Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice Indian Medical PG questions for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Indian Medical PG Question 1: Which of the following is an effective sign of successful neonatal resuscitation?
- A. Change in skin color
- B. Presence of air entry
- C. Increased heart rate (Correct Answer)
- D. None of the options
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Explanation: ***Increased heart rate***
- A definitive increase in **heart rate** (typically above 100 bpm) is the most critical and rapid indicator of effective neonatal resuscitation, signifying improved oxygenation and cardiac output.
- The goal of neonatal resuscitation is to establish effective ventilation, which subsequently leads to an improved heart rate.
*Change in skin color*
- **Skin color** changes, while reassuring, are often a delayed and less reliable indicator of immediate resuscitation success compared to heart rate.
- Peripheral cyanosis can persist even with adequate central oxygenation, making it a subjective and less sensitive marker.
*Presence of air entry*
- While **air entry** into the lungs is essential for effective ventilation, merely hearing breath sounds does not guarantee sufficient oxygen exchange or circulatory improvement.
- Air entry can be present even with ineffective ventilation (e.g., inadequate tidal volume or airway obstruction), and it doesn't directly measure the systemic response.
*None of the options*
- This option is incorrect because **increased heart rate** is indeed a primary and immediate sign of successful neonatal resuscitation.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Indian Medical PG Question 2: Which of the following statements is true or false regarding the CPR technique?
1. Can be given irrespective of rib fracture.
2. An adult chest compression : breath remains 30 : 2 and does not change to 15 : 2 even if 2nd rescuer present.
3. In infants ratio change from 30 : 2 to 15 : 2 when 2nd rescuer arrives.
4. Chest compression at rate of 100 - 120 / min on adults and 90 per minute in infants.
- A. a, b are true & c, d are false
- B. a, c, d are true & b is false
- C. a is false and b, c, d are true
- D. b, c are true & a, d are false (Correct Answer)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Explanation: ***b, c are true & a, d are false***
- Statement 'b' is true because the **compression-to-ventilation ratio for adult CPR remains 30:2** regardless of the number of rescuers, focusing on minimal interruptions to chest compressions [1].
- Statement 'c' is true as the ratio for infant CPR changes from **30:2 for a single rescuer to 15:2 with two rescuers** to improve ventilation effectiveness in a smaller patient.
*a, b are true & c, d are false*
- Statement 'a' is false because **rib fractures are a known complication of CPR** and should be managed, but CPR should still be administered to save a life, even if fractures occur.
- Statement 'd' is false because the recommended **chest compression rate for both adults and infants is 100-120 compressions per minute**, not 90 per minute for infants [1].
*a, c, d are true & b is false*
- Statement 'a' is false; although rib fractures can occur during CPR, it's not a reason to withhold compressions.
- Statement 'd' is false; the chest compression rate for infants is the same as adults, **100-120 compressions per minute** [1].
*a is false and b, c, d are true*
- Statement 'a' is false because chest compressions should still be performed even if rib fractures are suspected or occur during CPR, as the priority is life-saving circulation.
- Statement 'd' is false as the **recommended compression rate for infants is 100-120 per minute**, consistent with adult guidelines, not 90 per minute [1].
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Indian Medical PG Question 3: Which of the following statements given below is incorrect regarding CPR?
- A. Chest compression rate 100-120/min
- B. Depth of chest compression up to 5-6 cm
- C. Ventilation 22-25/ min (Correct Answer)
- D. Allow adequate chest recoil
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Explanation: ***Ventilation 22-25/ min***
- A ventilation rate of 22-25 breaths/min is **too high** for CPR, which typically recommends 10-12 breaths/min, corresponding to 2 breaths after every 30 compressions.
- Excessive ventilation can lead to **hyperventilation**, increasing intrathoracic pressure and reducing venous return, thus decreasing cardiac output.
*Chest compression rate 100-120/min*
- The recommended chest compression rate for adults in CPR is **100-120 compressions per minute**, ensuring adequate blood flow to vital organs.
- Maintaining this rate is crucial for maximizing the effectiveness of chest compressions by providing sufficient circulation.
*Depth of chest compression up to 5-6 cm*
- The recommended depth for adult chest compressions is at least 5 cm (2 inches), but no more than **6 cm (2.4 inches)** to prevent injury.
- This depth ensures that enough pressure is exerted to circulate blood effectively without causing excessive trauma.
*Allow adequate chest recoil*
- Complete chest recoil is essential to allow the heart to **fully refill with blood** between compressions.
- Leaning on the chest between compressions prevents adequate recoil, which can reduce pulmonary and coronary perfusion and **decrease the effectiveness of CPR**.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Indian Medical PG Question 4: Best guide for the management of Resuscitation is:
- A. Saturation of Oxygen
- B. CVP
- C. Blood pressure
- D. Urine output (Correct Answer)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Explanation: ***Urine output***
- **Urine output** is considered the **gold standard** for assessing adequacy of resuscitation as it directly reflects **end-organ perfusion** and **tissue oxygenation**. A target of **0.5-1 mL/kg/hour** indicates adequate renal perfusion and overall circulatory status.
- It serves as a reliable **endpoint of resuscitation** in trauma and critical care protocols, providing objective evidence that fluid resuscitation has achieved adequate **tissue perfusion** and **microcirculatory flow**.
*Saturation of Oxygen*
- While **oxygen saturation** is crucial for ensuring adequate **oxygen delivery** to tissues, it represents only one component of the oxygen delivery equation and doesn't reflect **tissue perfusion** adequacy.
- Maintaining normal oxygen saturation does not guarantee adequate **end-organ perfusion** if cardiac output or tissue perfusion is compromised during resuscitation.
*CVP*
- **Central venous pressure** has poor correlation with actual **intravascular volume status** and **cardiac preload**, making it an unreliable guide for fluid resuscitation.
- CVP measurements are influenced by multiple factors including **ventilator settings**, **tricuspid valve function**, and **chest wall compliance**, limiting its utility as a resuscitation endpoint.
*Blood pressure*
- While **blood pressure** provides immediate feedback on **circulatory status** and is emphasized in current **ACLS** and **ATLS** protocols as an immediate target, it may not accurately reflect **microcirculatory perfusion**.
- Blood pressure can be maintained through **vasoconstriction** while **end-organ perfusion** remains inadequate, making it less reliable than urine output for assessing true resuscitation adequacy.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Indian Medical PG Question 5: What is the dose of adrenaline given to a child with cardiac arrest?
- A. 0.1 ml/kg of 1:10000 solution (Correct Answer)
- B. 0.1 ml/kg of 1:1000 solution
- C. 0.01 ml/kg of 1:1000 solution
- D. 0.01 ml/kg of 1:10000 solution
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Explanation: ***0.1 ml/kg of 1:10000 solution***
- The recommended dose of **adrenaline** (epinephrine) for **pediatric cardiac arrest** is **0.01 mg/kg IV/IO**, which translates to **0.1 ml/kg of a 1:10,000 solution** (0.1 mg/ml).
- This is the **standard concentration** recommended by **AHA PALS guidelines** and international resuscitation protocols for intravenous/intraosseous administration during cardiac arrest.
- The 1:10,000 dilution provides the correct dose in an appropriate volume that is safe for rapid IV/IO bolus administration.
*0.01 ml/kg of 1:10000 solution*
- This volume would deliver only **0.001 mg/kg**, which is a **ten-fold underdose** of adrenaline.
- This insufficient dose would fail to achieve the necessary **vasoconstrictive** and **inotropic effects** required during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
*0.01 ml/kg of 1:1000 solution*
- While this delivers the correct dose (0.01 mg/kg), the **1:1000 concentration** (1 mg/ml) is typically reserved for **intramuscular** or **subcutaneous** administration (e.g., anaphylaxis).
- Using 1:1000 solution IV/IO requires extreme caution due to the high concentration and risk of **dosing errors**; standard resuscitation protocols specify 1:10,000 for IV/IO use.
*0.1 ml/kg of 1:1000 solution*
- This represents a **ten-fold overdose** (0.1 mg/kg) of adrenaline.
- Such an excessive dose can cause severe adverse effects including **severe tachyarrhythmias**, profound hypertension, **myocardial ischemia**, and increased myocardial oxygen demand, which are dangerous during cardiac arrest.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Indian Medical PG Question 6: What is the recommended CPR ratio for infants when performed by 2 rescuers?
- A. 15 : 2 (Correct Answer)
- B. 30 : 2
- C. 1 : 3
- D. 1 : 5
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Explanation: ***15 : 2***
- For **infants and children**, when there are **two or more rescuers**, the recommended compression-to-ventilation ratio is **15 compressions to 2 breaths**.
- This ratio provides a better balance between compressions and ventilations to optimize outcomes in pediatric cardiac arrest.
*30 : 2*
- The **30:2 ratio** is primarily recommended for **adult CPR**, or for **single rescuers** performing CPR on infants and children.
- Using this ratio for two-rescuer infant CPR would likely lead to inadequate ventilation and potentially worse outcomes.
*1 : 3*
- A 1:3 ratio (1 compression to 3 breaths) is not a standard recommended ratio for CPR in any age group based on current guidelines.
- This ratio would significantly prioritize ventilations over chest compressions, which is not ideal for maintaining circulation.
*1 : 5*
- A 1:5 ratio (1 compression to 5 breaths) is not a standard recommended ratio for CPR in any age group.
- This ratio heavily emphasizes ventilations and would result in insufficient chest compressions, which are crucial for blood flow.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Indian Medical PG Question 7: What is the maintenance fluid requirement in a 6 kg child ?
- A. 240 ml/day
- B. 600 ml/day (Correct Answer)
- C. 300 ml/day
- D. 1200 ml/day
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Explanation: **600 ml/day**
- The **Holliday-Segar formula** is used to calculate maintenance fluid requirements. For the first 10 kg of body weight, the requirement is 100 ml/kg/day.
- For a 6 kg child, the calculation is 6 kg * 100 ml/kg/day = **600 ml/day**.
*240 ml/day*
- This value is significantly **lower** than the recommended maintenance fluid for a 6 kg child, which would lead to **dehydration**.
- It does not align with the standard Holliday-Segar formula for this weight.
*300 ml/day*
- This amount is **insufficient** for a 6 kg child's daily maintenance fluid needs and would risk **hypovolemia**.
- It represents roughly half of the calculated requirement based on standard pediatric guidelines.
*1200 ml/day*
- This volume is significantly **higher** than the maintenance fluid requirement for a 6 kg child and could lead to **fluid overload** and hyponatremia.
- This calculation might be appropriate for a much heavier child or in situations of increased fluid loss.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Indian Medical PG Question 8: A pediatric patient presents with a 45-minute history of continuous convulsions. The senior resident (SR) recommends IV lorazepam, but the junior resident (JR) is unable to secure IV access. What is the next best step in management?
- A. Rectal diazepam (Correct Answer)
- B. Intramuscular phenobarbital
- C. Intramuscular midazolam
- D. IV phenytoin
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Explanation: ***Rectal diazepam***
- Rectal diazepam is an **effective first-line alternative** when IV access cannot be obtained in status epilepticus
- It has a **rapid onset of action** (within 2-5 minutes) and can be easily administered in emergency settings
- **Widely available** and part of established pediatric seizure protocols globally
- Both rectal diazepam and IM midazolam are acceptable alternatives per current guidelines
*Intramuscular midazolam*
- IM midazolam is **equally effective** and increasingly preferred in many modern protocols when IV access is unavailable
- The RAMPART trial demonstrated **faster seizure cessation** with IM midazolam compared to rectal diazepam in prehospital settings
- **Both IM midazolam and rectal diazepam** are considered first-line alternatives per WHO and major pediatric emergency guidelines
- Either option is appropriate depending on local protocols and availability
*Intramuscular phenobarbital*
- Phenobarbital has a **slower onset of action** when given intramuscularly (15-30 minutes)
- Typically reserved for **refractory status epilepticus** or as a second-line agent after benzodiazepines have failed
- Not preferred as an immediate alternative to IV lorazepam
*IV phenytoin*
- IV phenytoin **requires IV access**, which is specifically unavailable in this scenario
- It is a second-line antiepileptic for status epilepticus, used after benzodiazepines
- Requires **cardiac monitoring** due to risk of hypotension and arrhythmias
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Indian Medical PG Question 9: Dosage of intravenous fluid for 2 month old child in diarrhea with severe dehydration -
- A. 80 ml/Kg in 6 hour
- B. 50 ml/Kg in 6 hour
- C. 100 ml/Kg in 6 hour (Correct Answer)
- D. 75 ml/Kg in 6 hour
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Explanation: ***100 ml/Kg in 6 hour***
- For infants under 12 months with **severe dehydration** due to diarrhea, the standard recommendation for intravenous fluid resuscitation is to administer **100 ml/kg** over 6 hours.
- This volume is divided, with 30 mL/kg given in the first hour, and the remaining 70 mL/kg given over the subsequent 5 hours, following the **WHO guidelines** for rehydration.
*80 ml/Kg in 6 hour*
- This dosage is **insufficient** for severe dehydration in infants, as it would not adequately replace the significant fluid and electrolyte deficits.
- Undershooting the fluid requirements in severe dehydration can lead to persistent **hypovolemic shock** and worsen clinical outcomes.
*50 ml/Kg in 6 hour*
- This is a **critically low dose** for severe dehydration and would be entirely inadequate for effective rehydration in a 2-month-old.
- Such a low fluid volume would fail to correct **circulatory compromise** and could lead to rapid clinical deterioration.
*75 ml/Kg in 6 hour*
- While closer to the recommended dose than other incorrect options, **75 ml/kg** is still generally considered insufficient for a 2-month-old with severe dehydration.
- This dose may be appropriate for **less severe dehydration** or if fluid therapy is initiated too slowly, putting the infant at risk of incomplete rehydration.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Indian Medical PG Question 10: According to the Lund and Browder chart, what percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) does the head and face represent in a 1-year-old child?
- A. 16%
- B. 10%
- C. 19% (Correct Answer)
- D. 13%
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Explanation: ***19%***
- The **Lund and Browder chart** accounts for age-related variations in body proportions, assigning a larger percentage of **total body surface area (TBSA)** to the head in infants and young children.
- For a **1-year-old child**, the head and face are estimated to represent approximately **19% TBSA**, which decreases with age as the body proportions change.
*16%*
- While 16% is a value sometimes associated with the head, it is not the accurate percentage for a **1-year-old child** according to the **Lund and Browder chart**.
- This percentage is typically closer to that of an **older child** or adult's head, as body proportions change over time.
*10%*
- **10% TBSA** is far too low for the head and face of a **1-year-old child** as per the Lund and Browder chart.
- This value is usually associated with areas like the **arms** in children or the head of an **adult** in some simpler TBSA estimation methods.
*13%*
- **13% TBSA** is an underestimation for the head and face of a **1-year-old child** when using the **Lund and Browder chart**.
- The large relative size of an infant's head means it contributes a significantly higher percentage to their **total body surface area**.
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