Health Policy and Management — MCQs
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Which of the following drugs is administered unsupervised as per National Health Programmes?
If a Panchayat is dissolved, elections are to be held within what period?
Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana was launched in:
Which of the following is the correct arrangement about the levels of health care?
Which of the following is the population norm for an ASHA worker?
Identify the symbol as given in the image below:
The logo shown in the image belongs to which organization?
Which is not true about the picture shown below?
The logo of which national health programme is shown below? (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)
Under the Employees' State Insurance Act 1948, if the sickness of an insured person is duly certified by an Insurance Medical Officer, periodical cash payment benefit is payable for a maximum period of how many days in any continuous period of 365 days, as Sickness Benefit?
Health Policy and Management Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 211: Which of the following drugs is administered unsupervised as per National Health Programmes?
- A. Rifampicin
- B. Ethambutol
- C. Clofazimine
- D. Dapsone (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ### Explanation In the context of National Health Programmes in India, the distinction between supervised and unsupervised drug administration is crucial for ensuring compliance and preventing drug resistance. **Why Dapsone is the Correct Answer:** Under the **National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)**, Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) is categorized into supervised and unsupervised doses. * **Supervised Doses:** These are administered once a month at the health center in the presence of a healthcare worker. For both Paucibacillary (PB) and Multibacillary (MB) leprosy, the supervised drugs are **Rifampicin** (600 mg) and **Clofazimine** (300 mg). * **Unsupervised (Self-administered) Doses:** The patient takes these daily at home. **Dapsone** (100 mg daily) is the primary unsupervised drug for both PB and MB leprosy. In MB cases, a daily low dose of Clofazimine (50 mg) is also self-administered. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **A. Rifampicin:** In NLEP, it is always a monthly supervised dose due to its high potency and the need to ensure 100% compliance to prevent resistance. In the **NTEP (Tuberculosis)**, all drugs are now daily, but historically, Rifampicin has always been the cornerstone of supervision (DOTS). * **B. Ethambutol:** This is a first-line Antitubercular drug. Under the current **NTEP** daily regimen, all TB drugs (HRZE) are ideally taken under the direct observation of a DOT provider or monitored via digital tools (99DOTS), making it a supervised drug. * **C. Clofazimine:** While a daily dose is taken at home for MB leprosy, it is also administered as a high-dose supervised component (300 mg) once a month. Since Dapsone is *only* unsupervised (except for the first dose), it is the most appropriate answer. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **NLEP Regimen Duration:** PB Leprosy = 6 months; MB Leprosy = 12 months. * **NTEP (TB) Strategy:** Shifted from intermittent (thrice weekly) to **Daily Regimen** using Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDC) based on weight bands. * **Supervision Tool:** **Nikshay** is the web-based portal for monitoring TB patients in India.
Question 212: If a Panchayat is dissolved, elections are to be held within what period?
- A. 1 month
- B. 3 months
- C. 6 months (Correct Answer)
- D. 1 year
Explanation: ### Explanation **Correct Answer: C. 6 months** **Why it is correct:** The Panchayati Raj system in India is governed by the **73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (1992)**. According to Article 243-E of the Constitution, the tenure of a Panchayat is five years. However, if a Panchayat is dissolved prematurely for any reason, the Act mandates that fresh elections must be conducted within a maximum period of **6 months** from the date of its dissolution. This ensures that the local self-governance mechanism, which is vital for implementing public health programs at the grassroots level, remains functional. **Why the other options are wrong:** * **A & B (1 month & 3 months):** These periods are too short for the State Election Commission to complete the logistical requirements of a fresh election (voter list updates, nominations, and polling). * **D (1 year):** This is incorrect because a gap of one year would lead to a significant administrative vacuum, stalling essential rural development and health initiatives (like NHM activities or sanitation drives). **High-Yield Facts for NEET-PG:** * **The 3-Tier System:** Recommended by the **Balwant Rai Mehta Committee**, it consists of the Gram Panchayat (Village), Panchayat Samiti (Block), and Zilla Parishad (District). * **Health Linkage:** The Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committee (VHSNC) functions under the Gram Panchayat, playing a crucial role in decentralized health planning. * **Reservation:** 1/3rd of seats in Panchayats are reserved for women, which is a key social determinant of maternal and child health outcomes. * **Exception:** If the remaining tenure of the dissolved Panchayat is less than 6 months, holding a separate mid-term election is not mandatory.
Question 213: Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana was launched in:
- A. 2003
- B. 2006 (Correct Answer)
- C. 2007
- D. 2008
Explanation: **Explanation:** The **Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY)** was officially announced by the Government of India in **2003** with the objective of correcting regional imbalances in the availability of affordable/reliable tertiary healthcare services and to augment facilities for quality medical education in the country. However, the scheme was formally approved and its implementation began in **March 2006**. For NEET-PG purposes, 2006 is recognized as the launch year of the scheme's operational phase. **Analysis of Options:** * **2003 (Option A):** This was the year the scheme was first announced by the Prime Minister, but it remained in the planning and approval phase. * **2006 (Option B):** **Correct.** The scheme received formal approval and was launched for implementation in 2006. * **2007 & 2008 (Options C & D):** These years do not correspond to any major milestone in the inception of PMSSY. **High-Yield Facts for NEET-PG:** * **Two Main Components:** 1. Setting up of **AIIMS-like institutions** (e.g., Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Jodhpur, Patna, Raipur, and Rishikesh in Phase I). 2. **Upgradation of existing Government Medical Colleges** (GMCs) by adding super-specialty blocks and trauma centers. * **Nodal Ministry:** Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW). * **Phases:** The scheme is implemented in multiple phases; currently, over 20 AIIMS and 70+ GMC upgradations have been sanctioned under various phases. * **Distinction:** Do not confuse PMSSY (2006) with **PM-JAY** (Ayushman Bharat, 2018), which is an insurance-based scheme. PMSSY focuses on **infrastructure and medical education**.
Question 214: Which of the following is the correct arrangement about the levels of health care?
- A. 1- Sub Centre and PHC are primary level, 2- CHC is secondary level, 3- Medical colleges and hospitals are tertiary (Correct Answer)
- B. 1- CHC is primary level, 2- Sub Centre and PHC are secondary level, 3- Medical colleges and hospitals are tertiary
- C. 1- Medical colleges and hospitals are primary level, 2- CHC is secondary level, 3- Sub Centre and PHC are tertiary
- D. 1- PHC is primary level, 2- Sub Centre is secondary level, 3- Medical colleges and hospitals are tertiary
Explanation: ***Option 1: Sub Centre and PHC are primary level, 2- CHC is secondary level, 3- Medical colleges and hospitals are tertiary*** This is the **correct arrangement** of healthcare levels in India: - **Primary Healthcare** consists of **Sub Centres (SC)** and **Primary Health Centres (PHC)** - the first point of contact for basic preventive and curative care in the community - **Secondary Healthcare** is provided by **Community Health Centres (CHC)** - offers specialist consultation and manages referrals from primary care - **Tertiary Healthcare** includes **Medical colleges and district/teaching hospitals** - provides super-specialized services and critical care *Incorrect Option 2: CHC is primary level, 2- Sub Centre and PHC are secondary level, 3- Medical colleges and hospitals are tertiary* This is incorrect because: - **CHC is a secondary level** facility, not primary - it serves as a referral center from PHC/SC with specialist services - **Sub Centres and PHCs are primary level** institutions delivering basic healthcare at the grassroots level *Incorrect Option 3: Medical colleges and hospitals are primary level, 2- CHC is secondary level, 3- Sub Centre and PHC are tertiary* This reverses the hierarchy incorrectly: - **Medical colleges and hospitals are tertiary level** facilities providing advanced specialized care, not primary care - **Sub Centres and PHCs are primary level**, not tertiary - they handle basic health needs and preventive services *Incorrect Option 4: PHC is primary level, 2- Sub Centre is secondary level, 3- Medical colleges and hospitals are tertiary* This is incorrect because: - While **PHC is correctly primary level**, the **Sub Centre is also primary level**, not secondary - **Sub Centres** serve smaller peripheral populations (3,000-5,000) and are the most basic unit of primary healthcare - **Secondary care starts at CHC level**, not at Sub Centre level
Question 215: Which of the following is the population norm for an ASHA worker?
- A. 1000-1500
- B. 1000-2500 (Correct Answer)
- C. 2000-2500
- D. 700-1000
Explanation: ***Correct: 1000-2500*** The **official population norm** for ASHA worker deployment under the **National Health Mission (NHM)** is **1 ASHA per 1000-2500 population**. - The standard minimum coverage is **1000 population** in plain/non-tribal areas - In larger villages with population up to **2500**, a single ASHA may be deployed - Beyond 2500 population, **additional ASHA workers** are deployed - This range represents the official operational guideline for ASHA coverage *Incorrect: 1000-1500* - While this range includes the standard 1000 population norm, it **underestimates the upper limit** - The official NHM guideline allows a single ASHA to cover up to **2500 population** in large villages - This option artificially restricts the official range *Incorrect: 2000-2500* - This range **misses the lower limit** of the official norm, which starts at **1000 population** - A single ASHA worker should be deployed starting from 1000 population, not only at 2000+ - This would result in **under-deployment** of ASHA workers in smaller villages *Incorrect: 700-1000* - This range does not represent the standard population norm for ASHA deployment - While ASHA workers in **tribal/hilly/difficult terrain** may cover smaller habitations (minimum 100 population), **700-1000 is not an official range** specified in NHM guidelines - The standard norm begins at **1000 population** for plain areas
Question 216: Identify the symbol as given in the image below:
- A. Organ Transplantation Act 1994
- B. PNDT Act 1994
- C. ICDS
- D. NREGA Act 2005 (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***NREGA Act 2005*** - The image prominently displays symbols of manual labor (hoe, seedling, person carrying a load of soil) and the number "100" in the load, representing the **100 days of guaranteed wage employment** under the **Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)**. - This scheme ensures **livelihood security** in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. *Organ Transplantation Act 1994* - This law is focused on regulating the **removal, storage, and transplantation of human organs** for therapeutic purposes and preventing commercial dealings in human organs. - Its visual representation would typically involve symbols related to anatomy, medicine, or donation, not manual labor. *PNDT Act 1994* - The **Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act** aims to prohibit sex selection before or after conception. - Symbols for this act usually relate to gender equality, prenatal care, or ethical medical practices, not rural employment. *ICDS* - **Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)** is a government program in India that provides food, preschool education, primary healthcare, immunization, health check-up, and referral services to children under 6 years of age and their mothers. - Its symbols would likely involve children, mothers, nutrition, or educational elements, which are not depicted in the given image.
Question 217: The logo shown in the image belongs to which organization?
- A. National Disaster Management Authority
- B. National Leprosy Eradication Programme (Correct Answer)
- C. National AIDS Control Organization
- D. National Programme for Control of Blindness
Explanation: ***National Leprosy Eradication Programme*** - The logo shown in the image belongs to **NLEP**, which is a **vertical health program** under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare focused on **leprosy elimination** in India. - **NLEP** operates nationwide with specific branding and visual identity for **leprosy control activities**, **case detection**, and **multidrug therapy** implementation. *National Disaster Management Authority* - **NDMA** has a distinct logo representing **disaster management** and **emergency response** coordination, which differs from the organization shown in the image. - It serves as the **apex body** for disaster preparedness but has different visual branding than what is displayed. *National AIDS Control Organization* - **NACO** uses specific branding related to **HIV/AIDS prevention** and **red ribbon campaigns**, which is visually different from the logo shown. - Its visual identity focuses on **HIV awareness** messaging and **prevention campaigns** rather than the organizational branding displayed in the image. *National Programme for Control of Blindness* - **NPCB** has distinct visual branding related to **eye health** and **vision care**, featuring different logo design elements. - Its branding typically incorporates **eye-related imagery** and **vision care symbols** that differ from the logo presented in the question.
Question 218: Which is not true about the picture shown below?
- A. This was launched as a 7 -year mission
- B. It covers 18 states of India
- C. It does not cover the Indian system of medicine (Correct Answer)
- D. ASHA workers are a mainstay of this programme
Explanation: ***It does not cover the Indian system of medicine*** - This statement is **NOT TRUE** and is the correct answer to this negation question. - The **National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)** strongly emphasizes the mainstreaming of **AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy)** to provide alternative healthcare options. - NRHM actively integrates AYUSH practitioners and therapies into the public health system, particularly in rural areas, making this statement false. *This was launched as a 7-year mission* - This statement is **TRUE**. The NRHM was launched in **2005** for a period of **seven years (2005-2012)** before being subsumed under the **National Health Mission (NHM)** in 2013. - The mission's initial 7-year timeframe was crucial for establishing foundational programs and infrastructure across rural India. *It covers 18 states of India* - This statement is **TRUE**. The NRHM initially focused on **18 high-focus states** with weak public health indicators, high infant mortality, and maternal mortality rates. - These 18 states received priority attention and resources, though many initiatives eventually extended to other regions as well. *ASHA workers are a mainstay of this programme* - This statement is **TRUE**. **Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs)** are a **cornerstone** of the NRHM, serving as the crucial link between the community and the public health system. - ASHA workers facilitate access to health services, promote health-seeking behaviors, and provide essential community-level care, making them indispensable to the program's success.
Question 219: The logo of which national health programme is shown below? (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)
- A. RCH (Correct Answer)
- B. NRHM
- C. NPCDCS
- D. Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram
Explanation: ***Correct Option: RCH*** - The logo shown, with the tagline **"Health in Your Hands"** (and its Hindi equivalent), is the official logo for the **Reproductive and Child Health (RCH)** program in India. - This program focuses on improving the health of mothers, children, and adolescents through various interventions. *Incorrect Option: NRHM* - The **National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)** aims to provide accessible, affordable, and accountable healthcare, primarily to rural populations. - Its logo and thematic focus are broader than the family-centric imagery of the RCH logo, which specifically emphasizes reproductive and child health. *Incorrect Option: NPCDCS* - The **National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS)** focuses on non-communicable diseases. - Its objectives and visual branding are distinct from the RCH program, which targets maternal and child health. *Incorrect Option: Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram* - The **Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram** is a specific initiative under the broader RCH program, focusing on essential newborn care at birth. - While related, it is a component program, and its logo would be more specific to newborn care rather than the general "Health in Your Hands" message encompassing reproductive and child health.
Question 220: Under the Employees' State Insurance Act 1948, if the sickness of an insured person is duly certified by an Insurance Medical Officer, periodical cash payment benefit is payable for a maximum period of how many days in any continuous period of 365 days, as Sickness Benefit?
- A. 61 days
- B. 121 days
- C. 30 days
- D. 91 days (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***91 days*** - Under the **Employees' State Insurance Act 1948**, the maximum period for which **sickness cash benefit** is payable is **91 days** in a continuous period of 365 days. - This benefit is provided to **insured persons** when their sickness is duly certified by an **Insurance Medical Officer**. *61 days* - This period is **incorrect** as the Act specifies a longer maximum period for sickness benefit. - The figure of 61 days does not align with the provisions for ordinary sickness benefit under ESIC. *121 days* - This period is **incorrect** and exceeds the standard maximum duration for ordinary sickness benefit. - While there are extended benefits for certain chronic diseases, the general sickness benefit is not 121 days. *30 days* - This period is **incorrect** and significantly shorter than the actual maximum period stipulated by the ESIC Act. - A 30-day period would not adequately cover most common sickness episodes that qualify for this benefit.
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