Pathology
2 questionsAll are true about the brain tumour associated with the below mentioned histopathological findings except:
Cork screw inclusion bodies in brain biopsy specimen are seen in:
NEET-PG 2017 - Pathology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 31: All are true about the brain tumour associated with the below mentioned histopathological findings except:
- A. Most frequent cytogenetic abnormality is deletion of 22q
- B. Association with NF-1 (Correct Answer)
- C. Intracranial calcification
- D. Psammoma bodies
- E. Most common extra-axial tumor in adults
Explanation: ***Association with NF-1*** - The histopathological findings described (likely referring to **meningioma** based on the other options) are not typically associated with **Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1)** [1]. - **NF-1** is more commonly linked to **optic nerve gliomas**, neurofibromas, and other peripheral nerve sheath tumors. *Most frequent cytogenetic abnormality is deletion of 22q* - **Deletion of 22q** is the most common cytogenetic abnormality found in **meningiomas** [2]. - This deletion often involves the **NF2 gene**, which is a tumor suppressor gene [2]. *Intracranial calcification* - **Intracranial calcification** is a common finding in **meningiomas**, particularly in older lesions [2]. - These calcifications can be seen on imaging studies like CT scans. *Psammoma bodies* - **Psammoma bodies** are characteristic histological features of **meningiomas**, especially the meningothelial and transitional subtypes [1][2]. - They are concentric, lamellated calcified structures formed from degenerating cells. **References:** [1] Cross SS. Underwood's Pathology: A Clinical Approach. 6th ed. Common Clinical Manifestations Of Central And Peripheral Nervous System Disease, pp. 727-728. [2] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. The Central Nervous System, pp. 1316-1317.
Question 32: Cork screw inclusion bodies in brain biopsy specimen are seen in:
- A. Medulloblastoma
- B. Pilocytic astrocytoma (Correct Answer)
- C. Ependymoma
- D. Pinealoma
- E. Glioblastoma
Explanation: ***Pilocytic astrocytoma*** - **Rosenthal fibers**, which have a **corkscrew appearance**, are characteristic histological findings in pilocytic astrocytomas. - These are **eosinophilic, elongated, glial inclusions** often found in the processes of tumor cells. - Pilocytic astrocytomas are typically **benign (WHO Grade I)** tumors commonly found in children and young adults. *Medulloblastoma* - Characterized by **small, round blue cells** and a high mitotic index, often forming **Homer-Wright rosettes**. - **Rosenthal fibers** are not typically associated with medulloblastoma. *Ependymoma* - Characterized by **ependymal rosettes** (tumor cells arranged around a central lumen) and **perivascular pseudorosettes** (tumor cells radiating around blood vessels). - Lacks the presence of **corkscrew inclusion bodies (Rosenthal fibers)**. *Pinealoma* - This is a general term for tumors of the pineal gland, which can include pineocytomas and pineoblastomas. - While various histological features can be seen depending on the specific type, **Rosenthal fibers** are not a characteristic finding for these tumors. *Glioblastoma* - The most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults, characterized by **pseudopalisading necrosis** and **microvascular proliferation**. - Histologically shows pleomorphic cells, not the organized **Rosenthal fibers** seen in pilocytic astrocytoma.
Radiology
8 questionsA 50-year-old woman presents with daily early morning frontal headache and projectile vomiting. The image shows:
A 40-year-old male presents with sudden onset right-sided chest pain and breathlessness following a road traffic accident. On examination, breath sounds are diminished on the right side. The chest X-ray is shown below. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A chest X-ray shows the following appearance. Identify the pathology:
A 30-year-old hypertension patient presents with daily headaches. The CXR given below shows which of the following? (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)
An adult undergoes multiple FFP transfusions for excessive bleeding after cardiac surgery and develops respiratory distress. CXR done is shown below. What does it indicate?
Identify the congenital heart disease presenting with cyanosis in CXR: (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)
A breast cancer patient presents with difficulty in breathing. CXR shows:
An AIDS patient presents with respiratory distress. CXR shows:
NEET-PG 2017 - Radiology NEET-PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 31: A 50-year-old woman presents with daily early morning frontal headache and projectile vomiting. The image shows:
- A. Medulloblastoma
- B. Glioma
- C. Glioblastoma multiforme
- D. Meningioma (Correct Answer)
Explanation: **Meningioma** - The MRI shows a **well-circumscribed, extra-axial mass** that is significantly enhancing, particularly in the frontal lobe near the convexity. Histopathology of a meningioma characteristically features **whorls of meningothelial cells** and **psammoma bodies** (calcified concentric lamellae), which are visible in the image. - The clinical symptoms of **early morning headaches** and **projectile vomiting** are indicative of **increased intracranial pressure**, which can be caused by any space-occupying lesion, including a meningioma, especially if it grows to a significant size. *Medulloblastoma* - This is a highly malignant brain tumor typically occurring in the **cerebellum of children**, not usually seen in a 50-year-old woman in the frontal lobe. - Histologically, medulloblastomas are composed of small, round, **blue cells** with little cytoplasm (small blue cell tumor), which is distinct from the provided image. *Glioma* - **Gliomas** originate within the brain parenchyma and are often **poorly circumscribed** with an infiltrative growth pattern, which contrasts with the well-defined lesion seen on MRI. - While gliomas can cause increased intracranial pressure, their diverse histological appearances depend on their specific subtype (e.g., astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma), none of which perfectly match the characteristic **whorls and psammoma bodies** seen here. *Glioblastoma multiforme* - **Glioblastoma multiforme** (GBM) is a highly aggressive grade IV astrocytoma, characterized by **ring-enhancing lesions** with central necrosis and significant edema on MRI. - Histologically, GBM exhibits features like **pseudopalisading necrosis**, microvascular proliferation, and pleomorphic tumor cells, which are not depicted in the provided histopathology image.
Question 32: A 40-year-old male presents with sudden onset right-sided chest pain and breathlessness following a road traffic accident. On examination, breath sounds are diminished on the right side. The chest X-ray is shown below. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Hydatid cyst right lung
- B. Right pleural effusion
- C. Right hydropneumothorax (Correct Answer)
- D. Perforated abdominal viscus
Explanation: ***Right hydropneumothorax*** - The X-ray image reveals an **air-fluid level** in the right pleural cavity, characterized by a straight, horizontal line between the air (darker above) and fluid (whiter below). This finding is pathognomonic for a hydropneumothorax. - The **collapsed or compressed lung** is also visible superior to the air-fluid level, further supporting the diagnosis of air and fluid coexisting in the pleural space. *Hydatid cyst right lung* - A hydatid cyst in the lung appears as a **well-defined, rounded opacity (solid mass)**, often with a "water lily" sign if ruptured, but it does not present with a distinct air-fluid level as seen here. - While hydatid cysts can rupture and produce air and fluid, the X-ray findings would typically show a more complex internal structure or a cyst within a cavity, not a simple air-fluid interface across the entire pleural space. *Right pleural effusion* - A pleural effusion would appear as a **homogeneous white (effaced) opacity** blunting the costophrenic angle and, in larger effusions, rising along the lateral chest wall (meniscus sign). - Crucially, a simple pleural effusion **does not show an air-fluid level**; the fluid density would fill the pleural space without an overlying visible air component. *Perforated abdominal viscus* - A perforated abdominal viscus would typically result in **free air under the diaphragm** on an upright chest X-ray (pneumoperitoneum). - While pneumoperitoneum presents as air, it is located below the diaphragm, *not* within the pleural cavity, and would not create an air-fluid level within the lung fields as seen in this image.
Question 33: A chest X-ray shows the following appearance. Identify the pathology:
- A. Pericardial effusion
- B. Boot shaped heart
- C. Egg on side appearance (Correct Answer)
- D. Normal-sized heart
Explanation: ***Egg on side appearance*** - The image illustrates a classic "egg on side" or **"egg-on-a-string" appearance**, which is a radiological sign of **transposition of the great arteries (TGA)**. - This appearance is due to the narrow vascular pedicle (aorta and pulmonary artery are superimposed) and the **enlarged, egg-shaped cardiac silhouette** as a result of ventricular hypertrophy and right atrial enlargement. *Pericardial effusion* - **Pericardial effusion** would typically manifest as a **globular or "water-bottle" heart shape** on chest X-ray due to fluid accumulation around the heart. - This appearance is characterized by a widened cardiac silhouette with sharply defined borders, which is not clearly visible here. *Boot shaped heart* - A **"boot-shaped" heart**, also known as a **coeur en sabot**, is characteristic of **tetralogy of Fallot**. - This shape is caused by **right ventricular hypertrophy** with an upturned cardiac apex, and often an accompanying concave pulmonary artery segment, which is not seen in this image. *Normal-sized heart* - The cardiac silhouette in the image is clearly **enlarged and distinctly abnormal** in shape, indicating it is not a normal-sized heart. - A **normal-sized heart** would have a cardiothoracic ratio of less than 0.5 and distinct great vessel outlines.
Question 34: A 30-year-old hypertension patient presents with daily headaches. The CXR given below shows which of the following? (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)
- A. Preductal coarctation
- B. Postductal coarctation (Correct Answer)
- C. Aortic dissection
- D. Takayasu arteritis
Explanation: ***Postductal coarctation*** - The image shows **rib notching** (highlighted by the arrow), a classic sign of **collateral vessel development** due to narrowing of the aorta **distal to the ductus arteriosus**. - This congenital heart defect is associated with **hypertension** in the upper extremities and can lead to symptoms like **headaches**. *Preductal coarctation* - This typically presents earlier in life, often with **heart failure** in infancy, and is less commonly associated with **hypertension** and **rib notching** in a seemingly asymptomatic adult. - The coarctation is located **proximal to the ductus arteriosus**, leading to different collateral circulation patterns. *Aortic dissection* - This condition is an acute medical emergency characterized by a tear in the **aortic wall**, often presenting with sudden, severe chest or back pain. - CXR findings typically include a **widened mediastinum**, not specifically rib notching. *Takayasu arteritis* - This is a **granulomatous vasculitis** primarily affecting the aorta and its major branches, leading to narrowing or occlusion. - While it can cause hypertension, **rib notching** is not a characteristic radiological finding; signs usually include vessel wall thickening or stenoses.
Question 35: An adult undergoes multiple FFP transfusions for excessive bleeding after cardiac surgery and develops respiratory distress. CXR done is shown below. What does it indicate?
- A. Volume overloading of heart
- B. Mendelson's syndrome
- C. Pneumomediastinum
- D. TRALI (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***TRALI*** - The chest X-ray shows **bilateral pulmonary infiltrates** and **pulmonary edema** and the patient had multiple **FFP transfusions** followed by respiratory distress, which is highly suggestive of **Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI)**. - TRALI is characterized by acute respiratory distress with **hypoxemia** occurring within 6 hours of transfusion, in the absence of other risk factors for **Acute Lung Injury (ALI)**. *Volume overloading of heart* - While fluid overload can cause pulmonary edema, the severity and rapid onset of distress after transfusion, coupled with the bilateral infiltrates, point more specifically to TRALI rather than isolated volume overload, especially in the context of FFP. - Cardiogenic pulmonary edema typically presents with **cardiomegaly** and signs of **heart failure**, which are not explicitly described or obviously seen as the primary cause in the given scenario and image. *Mendelson's syndrome* - Mendelson's syndrome, or **aspiration pneumonitis**, results from the inhalation of acidic gastric contents, leading to chemical pneumonitis. - This typically occurs in patients with impaired consciousness or those undergoing procedures that compromise airway protection, and there is no information in the vignette to suggest aspiration. *Pneumomediastinum* - Pneumomediastinum indicates the presence of **air in the mediastinum**, which would appear as radiolucent streaks outlining mediastinal structures on a CXR. - The image primarily shows diffuse bilateral infiltrates and pulmonary edema, rather than free air in the mediastinum.
Question 36: Identify the congenital heart disease presenting with cyanosis in CXR: (Recent NEET Pattern 2016-17)
- A. Tetralogy of Fallot (Correct Answer)
- B. Truncus Arteriosus
- C. Ebstein anomaly
- D. Snowman heart
Explanation: ***Tetralogy of Fallot*** - The chest X-ray shows a **boot-shaped heart** (coeur en sabot) due to right ventricular hypertrophy and a concave pulmonary artery segment, which is a classic finding in Tetralogy of Fallot. - This cyanotic congenital heart disease is characterized by four defects: a **ventricular septal defect**, **pulmonary stenosis**, **overriding aorta**, and **right ventricular hypertrophy**. *Truncus Arteriosus* - This cyanotic CHD involves a **single arterial trunk** arising from the heart supplying systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulations. - CXR typically shows **cardiomegaly with increased pulmonary vascular markings** and a **right-sided aortic arch** in 30% of cases, not the boot-shaped heart seen here. - The pulmonary artery segment is **prominent or convex**, contrasting with the concave segment in Tetralogy of Fallot. *Ebstein anomaly* - This anomaly involves the **tricuspid valve** being displaced into the right ventricle, often leading to cardiomegaly and a **"box-shaped" or "globular" heart** on CXR, which is not depicted. - It can cause cyanosis, but the characteristic CXR finding is **massive cardiomegaly with diminished pulmonary vascular markings**, not a boot-shaped heart. *Snowman heart* - The "snowman heart" or **"figure of 8" sign** is characteristic of **total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)**, specifically the supracardiac type. - This appearance is due to the dilated superior vena cava and the vertical vein draining into it, creating the "head" of the snowman, which is not seen in the provided image.
Question 37: A breast cancer patient presents with difficulty in breathing. CXR shows:
- A. Pneumothorax
- B. Pulmonary artery hypertension
- C. Interstitial lung disease
- D. Cannonball metastasis (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Cannonball metastasis*** - The chest X-ray shows multiple, well-defined, rounded opacities of varying sizes scattered throughout both lung fields, consistent with the characteristic appearance of **cannonball metastases**. - Given the patient's history of **breast cancer** and new onset **dyspnea**, pulmonary metastases are a very likely cause. *Pneumothorax* - A pneumothorax would appear as an area of translucency with absence of lung markings, often accompanied by a visible visceral pleural line and tracheal deviation in severe cases. This is not observed here; instead, the lungs are filled with multiple lesions. - The image does not show any signs of a collapsed lung, air in the pleural space, or shifted mediastinum. *Pulmonary artery hypertension* - Pulmonary artery hypertension on CXR might show **enlarged central pulmonary arteries** and pruning of peripheral vessels, or signs of right heart enlargement. - The predominant features in this image are numerous discrete nodules, not signs of vascular dilation or heart changes. *Interstitial lung disease* - Interstitial lung disease typically presents with a **reticular, nodular, or reticulonodular pattern**, often with reduced lung volumes and honeycombing in advanced stages. - The distinct, large, spherical lesions seen here are not characteristic of the diffuse, fine patterns associated with most interstitial lung diseases.
Question 38: An AIDS patient presents with respiratory distress. CXR shows:
- A. Pneumocystis pneumonia (Correct Answer)
- B. Miliary TB
- C. Streptococcal pneumonia
- D. Lymphocytic interstitial Pneumonitis
Explanation: ***Pneumocystis pneumonia*** - The chest X-ray shows **diffuse bilateral interstitial infiltrates**, which is a classic presentation of *Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP)* in an AIDS patient. - PJP is an **opportunistic infection commonly seen in immunocompromised individuals**, especially those with AIDS and low CD4 counts, presenting with respiratory distress. *Miliary TB* - Miliary TB would typically show **numerous small (1-3 mm), well-defined, uniformly distributed nodular opacities**, resembling millet seeds, which are not clearly visible here. - While TB is common in AIDS, the diffuse interstitial pattern is less characteristic of miliary spread. *Streptococcal pneumonia* - *Streptococcal pneumonia* often presents as **lobar consolidation with air bronchograms**, typically affecting one or more lobes, rather than the diffuse interstitial pattern seen in the image. - While it can occur in AIDS patients, the radiographic features are not consistent with this diagnosis. *Lymphocytic interstitial Pneumonitis* - *Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP)* is more common in **pediatric AIDS patients** and often presents with more pronounced **nodular or cystic changes** and interstitial infiltrates, but the primary pattern for this acute presentation of respiratory distress as seen would be PJP. - While it is a differential consideration in AIDS patients with interstitial lung disease, the abrupt onset of respiratory distress with diffuse infiltrates points more strongly to an acute infection.