Audiology and Speech Disorders — MCQs

Audiology and Speech Disorders Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 141: Hyperacusis is defined as:

A. Hearing of only loud sound
B. Completely deaf
C. Ability to hear in noisy surroundings
D. Normal sounds perceived as loud and painful (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Normal sounds perceived as loud and painful*** - **Hyperacusis** is a condition where everyday environmental sounds are perceived as abnormally loud, annoying, frightening, or painful. - This symptom can arise from various etiologies, including **head trauma**, **Lyme disease**, **TMJ dysfunction**, or certain **medications**. *Hearing of only loud sound* - This describes a form of **hearing loss** where only sounds above a certain intensity can be perceived, which is the opposite of hyperacusis. - It does not involve the perception of normal sounds as painfully loud. *Completely deaf* - **Complete deafness** refers to the total inability to hear any sounds. - This is a state of profound hearing loss and is distinct from hyperacusis, where sound is heard but perceived abnormally. *Ability to hear in noisy surroundings* - This capability is associated with normal or excellent **auditory processing** and is not indicative of hyperacusis. - Individuals with hyperacusis often find noisy environments unbearable due to the exaggerated perception of sound.

Question 142: What does the red line in pure tone audiometry represent?

A. Right ear air conduction (Correct Answer)
B. Bone conduction
C. Air conduction
D. Left ear

Explanation: ***Right ear air conduction*** - In **pure tone audiometry**, the red line (often plotted with a red circle 'O') universally represents the **air conduction threshold** for the **right ear**. - This standardized convention allows for quick and accurate interpretation of audiograms across different clinical settings. *Bone conduction* - **Bone conduction** thresholds are typically represented by a bracket symbol (e.g., '>' for right ear, '<' for left ear) or a triangle ('△' for right ear, '□' for left ear) rather than a continuous red line. - It measures the hearing sensitivity of the inner ear, bypassing the outer and middle ear. *Air conduction* - While the red line does represent **air conduction**, it specifically denotes the **right ear's air conduction**. - **Air conduction** for the left ear is usually represented by a blue 'X'. *Left ear* - The **left ear's air conduction** is typically represented by a **blue line** with 'X' symbols, contrasting with the red line for the right ear. - **Left ear bone conduction** is usually shown with a blue unmasked bracket '<' or a masked blue square '□'.

Question 143: Which of the following statements about Rinne's test is false?

A. Bone conduction is better in conductive hearing loss
B. Positive in normal ear
C. Positive in conductive hearing loss (Correct Answer)
D. Minimum 15-20 dB air-bone gap is required in conductive deafness

Explanation: ***Positive in conductive hearing loss*** - In **conductive hearing loss**, bone conduction is heard better or longer than air conduction, resulting in a **negative Rinne test**. - A positive Rinne test indicates that **air conduction is better than bone conduction**, which is typically found in normal ears or those with sensorineural hearing loss. *Positive in normal ear* - A **positive Rinne test** (air conduction > bone conduction) is the expected finding in an ear with **normal hearing**. - This reflects the more efficient sound transmission through the **ossicular chain** and external auditory canal. *Bone conduction is better in conductive hearing loss* - In **conductive hearing loss**, sound transmission through the external or middle ear is impaired, making **bone conduction relatively better** than air conduction. - This phenomenon is what defines a **negative Rinne test** in conductive hearing loss. *Minimum 15-20 dB air-bone gap is required in conductive deafness* - An **air-bone gap of 15-20 dB** or more on audiometry is generally considered clinically significant for diagnosing **conductive hearing loss**. - This gap indicates that sound heard via air conduction is significantly poorer than sound heard via bone conduction.

Question 144: Which of the following conditions is least likely to be associated with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)?

A. Bartter syndrome
B. Distal renal tubular acidosis (Correct Answer)
C. Alport syndrome
D. Nail-patella syndrome

Explanation: ***Distal renal tubular acidosis*** - While dRTA is associated with various systemic abnormalities like **nephrolithiasis** and **osteomalacia**, **sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)** is **not a typical feature** of this condition. - The primary defect in dRTA is impaired acid secretion in the distal tubules, leading to **metabolic acidosis**. *Bartter syndrome* - This is a rare genetic disorder affecting the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, leading to **salt wasting** and **hypokalemia**. - **SNHL** has been reported in certain variants of Bartter syndrome, particularly in those with mutations affecting the **NKCC2 transporter** or other associated genes. *Alport syndrome* - A well-known genetic disorder characterized by **glomerulonephritis**, **SNHL**, and ocular abnormalities. - The SNHL in Alport syndrome is typically **bilateral and progressive**, often beginning in childhood. *Nail-patella syndrome* - This is an autosomal dominant disorder primarily affecting the **nails**, **kneecaps**, elbows, and kidneys, with about 30-50% of affected individuals developing **renal disease**. - **SNHL** is a recognized, albeit less common, manifestation of Nail-patella syndrome, thought to be related to abnormalities in the **collagen IV** network in the cochlea.

Question 145: Hearing loss of 65dB, what is the grade of deafness?

A. Mild
B. Moderate
C. Severe
D. Moderately severe (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Moderately severe*** - A hearing loss of **65 dB** falls within the range defined as moderately severe. - The moderately severe range typically spans from **56 dB to 70 dB** in conventional audiometric classifications. *Mild* - **Mild hearing loss** is characterized by a threshold between **26 dB and 40 dB**. - Individuals with mild hearing loss may struggle with soft sounds or speech in noisy environments. *Moderate* - **Moderate hearing loss** is defined by a threshold between **41 dB and 55 dB**. - This level of loss causes difficulty understanding normal conversation without amplification. *Severe* - **Severe hearing loss** is characterized by a threshold between **71 dB and 90 dB**. - Individuals with severe hearing loss often require powerful hearing aids or other assistive listening devices.

Question 146: Lombard's test is used to diagnose?

A. Conductive hearing loss
B. Sensorineural hearing loss
C. Mixed hearing loss
D. Non-organic hearing loss (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Non-organic hearing loss*** - Lombard's test is a specialized audiological test used to detect **non-organic hearing loss**, also known as **functional hearing loss** or **malingering**. - In a true hearing loss, individuals unconsciously raise their vocal intensity in the presence of noise (Lombard effect); if they do so, but claim not to hear, it suggests a non-organic component. *Conductive hearing loss* - This type of hearing loss involves problems with the **transmission of sound waves** through the outer or middle ear. - It is typically diagnosed using **audiometry**, **tympanometry**, and **otoscope examination**, not Lombard's test. *Sensorineural hearing loss* - This involves damage to the **inner ear** or the auditory nerve. - Diagnosed with **audiometry**, specifically by differences in air and bone conduction thresholds, and **otoacoustic emissions** or **auditory brainstem response** testing. *Mixed hearing loss* - Mixed hearing loss is a combination of both **conductive** and **sensorineural** components. - It would be identified by characteristics of both types on a standard audiogram, showing both air-bone gaps and elevated bone conduction thresholds.

Question 147: In unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, which ear does Weber's test lateralize to?

A. Uninvolved ear (Correct Answer)
B. Affected ear
C. Not lateralized
D. May alternate

Explanation: ***Uninvolved ear*** - In **sensorineural hearing loss**, the affected inner ear or auditory nerve cannot properly conduct sound, so the sound vibrations from the tuning fork are perceived more strongly by the **healthy ear**. - This occurs because the sound transmits through the skull directly to the **cochlea**, and the normal ear then perceives this sound without the interference of a conductive block. *Affected ear* - If the sound lateralized to the affected ear, it would suggest a **conductive hearing loss** in that ear, where the sound transmission through air is impaired, allowing bone conduction to be more prominent. - In sensorineural loss, the issue is with the neural processing, not with the mechanical conduction to the inner ear. *Not lateralized* - If the sound is perceived equally in both ears, it usually indicates either **normal hearing** in both ears or **bilateral symmetrical hearing loss**. - In unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, there is a clear physiological reason for the sound to be louder in the unaffected ear. *May alternate* - **Alternating lateralization** is not a typical finding in the standard Weber test for a single, unilateral hearing deficit. - It could suggest an inconsistent test performance or complex bilateral conditions, rather than a clear unilateral sensorineural loss.

Question 148: Which of the following is the best tuning fork to perform Rinne's and Weber's tests?

A. 128 Hz
B. 256 Hz
C. 512 Hz (Correct Answer)
D. 1024 Hz

Explanation: ***512 Hz*** - A **512 Hz tuning fork** is considered ideal for both Rinne's and Weber's tests because its frequency falls within the **speech frequency range**, which is clinically relevant for detecting hearing loss. - This frequency also produces an optimal tone that is **sustained long enough** to perform the tests accurately, without being too low (which can cause vibratory sensation) or too high (which decays too quickly). *128 Hz* - Tuning forks with **lower frequencies** like 128 Hz are more likely to be perceived as a **vibration sensation** rather than pure sound, especially during bone conduction, which can lead to inaccurate test results. - While useful for testing **vibratory sensation** in neurological exams, it is not preferred for distinguishing between air and bone conduction in hearing tests. *256 Hz* - Although it produces a clear tone, a **256 Hz tuning fork** can still introduce some degree of **vibratory sensation**, potentially confusing test interpretation, especially in bone conduction. - The **512 Hz fork** offers a better balance between sound clarity and minimal vibratory sensation for hearing assessment. *1024 Hz* - A **1024 Hz tuning fork** produces a high-frequency tone that tends to **decay too quickly**, making it difficult to accurately compare air and bone conduction times, especially in the Weber test. - While useful for testing higher frequencies, its **short sustain time** makes it less practical for the comparative nature of Rinne's and Weber's tests.

Question 149: Which device is depicted below?

A. Cochlear implant (Correct Answer)
B. Auditory brainstem implant (ABI)
C. Bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA)
D. Hearing aid

Explanation: ***Cochlear implant*** - A cochlear implant is an **electronic medical device that replaces the function of a damaged inner ear (cochlea)** and provides sound signals directly to the brain - On imaging (X-ray, CT, or skull radiograph), it appears as a **characteristic circular receiver-stimulator device** under the skin behind the ear with an **electrode array extending into the cochlea** - The **internal receiver has a distinctive appearance** with visible magnets and electrode contacts, making it easily identifiable on radiographic images - Used for patients with **severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss** who do not benefit from conventional hearing aids *Auditory brainstem implant (ABI)* - An ABI **bypasses both the cochlea and auditory nerve**, directly stimulating the **cochlear nucleus in the brainstem** - On imaging, the electrode array would be located at the **cerebellopontine angle** near the brainstem, not in the cochlea - Reserved for patients with **absent or non-functional auditory nerves** (e.g., bilateral vestibular schwannomas, neurofibromatosis type 2) *Bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA)* - A BAHA consists of a **titanium implant osseointegrated into the skull bone** behind the ear with an external sound processor - On X-ray, only the **small titanium fixture/abutment** would be visible in the mastoid bone, without any cochlear or intracranial components - Works by **bone conduction**, transmitting sound vibrations directly to the inner ear, bypassing the outer and middle ear - Used for **conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, or single-sided deafness** *Hearing aid* - A conventional hearing aid is a **completely external electronic device** that amplifies sound - It would **not be visible on X-ray or CT imaging** as it contains no implanted components - Simply amplifies sound for individuals with mild to moderate hearing loss

Question 150: To distinguish between cochlear and post-cochlear damage, which test is done?

A. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) (Correct Answer)
B. Impedance audiometry
C. Pure tone audiometry
D. Electrocochleography (ECochG)

Explanation: ***Auditory brainstem response (ABR)*** - This test evaluates the integrity of the **auditory pathway from the cochlea through the brainstem**, making it excellent for differentiating between cochlear (sensory) and post-cochlear (retrocochlear/neural) lesions. - Abnormalities in wave latencies or interpeak intervals suggest **retrocochlear pathology** (e.g., acoustic neuroma), while normal ABR responses despite hearing loss point towards cochlear damage. - ABR records **five characteristic waves (I-V)** representing neural transmission from the auditory nerve through the brainstem. *Impedance audiometry* - Primarily assesses the **middle ear function**, including the eardrum and ossicles, by measuring **tympanic membrane compliance** and **acoustic reflexes**. - It does not directly evaluate the function of the **cochlea or the retrocochlear pathways**, making it unsuitable for this differentiation. *Pure tone audiometry* - Measures a person's **hearing sensitivity** at different frequencies and provides information on the **degree and type of hearing loss (conductive, sensorineural, or mixed)**. - While it identifies sensorineural hearing loss, it cannot pinpoint whether the damage is **cochlear or retrocochlear** within the sensorineural category. *Electrocochleography (ECochG)* - Records **electrical potentials generated by the cochlea and auditory nerve** in response to sound, including **cochlear microphonics, summating potentials, and compound action potentials**. - While it evaluates cochlear function and is useful in diagnosing **Meniere's disease** and **auditory neuropathy**, it does not adequately assess the **integrity of the brainstem auditory pathways** needed to differentiate retrocochlear lesions.

Practice by Chapter

Hearing Assessment Techniques

Practice Questions

Tympanometry and Acoustic Reflexes

Practice Questions

Otoacoustic Emissions

Practice Questions

Auditory Brainstem Response

Practice Questions

Hearing Aids

Practice Questions

Cochlear Implants

Practice Questions

Bone-Anchored Hearing Devices

Practice Questions

Speech and Language Development

Practice Questions

Articulation Disorders

Practice Questions

Stuttering

Practice Questions

Dysphonia

Practice Questions

Rehabilitation of Hearing-Impaired Children

Practice Questions

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