An 8-year-old boy is brought in by his mother who is concerned about her child’s behavior. She says his teachers have complained about him bullying other students at school, starting fights, and stealing other children’s lunch money. She also says that a neighbor down the street called her 6 months ago and reported that the patient had entered her yard and started viciously kicking her dog. He has no significant past medical history. He is in the 90th percentile for height and weight and has been meeting all developmental milestones. The patient is afebrile and his vital signs are within normal limits. Which of the following adult personality disorders does this patient’s diagnosis most likely predict?

Schizotypal personality disorder

A 23-year-old man presents to an outpatient psychiatrist complaining of anxiety and a persistent feeling that “something terrible will happen to my family.” He describes 1 year of vague, disturbing thoughts about his family members contracting a “horrible disease” or dying in an accident. He believes that he can prevent these outcomes by washing his hands of “the contaminants” any time that he touches something and by performing praying and counting rituals each time that he has unwanted, disturbing thoughts. The thoughts and rituals have become more frequent recently, making it impossible for him to work, and he expresses feeling deeply embarrassed by them. Which of the following is the most effective treatment for this patient's disorder?

Cognitive behavioral therapy and fluoxetine

Psychodynamic psychotherapy and citalopram

Cognitive behavioral therapy and haloperidol

Cognitive behavioral therapy and clonazepam

Psychodynamic psychotherapy and aripiprazole

A 15-year-old boy is referred to a child psychologist because of worsening behavior and constant disruption in class. He has received multiple reprimands in the past 6 months for not doing the homework his teacher assigned, and he refuses to listen to the classroom instructions. Additionally, his teachers say he is very argumentative and blames other children for not letting him do his work. He was previously well behaved and one of the top students in his class. He denies any recent major life events or changes at home. His past medical history is noncontributory. His vital signs are all within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A 27-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for exposure to toxic materials. The patient states that when he left for work this morning he was certain that he had closed the door to his pantry. However, upon returning home, he saw that the door to his pantry was wide open. The patient is certain that his neighbors have been tampering with his food and potentially poisoned him. He further states that he has known, ever since they have moved in, that they have been trying to break into his house and steal his things. He has tried multiple times to get them evicted from the building to no avail. It is for this reason that he is certain that they are trying to get their revenge upon him. The physician performs a physical exam and tells the patient that he thinks there is nothing to be concerned about, but that he should call him or come into the office if he experiences any symptoms. The patient is outraged at this news and requests a competent doctor who is not colluding with his enemies. He storms out of the office angrily, stating that he deserves the best in medical care, not this. Which of the following is the most likely personality disorder that this patient is suffering from?

Intermittent explosive disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder

A 24-year-old man comes to the physician with a wound on his forearm. He says that he injured himself by absentmindedly walking into a glass door. He does not have health insurance. He has had 5 jobs in the past 8 months. He quit each job after 3–4 weeks because he found the work beneath him. He was imprisoned 6 years ago for credit card fraud. He was released from prison on parole a year ago. He was expelled from school at the age of 13 years for stealing school property and threatening to assault a teacher. He has fathered 6 children with 4 women. He says that he does not provide child support because he needs the money for his own personal expenses. The patient's vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the forearm shows a 6 cm long, 0.5 cm deep wound with neat edges on the dorsal surface of the left forearm. There are bruises on the left shoulder, back, and the proximal phalanges of the right hand. On mental status examination, the patient is alert and calm. His mood is described as cheerful. His thought process, thought content, and speech are normal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Intermittent explosive disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder

Antisocial personality disorder for USMLE Step 1: High-Yield Psychiatry Lessons

ASPD 101 - Rule Breakers & Heartbreakers

Pervasive disregard for and violation of the rights of others since age 15.
Must be ≥18 years old for diagnosis, with evidence of Conduct Disorder before age 15.
Key traits: deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, aggression, and a profound lack of remorse.

📌 Mnemonic: CORRUPT

Cannot follow laws
Obligations ignored
Reckless disregard for safety
Remorseless
Underhanded (deceitful)
Planning insufficient (impulsive)
Temper/aggressiveness

⭐ High comorbidity with Substance Use Disorders and incarceration. Often ego-syntonic, so patients rarely seek help voluntarily.

DSM-5 Criteria - The 'CORRUPT' Checklist

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others since age 15, indicated by ≥3 of the following:

📌 CORRUPT

Conformity failure: Not conforming to social norms and laws; repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
Obligations ignored: Irresponsibility; failure to sustain consistent work or honor financial obligations.
Reckless disregard: For the safety of self or others.
Remorseless: Indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.
Underhanded: Deceitfulness, lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
Planning failure: Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead.
Temper: Irritability and aggressiveness; repeated physical fights or assaults.

Diagnostic Rules:

Individual is at least age 18.
Evidence of Conduct Disorder with onset before age 15.

⭐ The distinction between Antisocial Personality Disorder and Conduct Disorder is primarily age-based. ASPD cannot be diagnosed in individuals younger than 18 years old.

Etiology & Associations - Nature, Nurture & Nastiness

Genetic: Strong heritability; variants in genes like MAOA linked to aggression, especially with childhood maltreatment.
Neurobiologic: ↓ CNS arousal (low resting heart rate), underactive prefrontal cortex (impaired judgment), and amygdala dysfunction (decreased fear conditioning).
Environmental: Inconsistent parenting, childhood abuse/neglect, and poverty are significant risk factors.
Associations: High rates of substance use disorders, somatic symptom disorder, and other Cluster B personality disorders.

⭐ A history of Conduct Disorder before age 15 is a mandatory diagnostic criterion.

Clinical Aspects of Antisocial Personality Disorder

Management - A High-Risk Tightrope

Treatment is challenging due to low insight and motivation. The focus is on managing behavior and treating comorbidities rather than curing the disorder.

Psychotherapy (First-line): Cornerstone of management.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Addresses distorted thinking patterns and behaviors.
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Useful for managing anger and emotional dysregulation.
- Therapists must set firm, consistent boundaries.
Pharmacotherapy (Adjunctive): No primary medication for ASPD; used for associated symptoms.
- SSRIs for comorbid depression and anxiety.
- Mood stabilizers or 2nd-gen antipsychotics to reduce impulsivity and aggression.

⭐ Pharmacotherapy targets comorbid conditions like depression or impulsivity, not the core lack of empathy or manipulativeness of ASPD.

High‑Yield Points - ⚡ Biggest Takeaways

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15.

Patients must be at least 18 years old for diagnosis and have a history of Conduct Disorder.

Key features include deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressiveness, irresponsibility, and a profound lack of remorse.

Often associated with criminal behavior and substance use disorders.

Treatment is difficult; psychotherapy (like CBT) is the preferred approach, but insight is limited.

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