FMGE 2025 Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following is the schedule of the OPV vaccine?

6th week, 10th week and 14th week. ***6th week, 10th week and 14th week***- This schedule represents the **primary series** of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV-1, OPV-2, and OPV-3) doses given in the National Immunization Schedule (NIS).- These doses are administered 4 weeks apart, starting at 6 weeks of age, and are crucial for developing robust immunity against the **poliovirus**.*6th week, 10th week & 9th month*- Although the 6th and 10th weeks are correct for the first two primary doses, the third dose should be administered at the **14th week**, not the 9th month.- The 9th month is the typical schedule point for the first dose of **Measles/MR vaccine** and **Vitamin A supplementation**, not a primary OPV dose.*6th week, 14th week & 9th month*- This schedule incorrectly misses the required **10th-week** dose, which interrupts the recommended 4-week spacing for the primary series of OPV.- Furthermore, the inclusion of the **9th month** timing incorrectly substitutes the proper 14th-week slot for the third primary dose.*6 to 12 weeks*- This describes a broad time window and is not the specific, thrice-repeated dosing schedule required for the **OPV primary series** (OPV-1, OPV-2, and OPV-3).- The standard schedule involves three distinct doses timed precisely at **6, 10, and 14 weeks** of age to achieve high seroconversion rates.

Q: An image of the mascot is shown below. Identify the related national health programme.

National Leprosy eradication programme. ***National Leprosy eradication programme*** - The mascot shown in the image is **"Sapna"**, who is the official mascot for the **National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)** in India. - The mascot is used in Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) activities to reduce the stigma associated with leprosy and promote the message that it is completely curable with **Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT)**. *National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme* - The **National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP)** does not use this mascot; its campaign is famously known by the slogan **"TB Harega Desh Jeetega"**. - The programme focuses on early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis using strategies like the **Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS)**. *National Anti-Malaria Programme* - This programme, now under the **National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)**, does not have a specific mascot like the one shown. - Its awareness campaigns typically focus on preventive measures like using mosquito nets, repellents, and preventing water stagnation to control the mosquito vector. *National Polio Surveillance Program* - The polio eradication campaign in India is widely recognized by its slogan **"Do Boond Zindagi Ki"** (Two drops of life) and is associated with administering the **Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)**. - It does not use the "Sapna" mascot; its campaigns often feature prominent celebrities and visuals of health workers administering polio drops.

Q: A patient presents with a transverse fracture at the skull base, described as splitting it and creating a 'hinge' with a 'nodding face sign.' This fracture extends from one petrous ridge across the sella turcica to the other petrous ridge. Which type of fracture is this?

Motorcyclist Fracture (Hinge Fracture). ***Motorcyclist Fracture (Hinge Fracture)*** - This is a descriptive term for a high-energy **transverse skull base fracture** that typically runs through the middle cranial fossa, traversing the skull base from one **petrous ridge** across the **sella turcica** to the opposite petrous ridge. - The fracture creates a 'hinge' mechanism that physically separates the facial skeleton from the calvarium, resulting in instability often described clinically as the **'nodding face sign'**. *Depressed Fracture* - A depressed fracture is characterized by bone fragments driven inwards, below the level of the surrounding skull, often leading to potential injury to the underlying **dura mater** and brain parenchyma. - These fractures result from blunt force trauma focused on a small area, and their primary feature is **inward displacement**, not the transverse splitting and hinge mechanism described. *Comminuted Fracture* - A comminuted fracture involves the bone being broken into **multiple pieces** (three or more separate fragments) at the fracture site. - While hinge fractures are often complex, the defining feature of this clinical presentation is the **transverse path** across the sella and the resulting hinge-like instability, which is a structural description differentiating it from a general comminution. *Ring Fracture* - A ring fracture occurs around the **foramen magnum** and is caused by significant axial loading (e.g., severe fall onto the feet or buttocks). - This fracture causes instability at the **craniocervical junction** and is localized to the posterior cranial fossa, not the extensive transverse fracture across the middle cranial fossa described.

Q: Which of the following is the culture medium used for tuberculosis?

LJ medium. ***LJ medium*** - LJ medium, or **Löwenstein-Jensen medium**, is the standard, egg-based solid medium used worldwide for the culture of ***Mycobacterium tuberculosis*** (M.tb). - It contains **malachite green**, which acts as a selective agent, inhibiting the growth of most common contaminating bacteria but allowing slow growth of mycobacteria. *MacConkey medium* - This is a **selective and differential medium** primarily used for isolating and differentiating **Gram-negative enteric bacilli**, such as *Escherichia coli* and *Salmonella*. - It inhibits Gram-positive bacteria using bile salts and crystal violet, and differentiates organisms based on **lactose fermentation**. *Blood agar* - This is a **general-purpose enrichment medium** used for the cultivation of a wide range of fastidious and non-fastidious bacteria. - It is crucial for assessing the **hemolytic reaction** of bacteria (alpha, beta, or gamma hemolysis), especially for classifying streptococci. *Chocolate agar* - This medium is prepared by heating blood agar, lysing the red blood cells, which releases essential nutrients like **X and V factors** (hematin and NAD). - It is specifically used for the culture of highly **fastidious organisms** such as ***Haemophilus influenzae*** and **pathogenic Neisseria species**.

Q: What is the most common causative organism of prosthetic heart valve endocarditis?

S. epidermidis. ***S. epidermidis*** - **S. epidermidis** is the most common single causative organism of prosthetic heart valve (PHV) endocarditis, especially in the **early post-operative period** (within 60 days to 1 year of surgery). - This organism is a **coagulase-negative Staphylococcus** known for its ability to produce a **glycocalyx (biofilm)**, which adheres strongly to foreign materials like prosthetic valves. *S. viridans* - Typically the leading cause of **subacute infectious endocarditis** on native, damaged valves, often following minor **dental procedures**. - While it can cause late PHV endocarditis, it is much less frequent than staphylococcal species, which dominate PHV infections. *S. aureus* - **S. aureus** is the most common cause of **acute native valve endocarditis** and frequently implicated in endocarditis in **IV drug users**. - It is a major cause of PHV endocarditis, especially **late-onset** (more than 1 year post-surgery), but overall, **S. epidermidis** is considered the most common pathogen when considering all PHV infections. *Enterococcus* - **Enterococcus species** (especially *E. faecalis*) account for approximately **5-10% of prosthetic valve endocarditis** cases, particularly in late-onset infections. - While significant, enterococci are far less common than staphylococcal species in PHV endocarditis.

Q: What is the likely diagnosis for the given image?

Genital TB. ***Genital TB*** - The image displays multiple small, yellowish-white nodules, known as **tubercles**, scattered on the peritoneal surfaces and adnexa. This finding is a classic laparoscopic sign of **peritoneal tuberculosis**. - Genital tuberculosis often presents with infertility, menstrual irregularities, or chronic pelvic pain, and the diagnosis is often confirmed by identifying these **caseating granulomas** on biopsy. *Normal fallopian tube* - A normal fallopian tube appears as a smooth, mobile, pinkish structure without any surface lesions, adhesions, or inflammation. - The adnexal structures in the image are clearly abnormal, showing multiple surface nodules inconsistent with normal anatomy. *Hydrosalpinx* - A hydrosalpinx is characterized by a distally blocked fallopian tube that becomes dilated and filled with serous fluid, appearing as a translucent, **sausage-shaped** structure. - While genital TB can cause tubal blockage, the primary finding here is the presence of **tubercles**, not the characteristic gross distension of a hydrosalpinx. *Endometriosis* - Endometriosis typically presents as **"powder-burn" lesions** (dark blue or black), red implants, or "chocolate cysts" (**endometriomas**) on the pelvic organs. - The yellowish, solid nodules seen in the image are characteristic of **tuberculous granulomas** and differ in appearance from typical endometriotic implants.

Q: During laparoscopy, multiple small, yellowish-white tubercles are observed scattered over the pelvic peritoneum and adnexal surfaces. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Genital TB. ***Genital TB*** - The image displays multiple small, yellowish-white **tubercles** scattered over the pelvic peritoneum and adnexal surfaces, which is a pathognomonic laparoscopic finding for **genital tuberculosis**. - This condition is a common cause of **tubal factor infertility**, often presenting with chronic pelvic pain or menstrual irregularities, and can lead to extensive adhesions. *Normal fallopian tube* - A **normal fallopian tube** and its surrounding structures would appear smooth, pink, and translucent, without the presence of the inflammatory **nodules** seen in the image. - The widespread lesions indicate a significant pathological process, ruling out normal anatomy. *Hydrosalphinx* - A **hydrosalpinx** is a distally occluded, fluid-filled fallopian tube, which would appear as a dilated, thin-walled, sausage-shaped structure, a morphology not depicted here. - While genital TB can cause a hydrosalpinx, the prominent feature in this image is the disseminated **tubercles**, not tubal distension. *Endometrosis* - Laparoscopic findings in **endometriosis** typically include "powder-burn" (blue-black) lesions, red implants, or "chocolate cysts" (endometriomas), which look different from the solid, whitish **tubercles** shown. - The lesions of endometriosis are ectopic endometrial tissue, whereas the nodules seen here are **granulomas** resulting from a mycobacterial infection.

Q: A child diagnosed with von Willebrand disease requires an understanding of the role of von Willebrand factor (vWF). What does von Willebrand factor primarily combine with?

Glycoprotein Ib. ***Glycoprotein Ib***- vWF bridges exposed subendothelial **collagen** to the platelet surface receptor **Glycoprotein Ib (GPIb)**, which is crucial for initiating platelet **adhesion** during primary hemostasis [1], [2].- A deficiency in vWF (von Willebrand disease) or a defect in GPIb (Bernard-Soulier syndrome) impairs this initial binding step [1], [3].*Platelet factor 3*- Platelet factor 3 (PF3) refers to the **phospholipid surface** (cell membrane) of activated platelets, which serves as a necessary platform for the assembly of clotting factors (e.g., the **tenase** and **prothrombinase** complexes) in secondary hemostasis.- Although critical for clotting, PF3 does not represent the primary receptor that vWF binds to on the platelet surface.*ADP*- **Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)** is a chemical mediator released from platelet dense granules that acts to amplify platelet **activation** and promote **aggregation** (by activating P2Y12 and P2Y1 receptors) [1].- ADP is involved after initial adhesion and promotes platelet-platelet interactions (aggregation) via GP IIb/IIIa receptors, not the binding of vWF (adhesion) via GPIb [1], [3].*Prothrombin*- **Prothrombin (Factor II)** is a circulating zymogen that converts to thrombin (Factor IIa) in the common coagulation pathway, leading to the formation of **fibrin** (secondary hemostasis).- While vWF stabilizes **Factor VIII** (another coagulation factor), it does not primarily bind or activate Prothrombin; its main direct platelet interaction is with GPIb [2]. **References:** [1] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease, and Shock, p. 128. [2] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Red Blood Cell and Bleeding Disorders, pp. 669-670. [3] Kumar V, Abbas AK, et al.. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 9th ed. Red Blood Cell and Bleeding Disorders, pp. 668-669.

Q: A fracture caused by falls landing on feet/buttocks (force transmitted through the spine), heavy blows to the top of the skull/vertex, twisting of the head on the spine, or blows to the occiput or chin. Which type of fracture is this?

Fissured Fracture (Linear Fracture). ***Fissured Fracture (Linear Fracture)*** - This type of fracture, also known as a **linear fracture**, results from forces that cause a simple, nondisplaced crack in the skull vault. - The mechanisms described—such as forces transmitted through the spine (falls on feet/buttocks) or blows to the vertex, chin, or occiput—are classic causes of **linear skull fractures** because the force is typically dispersed over a wide area, rather than focused enough to cause depression. *Depressed Fracture* - These fractures occur due to high-velocity **localized impact**, where the outer table of the skull is driven inward below the level of the inner table, posing a high risk of **dural tear** and underlying brain injury. - The mechanisms listed in the question involve generalized force transmission or twisting, which are inconsistent with the **inward comminution** required for a depressed fracture. *Gutter Fracture* - This term is specifically associated with **penetrating missile injuries**, like low-velocity bullet wounds, where bone fragments are typically driven inward, creating a characteristic groove or channel. - The mechanisms listed in the prompt are **blunt force** injuries or transmission of force, not penetrating trauma that creates a 'gutter.' *Diastatic Fracture (Sutural Fracture)* - This fracture involves the **separation of cranial sutures** due to a fracture line extending into them, primarily observed in infants and young children before the sutures are fully fused. - The forces described result in a break *through* the bone of the vault (a fissure) rather than primarily causing the **separation of existing, fused sutures** in an adult skull.

Question 1

Which of the following is the schedule of the OPV vaccine?

Accepted Answer

6th week, 10th week and 14th week

Answer

6 to 12 weeks

Answer

6th week, 10th week & 9th month

Answer

6th week, 14th week & 9th month

Question 2

An image of the mascot is shown below. Identify the related national health programme.

Accepted Answer

National Leprosy eradication programme

Answer

National Anti-Malaria Programme

Answer

National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme

Answer

National Polio Surveillance Program

Question 3

A patient presents with a transverse fracture at the skull base, described as splitting it and creating a 'hinge' with a 'nodding face sign.' This fracture extends from one petrous ridge across the sella turcica to the other petrous ridge. Which type of fracture is this?

Accepted Answer

Motorcyclist Fracture (Hinge Fracture)

Answer

Comminuted Fracture

Answer

Depressed Fracture

Answer

Ring Fracture

Question 4

Which of the following is the culture medium used for tuberculosis?

Accepted Answer

LJ medium

Answer

Chocolate agar

Answer

MacConkey medium

Answer

Blood agar

Question 5

What is the most common causative organism of prosthetic heart valve endocarditis?

Accepted Answer

S. epidermidis

Answer

S. aureus

Answer

S. viridans

Answer

Enterococcus

Question 6

What is the likely diagnosis for the given image?

Accepted Answer

Genital TB

Answer

Hydrosalpinx

Answer

Normal fallopian tube

Answer

Endometriosis

Question 7

During laparoscopy, multiple small, yellowish-white tubercles are observed scattered over the pelvic peritoneum and adnexal surfaces. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Genital TB

Answer

Hydrosalpinx

Answer

Normal fallopian tube

Answer

Endometriosis

Question 8

A 23 year old male epileptic patient presented with pain in right shoulder region. Examination revealed that right upper limb was abducted and externally rotated and the movements could not be performed. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Subglenoid dislocation of shoulder

Answer

Luxation erecta

Answer

Intrathoracic dislocation of shoulder

Answer

Posterior dislocation of shoulder

Question 9

A child diagnosed with von Willebrand disease requires an understanding of the role of von Willebrand factor (vWF). What does von Willebrand factor primarily combine with?

Accepted Answer

Glycoprotein Ib

Answer

Prothrombin

Answer

ADP

Answer

Platelet factor 3

Question 10

A fracture caused by falls landing on feet/buttocks (force transmitted through the spine), heavy blows to the top of the skull/vertex, twisting of the head on the spine, or blows to the occiput or chin. Which type of fracture is this?

Accepted Answer

Fissured Fracture (Linear Fracture)

Answer

Diastatic Fracture (Sutural Fracture)

Answer

Depressed Fracture

Answer

Gutter Fracture

FMGE 2025

Community Medicine

Forensic Medicine

Microbiology

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Orthopaedics

Pathology

Surgery