Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice Indian Medical PG questions for Vector-Borne Disease Shifts. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Indian Medical PG Question 1: Which of the following viral infections is transmitted by tick?
- A. Ehrlichiosis
- B. Lyme disease
- C. Rocky Mountain spotted fever
- D. Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) (Correct Answer)
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Explanation: ***Kyasanur forest disease (KFD)***
- KFD is a **viral hemorrhagic fever** caused by the Kyasanur Forest disease virus, a member of the *Flaviviridae* family.
- It is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected **ticks**, especially *Haemaphysalis spinigera*.
*Ehrlichiosis*
- Ehrlichiosis is a **bacterial infection** caused by *Ehrlichia* species, not a viral infection.
- It is transmitted by **ticks**, primarily the **lone star tick** (*Amblyomma americanum*).
*Lyme disease*
- Lyme disease is a **bacterial infection** caused by *Borrelia burgdorferi*, not a viral infection.
- It is transmitted by **ticks**, notably the **black-legged tick** (*Ixodes scapularis*).
*Rocky Mountain spotted fever*
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a **bacterial infection** caused by *Rickettsia rickettsii*, not a viral infection.
- It is transmitted by **ticks**, such as the **American dog tick**, **Rocky Mountain wood tick**, and **brown dog tick**.
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Indian Medical PG Question 2: Patient: fever, joint pain, rash. Recent history of mosquito bite. Most likely diagnosis in urban area?
- A. Dengue
- B. Japanese Encephalitis
- C. Malaria
- D. Chikungunya (Correct Answer)
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Explanation: ***Chikungunya***
- **Chikungunya** is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that commonly presents with **fever**, severe **joint pain** (polyarthralgia), and a **rash**, fitting the patient's symptoms.
- Its high prevalence in **urban areas** and recent history of **mosquito bites** make it a strong diagnostic consideration.
*Dengue*
- While Dengue also causes **fever** [1] and a **rash**, it is more typically associated with **severe muscle and bone pain** ("breakbone fever"), and **hemorrhagic manifestations** or shock, which are not mentioned.
- **Joint pain** in dengue is usually less debilitating than in chikungunya.
*Japanese Encephalitis*
- This is a serious **neurological infection** characterized by **fever**, **headache**, seizures, and altered mental status, rather than prominent joint pain and rash.
- It primarily affects the **brain** and is less likely to present with this specific symptom triad.
*Malaria*
- Malaria is characterized by **cyclic fevers**, chills, sweating, and fatigue, but typically **does not present with a rash** [1] or significant joint pain.
- It is caused by a **parasite** transmitted by *Anopheles* mosquitoes, and its clinical picture differs from the described symptoms.
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Indian Medical PG Question 3: NVBDCP includes all except ?
- A. Filariasis
- B. Malaria
- C. Kala-azar
- D. Yellow fever (Correct Answer)
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Explanation: ***Yellow fever***
- Yellow fever is a **viral hemorrhagic fever** transmitted by infected mosquitoes, primarily **Aedes aegypti**.
- While a significant public health concern, it is **not included in India's National Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)**, as it is not endemic to India.
*Filariasis*
- **Lymphatic filariasis** (elephantiasis) is a major vector-borne disease in India, caused by parasitic worms transmitted by mosquitoes.
- It is a key component of the NVBDCP, which focuses on its elimination through **mass drug administration** and vector control.
*Malaria*
- **Malaria**, caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, is a cornerstone of the NVBDCP.
- The program actively implements strategies for **case detection, treatment, vector control**, and preventing outbreaks.
*Kala-azar*
- **Kala-azar** (visceral leishmaniasis) is a severe parasitic disease transmitted by **sandflies**, making it a vector-borne disease.
- It is one of the six diseases targeted by the NVBDCP for elimination, particularly in endemic regions of India.
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Indian Medical PG Question 4: Kala azar is transmitted by:
- A. Tse tse fly
- B. Sandfly (Correct Answer)
- C. Hard tick
- D. Culex mosquito
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Explanation: ***Sandfly***
- **Kala azar**, also known as **visceral leishmaniasis**, is a severe parasitic disease caused by **Leishmania donovani**.
- This parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected female **phlebotomine sandfly**.
*Tse tse fly*
- The **tse tse fly** is the vector for **African trypanosomiasis**, also known as **sleeping sickness**.
- It transmits **Trypanosoma brucei**, a different parasitic organism than the one causing kala azar.
*Hard tick*
- **Hard ticks** are vectors for several diseases, including **Lyme disease** (Borrelia burgdorferi), **Rocky Mountain spotted fever** (Rickettsia rickettsii), and **anaplasmosis**.
- They are not associated with the transmission of leishmaniasis.
*Culex mosquito*
- The **Culex mosquito** is a common vector for diseases such as **West Nile virus**, **Japanese encephalitis**, and **filariasis**.
- It does not transmit the **Leishmania parasite** responsible for kala azar.
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Indian Medical PG Question 5: Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by which of the following?
- A. Tse tse fly
- B. Reduviid bug (Correct Answer)
- C. Culex mosquito
- D. Sand fly
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Explanation: ***Reduviid bug***
- *Trypanosoma cruzi*, the causative agent of **Chagas disease**, is primarily transmitted to humans through the feces of infected **reduviid bugs**, also known as **kissing bugs**.
- The bug typically bites a person, often around the face, and then defecates near the bite wound, allowing the parasite to enter when the person scratches or rubs the area.
*Tse tse fly*
- The **tsetse fly** is the vector for **African trypanosomiasis** (sleeping sickness), caused by *Trypanosoma brucei*.
- This fly is geographically restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, whereas *Trypanosoma cruzi* is prevalent in the Americas.
*Culex mosquito*
- **Culex mosquitoes** are known vectors for various diseases, including **West Nile virus**, **Japanese encephalitis**, and **filariasis**.
- They are not involved in the transmission of *Trypanosoma cruzi*.
*Sand fly*
- **Sand flies** transmit **Leishmaniasis**, a parasitic disease caused by various species of *Leishmania*.
- They are also responsible for transmitting **Bartonellosis** and some types of **Arboviruses**, but not Chagas disease.
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Indian Medical PG Question 6: Which of the following is the most important indicator for measuring the communicability of a disease?
- A. Prevalence rate
- B. Incidence rate
- C. Secondary attack rate (Correct Answer)
- D. Primary attack rate
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Explanation: ***Secondary attack rate***
- The **secondary attack rate** directly measures the proportion of susceptible individuals who develop a disease after being exposed to a primary case.
- It is a crucial indicator of a disease's **communicability** or **contagious spread** within a close-contact group.
*Prevalence rate*
- **Prevalence rate** describes the total number of existing cases in a population at a specific time or over a period.
- While useful for disease burden, it does not specifically indicate how easily a disease spreads from person to person.
*Incidence rate*
- The **incidence rate** measures the rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population over a specified period.
- It reflects the risk of contracting a disease but doesn't directly quantify person-to-person transmissibility in close contacts.
*Primary attack rate*
- The **primary attack rate** is often used interchangeably with incidence rate during an outbreak, referring to the proportion of exposed individuals who become ill.
- While related to new cases, it doesn't specifically target the spread from a known primary case to secondary contacts.
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Indian Medical PG Question 7: The best indicator for a potential explosiveness of plague outbreak is:
- A. Burrow index
- B. Cheopis index (Correct Answer)
- C. Specific percentage of fleas
- D. Total flea index
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Explanation: ***Cheopis index***
- The **Cheopis index** (average number of *Xenopsylla cheopis* fleas per rodent) is the **best indicator for explosive plague outbreaks**.
- *X. cheopis* (oriental rat flea) is the **primary vector** of *Yersinia pestis* and most efficient at transmission.
- When the Cheopis index **exceeds 1.0**, it indicates critical conditions for rapid epidemic spread and explosive outbreak potential.
- This index specifically measures the most dangerous vector species, making it the most precise predictor of outbreak explosiveness.
*Total flea index*
- Measures the average number of **all flea species** per rodent, regardless of vector competence.
- While useful for general surveillance, it **lacks specificity** as it includes non-vector or less efficient vector species.
- Does not specifically predict explosiveness as effectively as focusing on the primary vector species.
*Burrow index*
- Reflects rodent population density and activity (number of active burrows per hectare).
- Indicates **host availability** but not the immediate transmission risk from vectors.
- Important for understanding epizootic conditions but indirect measure of outbreak potential.
*Specific percentage of fleas*
- This term is **vague and non-standard** in plague epidemiology terminology.
- Could refer to various metrics (percentage infected, percentage of specific species) without clear definition.
- Not a recognized standardized indicator for plague surveillance.
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Indian Medical PG Question 8: Emergency or re-emergence seen in which of the following organisms?
a) Polio virus
b) Measles virus
c) Nipah virus
d) West Nile virus
e) Ebola virus
- A. abd
- B. Hepatitis B virus
- C. bde
- D. cde (Correct Answer)
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Explanation: ***cde***
- **Nipah virus** is a well-known **emerging infectious disease** due to spillover from animal reservoirs.
- **West Nile virus** is considered a **re-emerging pathogen** that has spread globally, causing outbreaks.
- **Ebola virus** is famously associated with several **re-emergence events** in Africa, characterized by high fatality rates.
*abd*
- **Polio virus** is targeted for eradication and, while still circulating in some regions, is not typically classified as an emerging or re-emerging disease in the same context as the others.
- **Measles virus** is a vaccine-preventable disease that can cause outbreaks due to waning immunity or unvaccinated populations, but its pattern is more of a persistent public health challenge rather than true emergence/re-emergence.
*Hepatitis B virus*
- **Hepatitis B virus** is a chronic global health burden but is not considered an emerging or re-emerging virus; it has been endemic for many decades.
- Its transmission patterns and epidemiological profile are well-established.
*bde*
- **Measles virus**, as mentioned, is not typically categorized as an emerging or re-emerging infectious disease.
- The combination here incorrectly groups measles with true emerging/re-emerging pathogens.
*ade*
- **Polio virus** is primarily a target for eradication, not an emerging or re-emerging pathogen.
- This option incorrectly includes polio within the category of emerging/re-emerging diseases.
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Indian Medical PG Question 9: With regard to the Goals, Milestones and Targets for the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria (2016-2030), consider the following statements:
1. Compared to 2015, the target is to reduce the malaria mortality rates globally by at least 90% by year 2030
2. Compared to 2015, the target is to reduce malaria case incidence by 90% by year 2030
3. Eliminate malaria from at least 35 countries, where malaria was transmitted in 2015, by year 2030
Which of the above statements hold true?
- A. 1 and 3 only
- B. 1 and 2 only
- C. 2 and 3 only
- D. 1, 2 and 3 (Correct Answer)
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Explanation: ***1, 2 and 3***
- All three statements accurately reflect the **core targets** set by the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria (2016-2030).
- These ambitious goals aim to achieve significant reductions in malaria burden and eventual eradication in many regions.
*1 and 3 only*
- This option is incorrect because it omits statement 2, which is a verified goal for **reducing malaria case incidence**.
- All three statements are indeed part of the strategy's published objectives.
*1 and 2 only*
- This option is incorrect as it excludes statement 3 regarding the **elimination of malaria** from at least 35 countries.
- The strategy encompasses all three stated objectives for global malaria control.
*2 and 3 only*
- This option is incorrect because it fails to include statement 1, which specifies the target for **reducing malaria mortality rates**.
- The strategy explicitly addresses all three aspects: mortality, incidence, and country-level elimination.
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Indian Medical PG Question 10: Which one of the following was a major outcome of the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992?
- A. Setting up of bio-safety standards
- B. Global strategy for control of pandemics
- C. Framework Convention on Climate Change (Correct Answer)
- D. Framework on strategies for sustainable development
Vector-Borne Disease Shifts Explanation: **Explanation:**
The **United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)**, popularly known as the **Earth Summit**, was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Its primary objective was to reconcile worldwide economic development with environmental protection.
**Why Option C is Correct:**
The most significant outcome of the 1992 Earth Summit was the adoption of the **United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)**. This international treaty aimed to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. This framework eventually led to the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015).
**Analysis of Incorrect Options:**
* **Option A:** Bio-safety standards were primarily addressed later through the **Cartagena Protocol (2000)**, which focused on the safe handling and transfer of living modified organisms (LMOs).
* **Option B:** Global strategies for pandemic control are governed by the **International Health Regulations (IHR)** under the WHO, not the Earth Summit.
* **Option C vs D:** While "Agenda 21" (a plan for sustainable development) was an outcome of the summit, it is a non-binding action plan. The **UNFCCC** is the landmark legal framework/convention specifically associated with the Rio Summit in the context of global environmental policy.
**High-Yield Facts for NEET-PG:**
* **Agenda 21:** A comprehensive blueprint for global action on sustainable development signed at the Rio Summit.
* **Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):** Another key legally binding treaty opened for signature at the 1992 Earth Summit.
* **Climate Change & Health:** NEET-PG often links this to the spread of vector-borne diseases (e.g., Malaria, Dengue) and heat-related illnesses.
* **Kyoto Protocol (1997):** Focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, Methane, Nitrous oxide, HFCs, PFCs, SF6).
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