Infectious Diseases Practice Questions

Q: Abdominal TB can occur through all of the following EXCEPT

Direct contact with infected animal. ***Direct contact with infected animal*** - While animal products like **unpasteurized milk** can transmit *Mycobacterium bovis* to humans, direct contact with an infected animal is not a primary mode of transmission for **abdominal TB**. - **Abdominal TB** is usually caused by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* which is primarily a human pathogen, not typically transmitted through direct contact with animals. *Direct spread from mesenteric lymph nodes* - **Mesenteric lymph nodes** are often involved in abdominal TB, and the infection can directly spread from these nodes to adjacent abdominal organs. - This is a common mechanism for localized propagation within the abdominal cavity. *Feco - oral route* - The **ingestion of contaminated food or milk** (from infected cattle) containing *Mycobacterium bovis* or swallowing of **infected sputum** (from pulmonary TB) containing *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* are common ways the bacteria can reach the gastrointestinal tract. - This leads to primary intestinal infection or reactivation of previously ingested bacteria. *Hematogenous spread* - **Hematogenous dissemination** from a primary pulmonary or other mycobacterial focus is a significant mode of transmission for abdominal TB. - Bacteria can travel through the bloodstream and seed distant abdominal organs, including the **peritoneum**, **intestines**, or **mesenteric lymph nodes**.

Q: As per the National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP), HIV TB prevalence of what percentage would deem a district a high priority district?

>10 %. ***>10%*** - As per the **National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP)** guidelines, a district is categorized as a **high-priority district** for HIV-TB co-infection if the prevalence of HIV among TB patients is **greater than 10%**. - This threshold helps in identifying regions that require enhanced focus and resources for **integrated HIV and TB care** and prevention strategies. - This is the specific cut-off defined by NTEP for prioritizing districts for targeted interventions. *>15%* - While 15% would also indicate a high prevalence, the specific threshold set by NTEP for deeming a district high priority is **>10%**, not >15%. - Districts with prevalence between 10% and 15% would already be classified as high priority at the >10% threshold. *>20%* - A prevalence of >20% would certainly indicate a severe problem, but the **NTEP's definition** for a high-priority district is specifically **>10%**. - Using a higher threshold like 20% would delay interventions in districts that already face significant challenges with HIV-TB co-infection. *>12%* - The NTEP guidelines use a specific cut-off of **>10%** for defining high-priority districts for HIV-TB co-infection. - While 12% exceeds the 10% threshold, it is not the defining threshold mentioned in the official guidelines for this classification.

Q: In all the following places, hand rub can be used according to standard hand hygiene protocol, except...

If the hands are visibly soiled. ***If the hands are visibly soiled*** - **Hand rub (alcohol-based hand rub)** is ineffective at removing gross contamination and organic matter from visibly soiled hands. - In such cases, **hand washing with soap and water** is mandatory to physically remove dirt, debris, and microorganisms. *While moving from a contaminated site to a clean site during patient care* - **Hand rub** is appropriate in this scenario to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from a potentially contaminated body site or object to another, cleaner area of the patient. - This is part of the "5 Moments for Hand Hygiene" to ensure **patient safety** and prevent **cross-contamination**. *During direct patient contact* - **Hand rub** can be used before and after direct patient contact if hands are not visibly soiled, as it provides rapid and effective decontamination. - This practice is crucial for minimizing the transmission of **healthcare-associated infections**. *Before donning gloves* - **Hand rub** should be performed before donning gloves, especially when performing procedures that involve contact with mucous membranes, non-intact skin, or sterile sites. - This ensures that hands are clean underneath the gloves, providing an additional layer of **infection prevention**.

Q: Match the following: Column A: a. Syphilis b. Chickenpox c. COVID-19 d. Hepatitis A Column B: 1. 6 Days 2. 90 Days 3. 16 Days 4. 28 Days

a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4. ***a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4*** - **Syphilis**: 90 days represents the **maximum incubation period** for *Treponema pallidum* (range 10-90 days, typical 21 days). While not the most common presentation time, it remains medically accurate and is the only viable match among available options. - **Chickenpox**: 16 days falls within the typical incubation period for **varicella-zoster virus** (range 10-21 days, commonly 14-16 days). - **COVID-19**: 6 days is consistent with the **median incubation period** for SARS-CoV-2 (range 2-14 days, mean 5-6 days). - **Hepatitis A**: 28 days represents the **typical incubation period** for HAV (range 15-50 days, average 28-30 days). *a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1* - Incorrectly assigns **Syphilis** 16 days (below the 10-90 day range's typical value), **COVID-19** 90 days (far exceeding the 2-14 day range), and **Hepatitis A** only 6 days (well below the minimum 15-day period). *a-1, b-4, c-2, d-3* - Incorrectly matches **Syphilis** with 6 days (insufficient for *T. pallidum* to produce primary chancre), **Chickenpox** with 28 days (exceeds the typical VZV range), and **Hepatitis A** with 16 days (below typical range). *a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2* - Incorrectly assigns **Syphilis** 16 days, **Chickenpox** 28 days (exceeding typical range), and **Hepatitis A** 90 days (inconsistent with acute HAV infection pattern).

Q: SAFE strategy for trachoma includes all except?

Evaluation of control program. ***Evaluation of control program*** - **Evaluation** is a monitoring and assessment process used to measure the effectiveness of the SAFE strategy, but it is **not one of the four intervention components** of the strategy itself. - The SAFE strategy consists of: **S**urgery, **A**ntibiotics, **F**acial cleanliness, and **E**nvironmental improvement. *Surgery for trichiasis* - **Trichiasis** (in-turned eyelashes) is a blinding complication of trachoma requiring **surgical correction** to prevent corneal damage. - This is the "S" component of SAFE. *Antibiotics* - **Mass drug administration** with **azithromycin** (single oral dose) is used to reduce the community reservoir of *Chlamydia trachomatis*. - This is the "A" component of SAFE. *Facial cleanliness* - Promoting **facial hygiene**, especially in children, prevents transmission of *Chlamydia trachomatis* through contact and fly vectors. - This is the "F" component of SAFE. *Environmental improvement (Not listed as an option but part of SAFE)* - Improving **water supply**, **sanitation**, and **waste management** reduces breeding sites for flies and improves hygiene. - This is the "E" component of SAFE.

Q: What is the minimum percentage of partner notification required for effective STI control according to NACO guidelines?

80%. ***80%*** - NACO guidelines emphasize that a **minimum of 80% partner notification** is required for effective control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). - Achieving this threshold helps in **breaking the chain of transmission** by identifying and treating exposed individuals. *95%* - While 95% is an aspirational target for some public health interventions, it is not the **minimum required percentage** specifically stated by NACO for effective STI partner notification. - This level of notification would provide even greater control but is often difficult to achieve in practice. *65%* - A 65% partner notification rate is considered **insufficient** by NACO guidelines to effectively control STI transmission within a population. - This rate would likely lead to a significant number of **untreated partners**, allowing the infection to continue spreading. *50%* - A 50% partner notification rate is **far below** the recommended minimum by NACO, making it largely ineffective for STI control. - Such a low rate would result in a substantial number of **missed cases** and ongoing transmission.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a core component of the WHO's global STI control strategy?

Universal mandatory screening. ***Universal mandatory screening*** - While screening is part of STI control, **universal mandatory screening** for all STIs in the general population is not a core component of the WHO's strategy due to feasibility, cost, and ethical considerations. - The strategy emphasizes **targeted screening** for at-risk populations and opportunistic screening. *Case management* - **Case management**, including accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, is a critical component for managing current infections and preventing further transmission. - This involves syndromic or etiologic approaches to treatment and partner notification. *Strategic information systems* - **Strategic information systems** are essential for monitoring trends, evaluating interventions, and informing policy decisions related to STI control. - This includes surveillance data, program monitoring, and research. *Prevention services* - **Prevention services** are a cornerstone of the WHO's strategy, aiming to reduce the incidence of new infections. - These services encompass health education, condom promotion and distribution, vaccination, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Question 1

Abdominal TB can occur through all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Direct contact with infected animal

Answer

Direct spread from mesenteric lymph nodes

Answer

Feco - oral route

Answer

Hematogenous spread

Question 2

Which of the following indicators can help determine whether the health system is effective at identifying leprosy cases early in the community?

Accepted Answer

Proportion of newly diagnosed patients with grade 2 disability

Answer

Annual new case detection rate per lac

Answer

Treatment initiation rate

Answer

Treatment completion rate

Question 3

Which of the following is the true statement regarding measures to prevent typhoid transmission in the community?

Accepted Answer

Hygiene practice and clean sanitation control are more important than the typhoid vaccine.

Answer

Typhoid vaccine administration is the best method of preventing transmission.

Answer

Person-to-person transmission is the primary mode of spread.

Answer

Drug resistance in typhoid is not as big a problem as in TB.

Question 4

As per the National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP), HIV TB prevalence of what percentage would deem a district a high priority district?

Accepted Answer

>10 %

Answer

>15 %

Answer

>20 %

Answer

>12 %

Question 5

In all the following places, hand rub can be used according to standard hand hygiene protocol, except...

Accepted Answer

If the hands are visibly soiled

Answer

While moving from a contaminated site to a clean site during patient care

Answer

During direct patient contact

Answer

Before donning gloves

Question 6

Match the following:

Column A:
a. Syphilis
b. Chickenpox
c. COVID-19
d. Hepatitis A

Column B:
1. 6 Days
2. 90 Days
3. 16 Days
4. 28 Days

Accepted Answer

a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4

Answer

a-3, b-4, c-2, d-1

Answer

a-1, b-4, c-2, d-3

Answer

a-3, b-4, c-1, d-2

Question 7

A person is bitten by a dog. The dog and the person are fully immunized. There is a small abrasion mark on the site of bite. What would you advise to the person?

Accepted Answer

Observation

Answer

Amoxiclav

Answer

Metronidazole

Answer

Ciprofloxacin

Question 8

SAFE strategy for trachoma includes all except?

Accepted Answer

Evaluation of control program

Answer

Antibiotics

Answer

Surgery for trichiasis

Answer

Facial cleanliness

Question 9

What is the minimum percentage of partner notification required for effective STI control according to NACO guidelines?

Accepted Answer

80%

Answer

95%

Answer

65%

Answer

50%

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a core component of the WHO's global STI control strategy?

Accepted Answer

Universal mandatory screening

Answer

Case management

Answer

Strategic information systems

Answer

Prevention services

Infectious Diseases — MCQs

Infectious Diseases — MCQs

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