Health Policy and Management Practice Questions

Q: How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?

17. ### Explanation **Correct Answer: C (17)** The **Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)**, also known as the "Global Goals," were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity by **2030**. There are exactly **17 Goals** supported by **169 targets** and **247 indicators**. These goals succeeded the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In the context of Community Medicine, **SDG 3** is the most critical as it specifically focuses on "Good Health and Well-being," aiming to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Option A (19):** This is a distractor; there is no major global health framework consisting of 19 primary goals. * **Option B (20):** Incorrect. While some regional policies may have 20 targets, the global SDG framework is strictly 17 goals. * **Option D (13):** This number is often confused with the **13 targets** specifically under SDG 3 (Health), but it does not represent the total number of SDGs. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **SDG 3 Targets:** Includes ending epidemics of AIDS, TB, and Malaria; reducing Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) to less than **70 per 100,000 live births**; and ending preventable deaths of newborns (NMR to $\leq$ 12/1000) and children under 5 (U5MR to $\leq$ 25/1000). * **MDGs vs. SDGs:** MDGs had 8 goals (2000–2015), whereas SDGs have 17 goals (2016–2030). * **Universal Health Coverage (UHC):** This is Target 3.8 of the SDGs and is a frequent exam topic.

Q: According to the WHO, immunisation is a primary responsibility of:

States. **Explanation:** The World Health Organization (WHO) defines immunization as a global health and development success story, but emphasizes that the **primary responsibility** for the delivery, financing, and implementation of immunization programs lies with the **State (National Government)**. 1. **Why "States" is correct:** Immunization is considered a "Public Good." Under the principles of Public Health and the WHO’s Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), national governments are the custodians of their citizens' health. They are responsible for establishing the National Immunization Schedule, ensuring vaccine procurement, maintaining the cold chain, and achieving universal coverage to reach "herd immunity." 2. **Why other options are incorrect:** * **International Community:** While organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and GAVI provide technical support, funding, and guidelines, they do not hold the sovereign responsibility for executing the program within a country. * **Voluntary Agencies:** NGOs and voluntary groups (e.g., Rotary International for Polio) act as supplementary partners to fill gaps but cannot replace the state’s structural role. * **An Individual:** While individual participation is necessary for success, the logistical and financial burden of a population-wide preventive measure cannot rest on an individual. **High-Yield Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Levels of Prevention:** Immunization is a classic example of **Primary Prevention** (specifically, Specific Protection). * **Cold Chain:** The most critical link in state-run immunization; the "walk-in cold room" is at the regional level, while the **ILR (Ice-Lined Refrigerator)** is the backbone at the PHC level. * **Universal Immunization Programme (UIP):** Launched in India in 1985; it is one of the largest health programs in the world, entirely managed by the State.

Q: Which of the following health committees recommended the establishment of a medical and health education commission, similar to the University Grants Commission, for reforms in health and medical education?

Shrivastav Committee. **Explanation:** The **Shrivastav Committee (1975)**, formally known as the "Group on Medical Education and Support Manpower," was established to reform medical education and align it with national health needs. Its most distinctive recommendation was the creation of a **Medical and Health Education Commission**, modeled after the University Grants Commission (UGC), to oversee and standardize health education across the country. Additionally, this committee is famous for proposing the **Reorientation of Medical Education (ROME) scheme** and the creation of a cadre of **Health Assistants** to bridge the gap between community health workers and doctors. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Mukerji Committee (1965/1966):** Primarily focused on the strategy for the Family Planning program and the delinking of malaria activities from family planning to ensure better focus on the latter. * **Chadah Committee (1963):** Focused on the "Maintenance Phase" of the National Malaria Eradication Programme. It recommended that Vigilance Operations be handled by Basic Health Workers (BHW) at the block level. * **Kartar Singh Committee (1973):** Known as the "Committee on Multipurpose Workers under Health and Family Planning." It introduced the concept of **Multipurpose Workers (MPW)** and recommended that ANMs be replaced by Female Health Workers. **High-Yield NEET-PG Pearls:** * **Shrivastav Committee:** Think "Medical Education Commission" and "ROME Scheme." * **Kartar Singh Committee:** Think "Multipurpose Workers" and "1 PHC per 50,000 population." * **Jungalwalla Committee:** Known as the "Committee on Integration of Health Services" (Unified cadre). * **Bhore Committee (1946):** The "Health Survey and Development Committee" (Concept of Primary Health Centre).

Q: Which of the following statements regarding the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is untrue?

The 10th revision (ICD-10) has 15 major chapters.. ### Explanation The **International Classification of Diseases (ICD)** is a global diagnostic standard maintained by the WHO for epidemiology, health management, and clinical purposes. **Why Option B is the correct (untrue) statement:** The ICD-10 does not have 15 chapters; it actually consists of **21 chapters**. These chapters categorize diseases based on their etiology (e.g., infectious diseases), anatomical site (e.g., diseases of the circulatory system), or special circumstances (e.g., external causes of morbidity). **Analysis of other options:** * **Option A:** Historically, the ICD has been revised approximately every **10 years** to reflect advancements in medical science. While the gap between ICD-10 (1990) and ICD-11 (2018) was longer, the 10-year cycle remains the traditional standard for the exam. * **Option C:** The ICD is the "core" classification of the **WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC)**. It serves as the foundation for related classifications like the ICF (Functioning, Disability, and Health) and ICHI (Health Interventions). * **Option D:** ICD-10 introduced an **alphanumeric coding system** (e.g., A00.0). Each code begins with a letter followed by three or four numbers, significantly expanding the coding capacity compared to the numeric-only system of ICD-9. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **ICD-11:** The latest version (ICD-11) was adopted in 2019 and came into effect on **January 1, 2022**. It is fully digital and contains 26 chapters. * **Structure of ICD-10:** It is published in 3 volumes: * **Vol 1:** Tabular List (Main classifications) * **Vol 2:** Instruction Manual * **Vol 3:** Alphabetical Index * **Dual Coding:** ICD-10 uses a **Dagger (†) and Asterisk (*)** system to code both the underlying generalized disease and its localized manifestation.

Q: The concept of 'socialized medicine' was first proposed by which country?

Russia. **Explanation:** The concept of **Socialized Medicine** refers to a healthcare system where the government owns and operates healthcare facilities and employs health professionals, providing medical care to all citizens as a public service. **Why Russia is correct:** Russia (the former USSR) was the first country in the world to establish a fully socialized healthcare system. Following the 1917 Revolution, the Soviet government centralized all medical services under state control, making healthcare a constitutional right for its citizens. This model, known as the **Semashko System**, aimed to provide universal access through state funding and administration. **Why other options are incorrect:** * **India:** Follows a mixed healthcare system. While it provides public health services, it relies heavily on the private sector and does not follow a purely socialized model. * **Germany:** Known for the **Bismarck Model** (1883), which was the first national social insurance system. It is based on mandatory insurance contributions from employers and employees, rather than direct state ownership (socialization). * **China:** While it adopted a socialist health model later, it was not the pioneer of the concept. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Socialized Medicine:** State-owned and state-operated (e.g., USSR, UK’s NHS). * **Social Security:** Compulsory insurance for workers (e.g., ESI Scheme in India). * **Sickness Insurance:** First introduced by Germany (Bismarck). * **Health for All:** The goal of the Alma-Ata Declaration (1978), which emphasized Primary Health Care.

Q: All are true about ICD 10 EXCEPT:

Done by UNICEF. The **International Classification of Diseases (ICD)** is the global standard for diagnostic health information and statistics. ### **Why Option B is the Correct Answer (The Exception)** The ICD is developed, published, and revised by the **World Health Organization (WHO)**, not UNICEF. While UNICEF focuses on the welfare of children and mothers, the WHO is the directing and coordinating authority for international health work, including the standardization of disease nomenclature. ### **Analysis of Other Options** * **Option A (Revised every 10 years):** Historically, the ICD has been revised approximately every decade to reflect advancements in medical science and technology. For example, ICD-10 was endorsed in 1990, though the transition to ICD-11 (adopted in 2019) took longer due to its digital complexity. * **Option C (Accepted internationally and nationally):** The ICD is the "common language" of medicine. It is used by all WHO Member States for mortality and morbidity statistics, reimbursement systems (insurance), and clinical decision-making. * **Option D (21 major chapters):** ICD-10 consists of **21 chapters** based on anatomical sites, etiology, or special conditions (e.g., Chapter I: Infectious diseases; Chapter XX: External causes of morbidity). ### **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG** * **ICD-10 Structure:** It uses an **alphanumeric code** (e.g., A00.0). The first character is a letter, followed by numbers. * **ICD-11 Update:** The latest version is **ICD-11**, which contains **26 chapters** and is fully digital. * **Dual Coding:** ICD-10 uses the **Dagger and Asterisk system** (Dagger (†) for etiology and Asterisk (*) for manifestation). * **India’s Context:** India officially uses ICD-10 for coding causes of death in the Civil Registration System (CRS).

Question 1

How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?

Accepted Answer

17

Answer

19

Answer

20

Answer

13

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT used in health planning?

Accepted Answer

Increasing demands for resources

Answer

Analysis of health situation

Answer

Assessment of resources

Answer

Fixing priorities

Question 3

The recommendations of the Kartar Singh Committee are related to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Framework of health services at the peripheral level

Answer

No private practice

Answer

Measures to improve the effectiveness of the National Malaria Eradication Programme

Answer

Concept of primary health care

Question 4

According to the WHO, immunisation is a primary responsibility of:

Accepted Answer

States

Answer

International community

Answer

Voluntary agencies

Answer

An individual

Question 5

Which of the following are included in a planning cycle?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Answer

Analysis of situation

Answer

Evaluation

Answer

Resource assessment

Question 6

Which of the following health committees recommended the establishment of a medical and health education commission, similar to the University Grants Commission, for reforms in health and medical education?

Accepted Answer

Shrivastav Committee

Answer

Mukerji Committee

Answer

Chadah Committee

Answer

Kartar Singh Committee

Question 7

Which of the following statements regarding the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is untrue?

Accepted Answer

The 10th revision (ICD-10) has 15 major chapters.

Answer

It is revised approximately every 10 years.

Answer

It serves as the basis for use in other health fields.

Answer

The coding system in the 10th revision (ICD-10) is alphanumeric.

Question 8

The concept of 'socialized medicine' was first proposed by which country?

Accepted Answer

Russia

Answer

India

Answer

Germany

Answer

China

Question 9

All are true about ICD 10 EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Done by UNICEF

Answer

Revised every 10 years

Answer

Accepted internationally and nationally

Answer

21 major chapters

Question 10

In the critical path method, illness is maximum if the causal factors affect a particular period of life. What is the term for this vulnerable period?

Accepted Answer

Longest

Answer

Shortest

Answer

Cheapest

Answer

Costliest

Health Policy and Management — MCQs

Health Policy and Management — MCQs

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