated with GERD?

A. Chronic cough
B. Dental erosion
C. None of the options
D. Esophagitis (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Esophagitis*** - **Reflux of gastric acid** into the esophagus directly irritates the esophageal lining, leading to inflammation and cellular damage, commonly presenting as esophagitis [1]. - This recurrent irritation causes histological changes such as **basal cell hyperplasia** and **elongation of papillae**, which are hallmarks of reflux-induced injury [1]. *Chronic cough* - While chronic cough can be a symptom of GERD, it is considered an **extraesophageal manifestation** rather than a direct complication of esophageal mucosal damage. - Its prevalence is lower than esophagitis among GERD complications and it's less direct consequence of acid exposure to the esophagus itself. *Dental erosion* - **Acid reflux** can lead to dental erosion due to the direct contact of acidic gastric contents with tooth enamel. - However, this is less common than esophagitis, which is a direct and frequent consequence of **mucosal acid exposure** within the esophagus [1].

Question 1062: A 20-year-old chronic alcoholic presents with severe hematemesis. USG shows distension of portal vein and the liver appears hyperechoic. Pantoprazole has been initiated. What is the next step in management?

A. Administer IV fluids and electrolytes to stabilize hemodynamics
B. Perform an endoscopy to identify and treat varices (Correct Answer)
C. Order a liver biopsy to assess for fibrosis
D. Initiate a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Explanation: **Perform an endoscopy to identify and treat varices** - Severe **hematemesis** in a chronic alcoholic with signs of **portal hypertension** (distended portal vein, hyperechoic liver) strongly suggests bleeding esophageal varices [1]. - **Endoscopy** is crucial for both diagnosing the source of bleeding and providing immediate therapeutic intervention, such as **variceal band ligation** or **sclerotherapy** [1]. *Administer IV fluids and electrolytes to stabilize hemodynamics* - While **hemodynamic stabilization with IV fluids** is an immediate and critical step in managing severe GI bleeding, it is not the *next step in definitive management* after pantoprazole initiation, which aims to address the *cause* of the bleeding. - This is an initial supportive measure, but addressing the source of hemorrhage is paramount once stabilization begins [1]. *Order a liver biopsy to assess for fibrosis* - A **liver biopsy** is primarily used for diagnosing the underlying cause and severity of liver disease, such as **cirrhosis** and **fibrosis**. - It is not an urgent procedure in the context of acute, severe hematemesis and would delay critical interventions to stop the bleeding. *Initiate a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics* - **Antibiotics** are indeed utilized in patients with cirrhosis and upper GI bleeding to prevent **spontaneous bacterial peritonitis** and other infections, often administered *after* hemodynamic stabilization and initial endoscopic management. - However, stopping the active bleeding is the immediate priority before initiating prophylactic antibiotics.

Question 1063: A patient with known cirrhosis presents with jaundice and abdominal distention. Ultrasound reveals ascites and splenomegaly. What is the most likely cause of his ascites?

A. Portal hypertension (Correct Answer)
B. Peritoneal carcinomatosis
C. Nephrotic syndrome
D. Congestive heart failure

Explanation: ***Portal hypertension*** - In cirrhosis, **fibrosis** and **regenerative nodules** increase resistance to blood flow through the liver, leading to **portal hypertension** [1]. - This increased pressure in the portal venous system, combined with **splanchnic vasodilation** and **renal sodium retention**, drives the transudation of fluid into the peritoneal cavity, forming ascites [1]. *Peritoneal carcinomatosis* - This would typically result in **exudative ascites**, often with a high protein content and positive cytology for malignant cells [1]. - While it can cause abdominal distention, it is not directly linked to the pathology of **cirrhosis** and **splenomegaly** as the primary cause of ascites in this context. *Nephrotic syndrome* - Characterized by **massive proteinuria**, **hypoalbuminemia**, and **generalized edema**, including ascites. - While it causes fluid retention, the clinical picture of **jaundice** and **splenomegaly** strongly points to liver pathology rather than primary renal disease [1]. *Congestive heart failure* - Can cause **dependent edema** and ascites due to elevated systemic venous pressures, but typically presents with other signs like **dyspnea**, orthopnea, and pulmonary edema [1]. - The patient's history of **cirrhosis** and the presence of **splenomegaly** make portal hypertension a significantly more likely cause of ascites [1].

Question 1064: A 30-year-old male presents with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort after consuming large amounts of alcohol. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Esophagitis
B. Cholecystitis
C. Peptic ulcer disease
D. Acute gastritis (Correct Answer)

Explanation: A 30-year-old male presents with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort after consuming large amounts of alcohol. What is the most likely diagnosis? ***Acute gastritis*** - The patient's symptoms of **nausea**, **vomiting**, and **abdominal discomfort** after acute alcohol consumption are classic for **acute gastritis**. - **Alcohol** is a common irritant that can damage the stomach lining, leading to inflammation [2]. *Esophagitis* - While alcohol can contribute to esophagitis, the primary symptoms typically include **heartburn**, **dysphagia**, and **odynophagia**, which are not described [1]. - Nausea and vomiting originating from the esophagus are usually prominent only with severe inflammation or obstruction. *Cholecystitis* - **Cholecystitis** presents with **right upper quadrant pain**, often radiating to the back or shoulder, and can be associated with fever and leukocytosis. - While nausea and vomiting can occur, the primary symptom is usually localized pain, not diffuse abdominal discomfort following alcohol ingestion. *Peptic ulcer disease* - **Peptic ulcer disease** typically causes **epigastric pain** that can be relieved or exacerbated by food, and symptoms are often chronic or recurrent, not acutely related to a single alcoholic binge [3]. - Though an ulcer can be symptomatic after alcohol, acute gastritis is a more immediate and common consequence of heavy drinking.

Question 1065: Which of the following laboratory findings is most consistent with obstructive jaundice?

A. Elevated unconjugated bilirubin
B. Elevated conjugated bilirubin (Correct Answer)
C. Decreased alkaline phosphatase
D. Normal gamma-glutamyl transferase

Explanation: Elevated conjugated bilirubin - In obstructive jaundice, bile flow is blocked, causing conjugated (direct) bilirubin to back up into the bloodstream, leading to its elevation [2]. - The liver has already conjugated the bilirubin, but it cannot be excreted into the bile ducts due to the obstruction [4]. Elevated unconjugated bilirubin - This finding is typically associated with hemolytic anemias or conditions like Gilbert's syndrome, where there is increased bilirubin production or impaired hepatic uptake/conjugation [1], [3]. - In obstructive jaundice, the primary issue is impaired excretion of conjugated bilirubin, not increased production of unconjugated bilirubin. Decreased alkaline phosphatase - Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is usually significantly elevated in obstructive jaundice due to increased synthesis and release from bile duct cells in response to cholestasis [5]. - A decreased ALP would be an atypical finding and would not support a diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. Normal gamma-glutamyl transferase - Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is also typically elevated in obstructive jaundice, often proportionally with ALP, as it is another marker of cholestasis and bile duct damage [5]. - A normal GGT would suggest that the elevated ALP (if present) might be from a non-hepatic source, such as bone, making obstructive jaundice less likely if ALP is not also elevated.

Question 1066: A 55-year-old man with a history of cirrhosis and ascites presents with fever and abdominal pain. Paracentesis reveals an elevated neutrophil count. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Hepatocellular carcinoma
B. Biliary colic
C. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (Correct Answer)
D. Nephrotic syndrome

Explanation: ***Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis*** - The combination of **cirrhosis**, **ascites** [1], **fever**, **abdominal pain**, and an **elevated neutrophil count** (typically >250 cells/mm3) in ascitic fluid is highly characteristic of **spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)**. - SBP is a common and serious complication of advanced liver disease, often occurring without an obvious source of infection. *Hepatocellular carcinoma* - While common in cirrhosis, **hepatocellular carcinoma** typically presents with weight loss, worsening liver function, or a palpable mass [1], not acute peritonitis symptoms like fever and abdominal pain with elevated ascitic fluid neutrophils. - Diagnosis usually involves imaging (e.g., ultrasound, CT, MRI) and alpha-fetoprotein levels, rather than paracentesis showing bacterial infection. *Biliary colic* - **Biliary colic** is usually caused by gallstones obstructing the cystic duct, leading to severe, intermittent right upper quadrant pain, often radiating to the back. - It does not typically present with diffuse abdominal pain, fever [1], or elevated ascitic fluid neutrophils, especially in the context of cirrhosis and ascites. *Nephrotic syndrome* - **Nephrotic syndrome** is a kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. - While it can cause ascites due to low oncotic pressure, it does not typically present with fever and abdominal pain or an elevated neutrophil count in ascitic fluid, as it is not an infectious process.

Question 1067: Which of the following is the most appropriate initial test for the diagnosis of ascites?

A. CT scan of the abdomen
B. Abdominal X-ray
C. Abdominal ultrasound (Correct Answer)
D. Paracentesis

Explanation: ***Abdominal ultrasound*** - An abdominal ultrasound is the **most appropriate initial test** for diagnosing ascites due to its high sensitivity for detecting fluid, non-invasiveness, and cost-effectiveness [1]. - It can identify even small amounts of **peritoneal fluid** and often helps determine the underlying cause by evaluating the liver and other abdominal organs [1]. *CT scan of the abdomen* - While a CT scan can detect ascites, it is generally **not the initial diagnostic test of choice** due to higher cost and radiation exposure [1]. - It is typically reserved for cases where ultrasound findings are equivocal or when further characterization of abdominal pathology is needed [1]. *Abdominal X-ray* - An abdominal X-ray has **poor sensitivity** for detecting ascites, especially small to moderate amounts of fluid. - It primarily identifies features like **bowel gas patterns** or calcifications and is not adequate for confirming fluid accumulation. *Paracentesis* - Paracentesis is a **diagnostic and therapeutic procedure** used to analyze ascitic fluid, not the initial imaging test for diagnosis. - It is performed after ascites has been detected (often by ultrasound) to determine its **etiology** (e.g., infection, malignancy) or to relieve symptoms.

Question 1068: A 45-year-old male presents with hematemesis and melena. He is hemodynamically stable. What is the most appropriate initial diagnostic test?

A. Colonoscopy
B. Abdominal ultrasound
C. Upper endoscopy (Correct Answer)
D. CT scan of the abdomen

Explanation: ***Upper endoscopy*** - **Hematemesis** (vomiting blood) and **melena** (black, tarry stools) are classic signs of an **upper gastrointestinal bleed** [1]. - **Upper endoscopy** allows direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to identify the bleeding source (e.g., ulcers, varices) and potentially provide therapeutic intervention [2]. *Colonoscopy* - This procedure is used to visualize the **lower gastrointestinal tract** (colon and rectum). - While melena can sometimes originate from the small bowel or right colon, hematemesis strongly points to an upper GI source, making colonoscopy an inappropriate initial diagnostic choice. *Abdominal ultrasound* - An **abdominal ultrasound** is excellent for evaluating solid organs (e.g., liver, gallbladder, kidneys) and detecting fluid collections. - It does not directly visualize the GI mucosa or lumen to identify the source of active bleeding. *CT scan of the abdomen* - A **CT scan of the abdomen** can identify gross pathologies and sometimes show active bleeding, but it is less sensitive for mucosal lesions and does not allow for direct therapeutic intervention. - It is generally reserved for cases where endoscopy is inconclusive or contraindicated, or when there is suspicion of a mass or perforation.

Question 1069: Which of the following medications is commonly used in the management of ascites due to cirrhosis?

A. Metformin
B. Hydrochlorothiazide
C. Spironolactone (Correct Answer)
D. Propranolol

Explanation: ***Spironolactone*** - **Spironolactone** is an **aldosterone antagonist**, which is a potassium-sparing diuretic commonly used to treat ascites in cirrhosis [1]. - It works by blocking the effects of **aldosterone**, leading to increased sodium and water excretion while retaining potassium [1]. *Metformin* - **Metformin** is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used to manage **Type 2 diabetes mellitus**. - It has no role in the direct management of **ascites** or fluid retention. *Hydrochlorothiazide* - **Hydrochlorothiazide** is a **thiazide diuretic** that acts on the distal convoluted tubule [1]. - While it can be used for fluid retention, it is generally less effective than loop diuretics or spironolactone in ascites due to cirrhosis and can lead to **hypokalemia**. *Propranolol* - **Propranolol** is a **non-selective beta-blocker** used to reduce portal pressure in cirrhosis, preventing variceal bleeding. - It is not used to directly treat ascites and does not have diuretic properties.

Question 1070: A 30-year-old woman presents with chronic jaundice and elevated indirect bilirubin. She has no other symptoms and liver function tests are normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Hemochromatosis
B. Gilbert syndrome (Correct Answer)
C. Primary biliary cholangitis
D. Hepatitis B infection

Explanation: ### Gilbert syndrome - This syndrome is characterized by **unconjugated (indirect) hyperbilirubinemia** due to a partial deficiency of the enzyme **uridine diphosphoglucuronate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1)** [1]. - Patients typically present with **mild, fluctuating jaundice**, especially during stress, fasting, or illness, but have **otherwise normal liver function tests** and no other symptoms [1]. *Hemochromatosis* - This is a disorder of **iron overload**, primarily affecting the liver, heart, and pancreas, leading to symptoms like **fatigue, joint pain, and diabetes**. - While it can cause liver dysfunction, it doesn't typically manifest solely as **isolated indirect hyperbilirubinemia** with otherwise normal liver function [2]. *Primary biliary cholangitis* - This is a chronic autoimmune liver disease characterized by progressive destruction of **small bile ducts**, leading to **cholestasis** and eventually cirrhosis. - It usually presents with **pruritus, fatigue, and elevated alkaline phosphatase** and **conjugated (direct) hyperbilirubinemia** in later stages. *Hepatitis B infection* - Acute or chronic hepatitis B typically causes **hepatocellular inflammation and damage**, leading to elevated **liver enzymes (ALT, AST)**, and often a mixture of direct and indirect hyperbilirubinemia [2]. - The patient in this scenario has **normal liver function tests** and **isolated indirect hyperbilirubinemia**, which is not characteristic of hepatitis B [2].

Practice by Chapter

Esophageal Disorders

Practice Questions

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Practice Questions

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Practice Questions

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Practice Questions

Malabsorption Syndromes

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Pancreatitis (Acute and Chronic)

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Gastrointestinal Bleeding

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Liver Diseases and Cirrhosis

Practice Questions

Viral Hepatitis

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Biliary Tract Disorders

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Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders

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Gastrointestinal Malignancies

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