Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice Indian Medical PG questions for Role of Non-Governmental Organizations. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Indian Medical PG Question 1: Which of the following is NOT a core component of the WHO's global STI control strategy?
- A. Case management
- B. Universal mandatory screening (Correct Answer)
- C. Strategic information systems
- D. Prevention services
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Explanation: ***Universal mandatory screening***
- While screening is part of STI control, **universal mandatory screening** for all STIs in the general population is not a core component of the WHO's strategy due to feasibility, cost, and ethical considerations.
- The strategy emphasizes **targeted screening** for at-risk populations and opportunistic screening.
*Case management*
- **Case management**, including accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, is a critical component for managing current infections and preventing further transmission.
- This involves syndromic or etiologic approaches to treatment and partner notification.
*Strategic information systems*
- **Strategic information systems** are essential for monitoring trends, evaluating interventions, and informing policy decisions related to STI control.
- This includes surveillance data, program monitoring, and research.
*Prevention services*
- **Prevention services** are a cornerstone of the WHO's strategy, aiming to reduce the incidence of new infections.
- These services encompass health education, condom promotion and distribution, vaccination, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Indian Medical PG Question 2: All of the following conditions are immediate priorities in the WHO's "Vision -2020: The Right to sight" except:
- A. Cataract
- B. Epidemic conjunctivitis (Correct Answer)
- C. Onchocerciasis
- D. Trachoma
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Explanation: ***Epidemic conjunctivitis***
- While **epidemic conjunctivitis** can cause significant discomfort and temporary vision impairment, it is generally **self-limiting** and rarely leads to permanent blindness.
- It was not identified as one of the top five global causes of avoidable blindness targeted by the Vision 2020 initiative.
*Cataract*
- **Cataract** is the **leading cause of blindness** globally, accounting for approximately half of all cases.
- It is a highly treatable condition through surgery, making it a critical priority for Vision 2020.
*Onchocerciasis*
- Also known as **river blindness**, onchocerciasis is a parasitic disease that causes severe visual impairment and blindness.
- It is a significant public health problem in several regions, particularly in Africa, and was a key focus of Vision 2020 due to its widespread impact and the availability of preventive chemotherapy.
*Trachoma*
- **Trachoma** is the **leading infectious cause of blindness** worldwide, caused by *Chlamydia trachomatis*.
- Given its preventable and treatable nature, and its prevalence in many impoverished areas, it was designated as one of the priority diseases under Vision 2020.
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Indian Medical PG Question 3: All are true about Swajaldhara programme except:
- A. Encourage water harvesting practices
- B. Provide drinking water in Rural areas
- C. State government maintain and manage all water supply (Correct Answer)
- D. Community led, participatory program
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Explanation: ***State government maintain and manage all water supply***
- The **Swajaldhara programme** emphasizes a **community-driven approach**, where local communities are responsible for the operation and maintenance of the water supply systems.
- This program aimed to shift away from complete government control, promoting **local ownership and sustainability**.
*Encourage water harvesting practices*
- The Swajaldhara scheme actively promoted and supported **water conservation methods**, including **rainwater harvesting**, to ensure the long-term availability of water resources.
- This was an integral part of its strategy to enhance **water security** in rural areas.
*Provide drinking water in Rural areas*
- The primary objective of the Swajaldhara programme was to improve access to and the quality of **drinking water supplies** in **rural areas** of India.
- It focused on providing safe and adequate drinking water to underserved rural populations.
*Community led, participatory program*
- Swajaldhara was designed as a **demand-driven and community-led initiative**, requiring beneficiaries to contribute to the capital cost and take responsibility for managing the water schemes.
- This **participatory approach** fostered self-reliance and empowerment within the local communities.
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Indian Medical PG Question 4: Which of the following procedures is not typically covered by the National Programme for Control of Blindness (NPCB) for reimbursement of surgery done by a non-governmental organization (NGO) eye hospital?
- A. Cataract surgery
- B. Pan retinal photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy
- C. Syringing and probing of the nasolacrimal duct (Correct Answer)
- D. Trabeculectomy surgery
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Explanation: ***Syringing and probing of the nasolacrimal duct***
- While important for lacrimal drainage issues, procedures like **syringing and probing** are generally considered minor and less vision-restoring compared to the major surgeries targeted by the **NPCB**.
- The **NPCB** focuses on interventions for leading causes of blindness, primarily **cataract** and other significant vision-threatening conditions, which this procedure typically isn't.
*Cataract surgery*
- **Cataract surgery** is a cornerstone of the **NPCB's** efforts, as cataracts are the leading cause of reversible blindness.
- Reimbursement for **cataract surgery** is a primary objective to improve access and reduce the burden of blindness.
*Pan retinal photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy*
- **Diabetic retinopathy** is a major cause of preventable blindness, and **pan retinal photocoagulation (PRP)** is a key intervention to preserve vision.
- The **NPCB** includes procedures for **diabetic retinopathy** management due to its significant public health impact.
*Trabeculectomy surgery*
- **Trabeculectomy** is a surgical procedure for **glaucoma**, which is another significant cause of irreversible blindness.
- The **NPCB** includes interventions for **glaucoma** given its severe vision-threatening nature and the need for surgical management in many cases.
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Indian Medical PG Question 5: All of the following are the targets for National Programme for Control of Blindness (NPCB), EXCEPT:
- A. Development of 50 pediatric ophthalmic units
- B. Increase cataract surgery rate to 450 operations per lakh population
- C. Intraocular lens implantation in more than 80 percent cataract surgery cases
- D. 100% coverage of vitamin A prophylaxis doses from 9 months to 3 years of age (Correct Answer)
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Explanation: ***100% coverage of vitamin A prophylaxis doses from 9 months to 3 years of age***
- This objective is typically associated with the **Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) program** and efforts to combat **Vitamin A deficiency**, not directly with the core targets of the National Programme for Control of Blindness (NPCB).
- While vitamin A deficiency can lead to blindness, the NPCB's primary focus has historically been on treatable causes of blindness such as **cataract** and **refractive errors**.
*Development of 50 pediatric ophthalmic units*
- The NPCB aims to **strengthen ophthalmic services**, and the development of specialized pediatric units is a crucial component to address childhood blindness.
- This target aligns with the program's focus on **preventing and treating blindness** across all age groups, including children.
*Increase cataract surgery rate to 450 operations per lakh population*
- **Cataract** is the leading cause of blindness in India, and increasing the **cataract surgery rate** is a key strategic objective of the NPCB to reduce the burden of preventable blindness.
- This specific numerical target reflects the program's commitment to **scaling up surgical interventions**.
*Intraocular lens implantation in more than 80 percent cataract surgery cases*
- The NPCB emphasizes not just the quantity but also the **quality of cataract surgeries** performed.
- Promoting **intraocular lens (IOL) implantation** in a high percentage of cases ensures better visual outcomes and rehabilitation for patients.
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Indian Medical PG Question 6: Which of the following is recognized as the apex national institute of ophthalmology in India?
- A. Dr. R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi (Correct Answer)
- B. Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai
- C. Advanced Eye Care, PGIMER, Chandigarh
- D. Regional Institute of Ophthalmology (RIO)
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Explanation: ***Dr. R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, New Delhi***
- Dr. R P Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences at AIIMS, New Delhi, is widely recognized as the **apex national institute for ophthalmology in India**, leading in patient care, research, and education.
- Its status is attributed to its comprehensive facilities, advanced research, and significant contributions to **ophthalmic training and healthcare policy** at a national level.
*Shankara Netralaya, Chennai*
- Though a highly reputed and large-scale eye hospital, Sankara Nethralaya is a **private, not-for-profit institution** and does not hold the official "apex national institute" designation.
- It is renowned for its clinical excellence and research but primarily operates as a **tertiary care center** rather than a national apex body.
*Advanced Eye Care, PGIMER, Chandigarh*
- The Advanced Eye Centre at PGIMER, Chandigarh, is a prominent **regional institute** and a center of excellence in ophthalmology in North India.
- While it provides high-quality care and education, it is not designated as the **national apex body** for ophthalmology across India.
*Regional Institute of Ophthalmology (RIO)*
- There are several Regional Institutes of Ophthalmology (RIOs) located across different states in India, established to provide **specialized eye care** and training within their respective regions.
- Each RIO serves as a **regional hub**, but no single RIO represents the overall national apex institution for ophthalmology in India.
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Indian Medical PG Question 7: Under the WHO "Vision 2020" program, the "SAFE" strategy is adopted for which of the following diseases:
- A. Glaucoma
- B. Onchocerciasis
- C. Trachoma (Correct Answer)
- D. Diabetic retinopathy
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Explanation: ***Trachoma***
* The SAFE strategy is an acronym for **Surgery** for trichiasis, **Antibiotics** to treat infection (especially azithromycin), **Facial cleanliness**, and **Environmental improvement** to prevent transmission.
* This comprehensive approach is central to the global elimination efforts for **trachoma**, as outlined by the WHO's Vision 2020 initiative.
*Glaucoma*
* Glaucoma management typically involves **medications (eye drops)** to lower intraocular pressure, laser therapy, or **surgery** to improve fluid drainage from the eye.
* The SAFE strategy with its specific components (Surgery for trichiasis, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, Environmental improvement) is not applicable to the pathophysiology or treatment of **glaucoma**.
*Onchocerciasis*
* Onchocerciasis, or **river blindness**, is primarily controlled through mass drug administration of **ivermectin** to kill microfilariae and prevent new infections.
* While both are Neglected Tropical Diseases causing blindness, the SAFE strategy is not designed for **onchocerciasis** prevention or treatment, which focuses on vector control and anthelmintic drugs.
*Diabetic retinopathy*
* Management of diabetic retinopathy focuses on **strict glycemic control**, managing blood pressure and lipids, and interventions such as **laser photocoagulation**, intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents, or vitrectomy for severe cases.
* The term "SAFE strategy" with its specific interventions relates to bacterial infection control and environmental hygiene, which are not primary methods for managing **diabetic retinopathy**.
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Indian Medical PG Question 8: A boy presented with multiple non suppurative osteomyelitis with sickle cell anaemia. What will be the causative organism?
- A. Salmonella (Correct Answer)
- B. H. influenzae
- C. Enterobacter species
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Explanation: ***Salmonella***
- **Salmonella species** are a well-known cause of **osteomyelitis** in patients with **sickle cell anemia**, due to factors like gut mucosal damage and functional asplenia. [1]
- The unique pathophysiology of sickle cell disease, including areas of bone infarction and compromised reticulendothelial system function, predisposes these patients to **Salmonella infections**. [1]
*Staphylococcus aureus*
- While **Staphylococcus aureus** is the most common cause of osteomyelitis in the general population, it is less likely to be the causative organism in patients with **sickle cell anemia** compared to Salmonella.
- Its presence usually indicates other predisposing factors like trauma or prosthetic devices.
*H. influenzae*
- **Haemophilus influenzae** was a common cause of osteomyelitis in children before widespread vaccination but is now rare, especially with routine immunizations.
- It is not specifically associated with a higher risk in patients with **sickle cell disease** for osteomyelitis compared to other pathogens.
*Enterobacter species*
- **Enterobacter species** can cause osteomyelitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or following surgery, but they are not uniquely associated with **sickle cell anemia** as a primary cause compared to Salmonella.
- Their involvement in non-suppurative osteomyelitis in this specific patient population is less common.
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Indian Medical PG Question 9: Vision 2020 "The right to sight" includes all except-
- A. Measles induced blindness (Correct Answer)
- B. Onchocerciasis
- C. Trachoma
- D. Cataract
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Explanation: ***Measles induced blindness***
- Vision 2020 primarily targets conditions that are either preventable or treatable with *cost-effective interventions* and contribute significantly to *avoidable blindness*.
- While measles can cause blindness, the specific program focuses on a defined list of priority diseases for intervention, and measles-related blindness is generally addressed through broader public health initiatives (vaccination) rather than direct "right to sight" surgical or direct medical interventions for established blindness.
*Onchocerciasis*
- **Onchocerciasis** (river blindness) is a major focus of Vision 2020 due to its profound impact on sight, particularly in endemic areas.
- It is a **preventable** and **treatable** cause of blindness through mass drug administration.
*Trachoma*
- **Trachoma** is recognized as one of the leading infectious causes of blindness globally and is explicitly targeted by Vision 2020 through the **SAFE strategy** (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, Environmental improvement).
- It is a highly **preventable** and **treatable** condition, fitting the program's objectives.
*Cataract*
- **Cataract** is the leading cause of blindness worldwide and is highly **treatable** through a relatively simple and cost-effective surgical procedure.
- Providing cataract surgery is a cornerstone of the Vision 2020 initiative to restore sight.
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Indian Medical PG Question 10: What does the following image show?
- A. Anterior uveitis
- B. Membranous conjunctivitis
- C. Pannus (Correct Answer)
- D. Pseudomembranous conjunctivitis
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Explanation: ***Pannus***
- The image distinctly shows **new blood vessels growing into the cornea** from the limbus, which is characteristic of pannus formation. This vascularization often accompanies chronic inflammation or hypoxia.
- This condition is a hallmark of certain ophthalmic diseases, such as **trachoma** or chronic irritation from prolonged **contact lens wear**.
*Anterior uveitis*
- Anterior uveitis presents with inflammation of the iris and ciliary body, typically causing **ciliary flush**, **miosis**, and cells/flare in the anterior chamber, which are not the primary features shown.
- While uveitis can sometimes lead to corneal changes, the prominent **vascularization extending onto the cornea** is not its defining visual characteristic.
*Membranous conjunctivitis*
- Membranous conjunctivitis is characterized by the formation of a **true membrane on the conjunctiva** that binds tightly to the underlying epithelium, often caused by severe bacterial infections like *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*.
- The image does not show a membrane on the conjunctival surface; instead, it highlights **corneal vascularization**.
*Pseudomembranous conjunctivitis*
- Pseudomembranous conjunctivitis involves a **fibrinous exudate loosely adherent** to the conjunctiva, which can be peeled off without significant bleeding, as seen in adenoviral conjunctivitis.
- The findings in the image, specifically **vascular ingrowth into the cornea**, are not consistent with the appearance of a pseudomembrane on the conjunctiva.
More Role of Non-Governmental Organizations Indian Medical PG questions available in the OnCourse app. Practice MCQs, flashcards, and get detailed explanations.
