Congenital heart defects requiring surgery — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Malrotation can lead to _____ and duodenal obstruction

Answer: volvulus

Flashcard 2: What is the preferred surgical treatment for Mitral Valve Prolapse (Barlow syndrome)?

Answer: Mitral valve repair (preferred over replacement)

Extra: Mitral valve repair is the preferred surgical approach for Barlow syndrome (severe myxomatous mitral valve disease) because it preserves ventricular function and avoids the complications of prosthetic valves (e.g., anticoagulation, endocarditis risk).

Flashcard 3: _____ occurs due to twisting of the spermatic cord, which leads to obstruction of the thin-walled pampiniform plexus.

Answer: Testicular torsion

Flashcard 4: What is the treatment for normal pressure hydrocephalus? _____

Answer: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting

Flashcard 5: How is a large ventricular septal defect treated? _____

Answer: Surgical closure

Flashcard 6: What is the treatment for congenital hydrocephalus?_____

Answer: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Flashcard 7: Treatment for aortic stenosis is _____ after the onset of complications

Answer: valve replacement

Flashcard 8: What is the most common embryological origin of a congenital pharyngo-cutaneous fistula?

Answer: Persistence of the 2nd branchial cleft and pouch.

Extra: Congenital pharyngo-cutaneous fistulas (branchial fistulas) most commonly arise from the second branchial arch. The fistula typically tracks from the tonsillar fossa (pouch origin), between the internal and external carotid arteries, and opens onto the skin at the lower third of the neck anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. 3rd/4th arch remnants are much rarer and typically involve the pyriform sinus.

Flashcard 9: Definition and key feature of Gastroschisis:

Answer: Extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds, not covered by peritoneum.

Extra: Gastroschisis occurs due to a failure of involution of the right umbilical vein or a vascular accident involving the omphalomesenteric artery. It is typically found to the right of the umbilical cord insertion. Unlike omphalocele, it is NOT covered by a sac (peritoneum).

Flashcard 10: What are the 5 types of tracheoesophageal anomalies (Gross classification)?

Answer: 1. Pure Esophageal Atresia (EA) 2. EA with distal Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF) (Most common) 3. Pure TEF (H-type / no atresia) 4. EA with proximal TEF 5. EA with double TEF (both proximal and distal)

Extra: These correspond to the Gross classification of EA/TEF: - Type A: Pure EA - Type B: EA with proximal TEF - Type C: EA with distal TEF (~85% of cases) - Type D: EA with both proximal and distal TEF - Type E: H-type (Pure TEF without atresia)