Urban Health Mission — MCQs
Under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme, a population of 1000 is typically covered by which healthcare worker?
HIV sentinel surveillance is used for:
According to the National Health Policy, primary urban health centers should be designated for a population of:
Which of the following statements about a primary health centre (PHC) is incorrect?
Which of the following is NOT a key intervention implemented under the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programme?
Which of the following is a criterion for overcrowding?
Which statement best describes the criteria for starting an urban community health center?
Consider the following management methods/techniques : 1. System analysis 2. Organizational design 3. Personnel management 4. Information systems Which of the above methods/techniques are based on behavioural sciences?
Vector for dengue fever is:
Urban Social Health Activist (USHA) workers are proposed to work for which population size?
Urban Health Mission Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 1: Under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme, a population of 1000 is typically covered by which healthcare worker?
- A. Anganwadi worker (Correct Answer)
- B. Health assistant
- C. Village health guide
- D. Trained Dai
Explanation: ***Anganwadi worker*** - An **Anganwadi worker** under the **ICDS scheme** covers a population of **1000** (or 600-800 in tribal/difficult areas), providing integrated child development services. - Their role includes **supplementary nutrition**, **pre-school education**, **immunization**, **health check-ups**, and **nutrition and health education** to children (0-6 years) and pregnant/lactating mothers. - This is a **standardized norm** under the National Policy for Children and ICDS guidelines. *Health assistant* - A **female health assistant** covers a population of **5000 in plain areas** and **3000 in hilly/tribal areas**. - They supervise 4-6 ASHA workers and provide maternal and child health services at the sub-center level. *Village health guide* - While a **village health guide** may also cover approximately **1000 population**, this is not specifically under ICDS. - Their role is broader as a community health volunteer linking the community to primary healthcare. - This scheme is **not uniformly implemented** across all states. *Trained Dai* - A **Trained Dai** (traditional birth attendant) may serve around **1000 population**, specifically focusing on **deliveries and postnatal care**. - With the emphasis on **institutional deliveries** under JSY and JSSK, their role has been largely replaced by skilled birth attendants and ASHA workers.
Question 2: HIV sentinel surveillance is used for:
- A. Detection of high-risk group
- B. Prevalence of HIV infection
- C. Monitoring trends in HIV infection (Correct Answer)
- D. Monitoring disease trends
Explanation: ***Monitoring trends in HIV infection*** - **HIV sentinel surveillance** is specifically designed to track **HIV prevalence trends** over time in selected sentinel populations (ANC attendees, STD clinic attendees, high-risk groups). - The primary objective is to monitor **how HIV infection rates change** over time, helping identify emerging epidemics, evaluate intervention programs, and guide public health policy. - As per **NACO and WHO guidelines**, sentinel surveillance provides repeated cross-sectional prevalence measurements at fixed sites to detect temporal trends in HIV infection. *Monitoring disease trends* - This is **too broad and vague** for the specific purpose of HIV sentinel surveillance. - "Disease trends" could refer to AIDS progression, opportunistic infections, or other disease manifestations, which are **not the focus** of sentinel surveillance. - Sentinel surveillance specifically tracks **infection (seroprevalence)**, not general disease patterns. *Prevalence of HIV infection* - While sentinel surveillance **does measure prevalence**, this is a **method rather than the ultimate purpose**. - Prevalence measurements are taken repeatedly at different time points specifically to **monitor trends**, making this incomplete as the primary objective. *Detection of high-risk group* - Identification of high-risk groups is typically done through **epidemiological studies** and behavioral surveys, not sentinel surveillance. - Sentinel surveillance may **include** high-risk populations as sentinel sites, but its purpose is to monitor trends **within** these groups, not to detect them.
Question 3: According to the National Health Policy, primary urban health centers should be designated for a population of:
- A. 30,000 people
- B. 50,000 people (Correct Answer)
- C. 10,000 people
- D. 1,000,000 people
Explanation: **50,000 people** - According to the **National Health Policy (NHP)**, specifically in the context of urban healthcare planning, a **primary urban health center (PUHC)** is designed to cater to a population of approximately **50,000 individuals**. - This population norm ensures adequate access to basic health services for urban populations, considering the higher population density and varied health needs in urban settings compared to rural areas. *30,000 people* - This population norm is typically associated with a **Primary Health Centre (PHC)** in **plain areas** according to the NHP for **rural populations**. - Urban health centers are designed for a larger population base due to differences in population density and healthcare infrastructure. *10,000 people* - This figure more closely aligns with the population norm for a **Sub-Centre** in plain areas, which is the most peripheral and first contact point between the primary healthcare system and the community. - A primary urban health center serves a significantly larger population than a sub-centre. *1,000,000 people* - A population of **one million people** would require a much larger health infrastructure, typically involving multiple hospitals, specialized centers, and a network of primary and secondary care facilities, rather than a single primary urban health center. - This figure is far too large for the designated population coverage of a primary urban health center.
Question 4: Which of the following statements about a primary health centre (PHC) is incorrect?
- A. Tertiary care surgical procedures (Correct Answer)
- B. Caters about 20,000- 30,000 people
- C. Provide water and sanitation and basic health requirements
- D. There is one medical officer and one staff nurse
Explanation: ***Tertiary care surgical procedures*** - Primary Health Centres (PHCs) are designed to provide **basic and essential healthcare services** at the community level, not advanced surgical interventions. - **Tertiary care procedures**, which involve complex surgeries or specialized treatments, are typically performed at **district hospitals** or super-specialty hospitals. - PHCs focus on **primary healthcare** including outpatient care, basic laboratory services, immunization, maternal and child health services, and health education. *Caters about 20,000-30,000 people* - This statement is **correct** regarding the population coverage of a PHC in rural areas. - According to IPHS norms, a PHC serves **20,000-30,000 population** in plain areas and **30,000 population** in hilly/tribal/difficult areas. - The PHC acts as the **first point of contact** for individuals seeking health services in a defined geographical area. *Provide water and sanitation and basic health requirements* - This is a **correct** statement, as PHCs are responsible for promoting health and preventing disease through community-level interventions. - They ensure access to **safe water, sanitation, and essential primary healthcare**. - PHCs focus on improving **public health determinants** alongside providing clinical services through health education and environmental health activities. *There is one medical officer and one staff nurse* - This statement is **correct** and describes the **minimum staffing pattern** at PHCs according to Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS). - A standard PHC has at least **1 Medical Officer, 1 Staff Nurse, and support staff** including ANMs (Auxiliary Nurse Midwives) who work at sub-centers. - Additional staff may be present depending on whether it's a 4-bedded or 6-bedded PHC.
Question 5: Which of the following is NOT a key intervention implemented under the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programme?
- A. Immunization
- B. ORS therapy
- C. Vitamin A supplementation
- D. Management of hypertension (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Management of hypertension*** - While important for overall health, the **management of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)** like hypertension is not a primary, direct focus of the **Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programme**. - RCH programs primarily target interventions related to women's reproductive health, safe motherhood, and child survival. *Immunization* - **Immunization** is a cornerstone intervention of the RCH program, crucial for preventing major childhood diseases and improving child survival rates. - It directly contributes to reducing **infant and child mortality** by protecting against vaccine-preventable diseases. *ORS therapy* - **Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) therapy** is a key intervention within the RCH program aimed at reducing child mortality due to diarrheal diseases. - It is effective in treating **dehydration** caused by diarrhea, a common cause of death in young children. *Vitamin A supplementation* - **Vitamin A supplementation** is an essential RCH intervention, particularly for children, to prevent **vitamin A deficiency**. - It plays a vital role in **boosting immunity**, preventing blindness, and reducing the severity of common childhood infections.
Question 6: Which of the following is a criterion for overcrowding?
- A. Floor space (Correct Answer)
- B. Sex separation
- C. Door and window
- D. Number of persons
Explanation: ***Floor space*** - **Floor space per person** is the most fundamental criterion for assessing overcrowding, as inadequate space leads to poor ventilation and increased disease transmission. - Public health guidelines (WHO, Indian standards) specify a **minimum floor area** per occupant (typically 40-50 sq ft per person) to prevent overcrowding and associated health risks. - This is a **direct quantitative measure** that objectively defines overcrowding. *Sex separation* - **Sex separation** is a criterion for privacy, decency, and housing quality, particularly in shared living spaces, but not a measure of physical overcrowding. - It relates to **social and cultural considerations** rather than occupancy density or physical capacity of a dwelling. *Door and window* - The presence and adequacy of **doors and windows** are criteria for ventilation, natural light, and safety, contributing to overall habitability. - While important for health, these features define **housing quality** rather than **overcrowding**, which is primarily based on occupant-to-space ratios. *Number of persons* - The **number of persons alone** is insufficient as a criterion without spatial context. - While **persons per room** (>2 persons/room) is a valid overcrowding criterion, the absolute number of persons must be considered **in relation to available space** (floor area or rooms) to be meaningful. - A large family in a spacious dwelling is not overcrowded, whereas few persons in a confined space could be, illustrating that **person count alone cannot define overcrowding**.
Question 7: Which statement best describes the criteria for starting an urban community health center?
- A. Caters to a population of 1-1.5 lakh (Correct Answer)
- B. Referral center for 2-3 primary health centers
- C. Should have a 100-bed facility in metro cities
- D. No sub-district and district hospitals present in the area
Explanation: ***Caters to a population of 1-1.5 lakh*** - An **urban community health center (UCHC)** is designed to provide comprehensive primary healthcare services to an urban population of **1 to 1.5 lakh**. - This population criterion ensures effective service delivery and proper resource allocation for a designated urban area. *Referral center for 2-3 primary health centers* - This description typically applies to a **sub-district hospital** or a higher-level facility, which serve as referral centers for multiple primary health centers. - A UCHC primarily focuses on direct provision of primary care, not usually acting as a referral hub for other primary care units. *Should have a 100-bed facility in metro cities* - A **100-bed facility** is characteristic of a larger hospital, such as a district hospital, not an urban community health center. - UCHCs typically have minimal or no inpatient beds, focusing on outpatient services and emergency care rather than extensive hospitalization. *No sub-district and district hospitals present in the area* - This statement is not a criteria for a UCHC; in fact, UCHCs often function within a healthcare system that includes larger hospitals for referral of complex cases. - The presence or absence of higher-level facilities does not define the necessity or establishment of a UCHC.
Question 8: Consider the following management methods/techniques : 1. System analysis 2. Organizational design 3. Personnel management 4. Information systems Which of the above methods/techniques are based on behavioural sciences?
- A. 1, 2 and 3 (Correct Answer)
- B. 1, 2 and 4
- C. 2, 3 and 4
- D. 1, 3 and 4
Explanation: ***1, 2 and 3*** - **System analysis** in management context involves understanding human behavior within organizational systems, analyzing workflows, and interpersonal dynamics to optimize processes and structures. When applied to organizational management, it incorporates behavioral principles. - **Organizational design** is fundamentally rooted in behavioral sciences, focusing on structuring roles, relationships, and hierarchies to enhance human interaction, motivation, and performance based on principles from organizational psychology and sociology. - **Personnel management** directly deals with human resource management, applying behavioral science principles including motivation theory, leadership styles, group dynamics, employee relations, and organizational behavior. *1, 2 and 4* - This option incorrectly includes **information systems**, which are primarily technology-focused and rooted in computer science and data management rather than behavioral sciences. - While information systems may influence organizational behavior, their core methodologies are not based on behavioral science principles. *2, 3 and 4* - This option incorrectly includes **information systems** while excluding **system analysis**. - Information systems are technology-based rather than behavioral science-based. *1, 3 and 4* - This option incorrectly includes **information systems**, which are technology-focused rather than behavioral science-based. - It also excludes **organizational design**, which is a fundamental behavioral science application in management, focusing on how structure affects human behavior and organizational effectiveness.
Question 9: Vector for dengue fever is:
- A. Culex
- B. Female Anopheles
- C. Male Anopheles
- D. Aedes (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Aedes*** - The **Aedes aegypti** and **Aedes albopictus** mosquitoes are the primary vectors for the dengue virus. - These mosquitoes are typically **day-biting** and thrive in urban and semi-urban environments. *Culex* - **Culex mosquitoes** are known vectors for diseases such as **West Nile virus**, **Japanese encephalitis**, and **filariasis**. - They generally bite during **dusk and dawn**, and in the evening, unlike Aedes. *Female Anopheles* - The **female Anopheles mosquito** is the exclusive vector for **malaria** parasites. - They are primarily active during **nighttime hours**, differing from the typical biting habits of dengue vectors. *Male Anopheles* - **Male mosquitoes**, including male Anopheles, do **not bite humans** or transmit diseases. - They feed exclusively on **nectar and plant sap**, not blood.
Question 10: Urban Social Health Activist (USHA) workers are proposed to work for which population size?
- A. 1000-2500 (Correct Answer)
- B. 2500-3500
- C. 4000-5000
- D. 5000-10000
Explanation: ### Explanation **1. Why the Correct Answer is Right:** Under the **National Urban Health Mission (NUHM)**, the **Urban Social Health Activist (USHA)** is the urban counterpart of the rural ASHA. The USHA is a community frontline worker primarily selected from urban poor settlements (slums). According to NUHM guidelines, one USHA is proposed to cover a population of **1,000 to 2,500**, typically representing **200 to 500 households**. This smaller, concentrated ratio ensures that the USHA can effectively navigate the high-density environment of urban slums to facilitate immunization, antenatal care, and sanitation. **2. Why the Incorrect Options are Wrong:** * **Option B (2500-3500):** This range is too high for a single USHA. While some urban health posts cover larger areas, the specific USHA-to-population ratio is kept lower to ensure intensive outreach. * **Option C (4000-5000):** This population size is generally the target for an **Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM)** in an urban setting (1 ANM per 5,000 population). * **Option D (5000-10000):** This is the population norm for an **Urban Health & Wellness Centre (U-HWC)** or an **Urban Primary Health Centre (U-PHC)** (which typically serves 30,000–50,000 people). **3. High-Yield Facts for NEET-PG:** * **ASHA (Rural):** 1 per 1,000 population (relaxed to 1 per habitation in hilly/tribal areas). * **USHA (Urban):** 1 per 1,000–2,500 population (200–500 households). * **Anganwadi Worker (AWP):** 1 per 400–800 population. * **Urban PHC:** Serves approximately 50,000 people. * **MAS (Mahila Arogya Samiti):** A community group of 10–20 women supported by the USHA to promote local health planning.
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