Health Policy and Management Practice Questions

Q: Vision 2020 "The right to sight" includes all except-

Measles induced blindness. ***Measles induced blindness*** - Vision 2020 primarily targets conditions that are either preventable or treatable with *cost-effective interventions* and contribute significantly to *avoidable blindness*. - While measles can cause blindness, the specific program focuses on a defined list of priority diseases for intervention, and measles-related blindness is generally addressed through broader public health initiatives (vaccination) rather than direct "right to sight" surgical or direct medical interventions for established blindness. *Onchocerciasis* - **Onchocerciasis** (river blindness) is a major focus of Vision 2020 due to its profound impact on sight, particularly in endemic areas. - It is a **preventable** and **treatable** cause of blindness through mass drug administration. *Trachoma* - **Trachoma** is recognized as one of the leading infectious causes of blindness globally and is explicitly targeted by Vision 2020 through the **SAFE strategy** (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, Environmental improvement). - It is a highly **preventable** and **treatable** condition, fitting the program's objectives. *Cataract* - **Cataract** is the leading cause of blindness worldwide and is highly **treatable** through a relatively simple and cost-effective surgical procedure. - Providing cataract surgery is a cornerstone of the Vision 2020 initiative to restore sight.

Q: Ayushman Bharat is

Health protection scheme. ***Health protection scheme*** - Ayushman Bharat is a **national health protection scheme** in India, aimed at providing affordable and accessible healthcare. - It consists of two major initiatives: the **Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY)**, which provides health insurance coverage, and the creation of **Health and Wellness Centers (HWCs)**. *Health practicing guidelines* - While Ayushman Bharat promotes good health practices through its Wellness Centers, its primary function is not to establish or disseminate **medical practice guidelines**. - **Practicing guidelines** are typically developed by medical professional bodies or regulatory authorities. *Health education program* - Although health education is a component of the **Health and Wellness Centers** under Ayushman Bharat, the scheme's overarching goal is not solely an **educational program**. - Its main focus is on providing **financial protection** against catastrophic health expenditures and primary healthcare services. *Health personnel training* - While the implementation of Ayushman Bharat may indirectly lead to the need for more trained health personnel, it is not primarily a **training program** for healthcare staff. - Its core objective is to improve **healthcare access and affordability** for citizens.

Q: NVBDCP includes all except ?

Yellow fever. ***Yellow fever*** - Yellow fever is a **viral hemorrhagic fever** transmitted by infected mosquitoes, primarily **Aedes aegypti**. - While a significant public health concern, it is **not included in India's National Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)**, as it is not endemic to India. *Filariasis* - **Lymphatic filariasis** (elephantiasis) is a major vector-borne disease in India, caused by parasitic worms transmitted by mosquitoes. - It is a key component of the NVBDCP, which focuses on its elimination through **mass drug administration** and vector control. *Malaria* - **Malaria**, caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, is a cornerstone of the NVBDCP. - The program actively implements strategies for **case detection, treatment, vector control**, and preventing outbreaks. *Kala-azar* - **Kala-azar** (visceral leishmaniasis) is a severe parasitic disease transmitted by **sandflies**, making it a vector-borne disease. - It is one of the six diseases targeted by the NVBDCP for elimination, particularly in endemic regions of India.

Q: Which principle primarily led to the shift in emphasis from urban to rural health services?

Equitable distribution. ***Equitable distribution*** - This principle emphasizes that health services should be accessible to all, regardless of geographic location or socioeconomic status, leading to a focus on underserved rural areas. - The goal is to reduce health disparities between urban and rural populations by allocating resources where they are most needed. *Decentralized planning* - This principle involves shifting decision-making power from central authorities to local levels, which can lead to better responsiveness to local needs but does not inherently mandate a shift towards rural services. - While decentralization can facilitate rural health development, it is a mechanism rather than the primary driving principle for equitable distribution. *Intersectoral coordination* - This involves collaboration between the health sector and other sectors (e.g., education, agriculture) to address health determinants. While important for rural health, it's a strategy for improving health outcomes rather than the core principle for shifting resource allocation. - It focuses on a holistic approach to health, but not specifically on the relocation of services from urban to rural settings. *Community participation* - This principle involves engaging communities in planning and implementing health programs, which is vital for the sustainability and relevance of rural health services. - While essential for effective rural health initiatives, community participation is a method of delivery and engagement rather than the fundamental principle guiding the reorientation of services towards rural areas.

Q: In NRHM, the ASHA workers are recruited from the same village. Which part of principles of primary health care is followed here?

Community participation. **Community participation** - Recruiting ASHA workers from the same village exemplifies **community participation** by empowering local individuals to lead health initiatives and ensures their understanding of local customs and needs. - This approach fosters trust and acceptability within the community, making health services more **accessible and relevant** to the population. *Appropriate technology* - This principle refers to the use of **scientifically sound and acceptable methods** and tools that are affordable and relevant to local conditions. - While ASHAs use appropriate technologies, their recruitment method itself doesn't directly illustrate this principle. *Intersectorial coordination* - This involves collaborative efforts between the health sector and other sectors like education, agriculture, and sanitation, to address the **social determinants of health**. - Recruiting ASHAs addresses human resources within the health sector, not coordination between different sectors. *Equitable distribution* - This principle aims to ensure that health resources and services are **available to all people regardless of their geographic location** or socioeconomic status. - While having ASHAs in rural areas contributes to equity, the specific act of recruiting them *from the same village* primarily highlights community involvement and local ownership, rather than just the distribution of services.

Q: Vision 2020 includes all of the following, except?

Age-related Macular Degeneration. ***Age-related Macular Degeneration*** - **Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)** was originally **not included** as one of the priority diseases in the initial "Vision 2020: The Right to Sight" initiative. - The initial focus was on conditions with a high burden of preventable blindness that were readily treatable or preventable with widely available interventions. *Diabetic Retinopathy* - **Diabetic retinopathy** is a major cause of preventable blindness and was specifically targeted by Vision 2020 efforts due to its increasing prevalence globally. - Early detection and treatment through retinal screening are crucial components of preventing vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. *Refractive Errors* - **Uncorrected refractive errors** are a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide, and their correction with spectacles is a simple and cost-effective intervention. - Vision 2020 emphasized accessible and affordable refractive error services to improve vision in affected populations. *Cataract* - **Cataract** is the leading cause of blindness globally, and its surgical removal is a highly effective and widely accessible treatment. - Vision 2020 prioritized increasing the number of cataract surgeries to restore sight to millions.

Q: Which of the following is a technique based on behavior sciences methods?

Management by objective. ***Management by objective*** - **Management by objective (MBO)** is a strategic management model that aims to improve organizational performance by clearly defining **objectives** that are agreed to by both management and employees. - It is based on **behavioral science principles** because it emphasizes employee participation, motivation, and goal setting to achieve desired outcomes. *Systems analysis* - **Systems analysis** is a problem-solving technique that involves breaking down a complex system into its component parts to study how they interact. - It is primarily an engineering and computer science discipline, focused on **optimizing processes** and **information flow**, rather than explicit behavioral methods. *Decision making* - **Decision making** is a cognitive process of selecting a course of action from various alternatives. - While influenced by human behavior, it is a broad concept that encompasses various analytical and intuitive approaches, and is not solely a behavior sciences method. *Network analysis* - **Network analysis** is a method for visualizing and analyzing interconnected nodes (e.g., people, organizations) and their relationships. - It is often used in **sociology, epidemiology, and computer science** to understand structures and interactions, but it is not inherently a technique based on behavioral sciences methods in the same way MBO is.

Q: The online software used to monitor TB control program under RNTCP is:

NIKSHAY. ***Correct Answer: NIKSHAY*** - **NIKSHAY** is the official **web-based patient management system** for monitoring the TB control program under the **Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)**, now known as the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) - It serves as a comprehensive platform for **real-time case notification, treatment monitoring, and tracking of patient outcomes** - Enables **digital recording** of TB patient details, treatment regimens, and follow-up information across India *Incorrect: NIRBHAI* - This is not a recognized software platform associated with RNTCP or TB control monitoring - No official government health program uses this name for TB surveillance *Incorrect: e-DOTS* - While **DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course)** is the core treatment strategy for TB, e-DOTS is not the comprehensive online monitoring software - e-DOTS may refer to electronic recording of DOTS adherence, but **NIKSHAY** is the overarching national platform *Incorrect: NISCHAY* - This is not a recognized software platform for RNTCP monitoring - Does not correspond to any official TB control initiative in India

Q: Vision 2020 aims to eliminate which infectious cause of preventable blindness by 2020?

Trachoma. **Correct: Trachoma** - **Vision 2020: The Right to Sight** is a global initiative launched by the WHO and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) to eliminate the main causes of avoidable blindness by the year 2020. - **Trachoma** was identified as one of the major infectious causes of preventable blindness and was a primary target for elimination under the Vision 2020 initiative through the **SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial Cleanliness, Environmental Improvements)**. - Among infectious causes, trachoma was specifically highlighted for elimination due to its widespread prevalence and feasibility of elimination through proven public health interventions. *Incorrect: Refractive errors* - While a significant cause of visual impairment, refractive errors are not an infectious cause of blindness. - They are primarily corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. *Incorrect: Vitamin A deficiency* - Vitamin A deficiency is a major nutritional cause of preventable blindness, especially in children, leading to conditions like **xerophthalmia** and keratomalacia. - Though preventable, it is not an infectious cause, unlike trachoma. *Incorrect: Onchocerciasis* - Also known as "river blindness," **onchocerciasis** is an infectious disease caused by the parasite *Onchocerca volvulus*, transmitted by blackflies, and can lead to blindness. - While part of Vision 2020 control programs, trachoma was the infectious cause specifically targeted for elimination by 2020 due to its feasibility with the SAFE strategy.

Q: All are provisions of WHO mental health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP), except:

Screening family members. ***Screening family members*** - The **WHO mhGAP** primarily focuses on scaling up care for **priority mental, neurological, and substance use disorders** in low- and middle-income countries. It does not explicitly include the provision of routine screening of family members of affected individuals. - While family support is crucial, direct screening of asymptomatic family members for psychiatric disorders is not a core component of the program's defined interventions for service delivery. *Communication regarding care* - **Effective communication** is a fundamental aspect of the **WHO mhGAP** to ensure patients and their families understand their condition and treatment plan. - It emphasizes **patient-centered care** and informed decision-making, which rely heavily on clear and empathetic communication from healthcare providers. *Human rights* - **Human rights** are a foundational principle of the **WHO mhGAP**, ensuring that individuals with mental disorders receive care without discrimination and with respect for their dignity and autonomy. - The program advocates for policies and practices that protect the rights of people with mental health conditions. [1] *Social support* - **Social support** is a crucial component promoted by the **WHO mhGAP**, recognizing its role in recovery and well-being for individuals with mental health conditions. - The program encourages interventions that strengthen social ties and community integration to reduce isolation and improve outcomes.

Question 1

Vision 2020 "The right to sight" includes all except-

Accepted Answer

Measles induced blindness

Answer

Onchocerciasis

Answer

Trachoma

Answer

Cataract

Question 2

Ayushman Bharat is

Accepted Answer

Health protection scheme

Answer

Health practicing guidelines

Answer

Health education program

Answer

Health personnel training

Question 3

NVBDCP includes all except ?

Accepted Answer

Yellow fever

Answer

Filariasis

Answer

Malaria

Answer

Kala-azar

Question 4

Which principle primarily led to the shift in emphasis from urban to rural health services?

Accepted Answer

Equitable distribution

Answer

Intersectoral coordination

Answer

Decentralized planning

Answer

Community participation

Question 5

In NRHM, the ASHA workers are recruited from the same village. Which part of principles of primary health care is followed here?

Accepted Answer

Community participation

Answer

Appropriate technology

Answer

Intersectorial coordination

Answer

Equitable distribution

Question 6

Vision 2020 includes all of the following, except?

Accepted Answer

Age-related Macular Degeneration

Answer

Diabetic Retinopathy

Answer

Refractive Errors

Answer

Cataract

Question 7

Which of the following is a technique based on behavior sciences methods?

Accepted Answer

Management by objective

Answer

Systems analysis

Answer

Decision making

Answer

Network analysis

Question 8

The online software used to monitor TB control program under RNTCP is:

Accepted Answer

NIKSHAY

Answer

NIRBHAI

Answer

e-DOTS

Answer

NISCHAY

Question 9

Vision 2020 aims to eliminate which infectious cause of preventable blindness by 2020?

Accepted Answer

Trachoma

Answer

Refractive errors

Answer

Vitamin A deficiency

Answer

Onchocerciasis

Question 10

All are provisions of WHO mental health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP), except:

Accepted Answer

Screening family members

Answer

Communication regarding care

Answer

Human rights

Answer

Social support

Health Policy and Management — MCQs

Health Policy and Management — MCQs

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