Respiratory — Flashcards
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How does hyperventilation affect ICP?
In what situations is hyperventilation therapuetic?
What type of cytoskeletal element is most associated with flagella?
What type of cytoskeletal element is most associated with cilia?
Explain the substructure of cilia.
The + end of a microtubule usually points toward?
The smooth muscle of the conducting airways of the lung _____ in response to parasympathetic activation of muscarinic receptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by increased _____
When the diaphragm contracts, the abdominal contents are pushed _____
Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by a(n) _____ residual volume and functional residual capacity
Respiratory US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Respiratory with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Respiratory Flashcard Deck - 322 Cards
Flashcard 1: How does hyperventilation affect ICP?
Answer: low PCO2 leads to less cerebral blood flow, reducing ICP
Flashcard 2: In what situations is hyperventilation therapuetic?
Answer: increased ICP
Flashcard 3: What type of cytoskeletal element is most associated with flagella?
Answer: microtubules
Flashcard 4: What type of cytoskeletal element is most associated with cilia?
Answer: microtubules
Flashcard 5: Explain the substructure of cilia.
Answer: 9 microtubule doublets + 2 solitary microtubules (9+2 arrangement) with dyenin arms that link peripheral doublets
Flashcard 6: The + end of a microtubule usually points toward?
Answer: exterior of cell
Flashcard 7: The smooth muscle of the conducting airways of the lung _____ in response to parasympathetic activation of muscarinic receptors
Answer: constrict
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 8: Peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by increased _____
Answer: Paco2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 9: When the diaphragm contracts, the abdominal contents are pushed _____
Answer: downwards
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/introduction-to-the-respiratory-system?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 10: Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by a(n) _____ residual volume and functional residual capacity
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch Restrictive Lung Disease (Overview) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-restrictive-lung-disease-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 11: The cilia on the hair cells of the semicircular canal are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the _____
Answer: cupula
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/ears?index=13] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 12: What kind of flow volume pattern would compression atelectasis cause? _____
Answer: Restrictive
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: _____ is defined as the permanent dilatation of bronchioles and bronchi
Answer: Bronchiectasis
Extra: Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: Club (clara) cells of the lung secrete a component of _____ and act as reserve cells
Answer: surfactant
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/introduction-to-the-respiratory-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 15: The law of Laplace states that the collapsing pressure of an alveoli, P, is equal to _____
Answer: 2T / r
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 16: The _____ respiratory group is primarily responsible for expiration and is not active during normal, quiet breathing
Answer: ventral
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/brainstem-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: In zone 2 of the lung, blood flow is driven by the difference between _____ and _____ pressure
Answer: arteriolar
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 18: What type of upper airway obstruction is seen in vocal cord paralysis / dysfunction and laryngeal tumors? _____
Answer: Variable extrathoracic obstruction
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: The normal value for the ratio of FEV1/FVC is approximately _____
Answer: 0.8
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 20: In most organs, hypoxia leads to compensatory vaso-_____
Answer: dilation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: What is the effect of emphysema on functional residual capacity (FRC)? _____
Answer: Increased FRC
Extra: * due to increased compliance for lungs to increase volume at lower pressures Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: What is the effect of pulmonary fibrosis on functional residual capacity (FRC)? _____
Answer: Decreased FRC
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 23: The _____ of the cochlea (basilar membrane) is thin and rigid
Answer: base
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/ears?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 24: The volume that remains in the lungs after maximal forced expiration is the _____
Answer: residual volume
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: The dorsal respiratory group receives sensory input from lung stretch receptors via the _____ nerve
Answer: vagus (CN X)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/lungs?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 26: According to the law of Laplace, a small alveolus will have a(n) _____ collapsing pressure
Answer: high
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: What is the typical normal value for anatomic dead space (mL)? _____
Answer: 150 mL
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: The CFTR Cl- channel _____ Cl- in the lungs and GI tract
Answer: secretes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 29: How does the volume of breath change during expiration? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: REM sleep may play a role in _____ processing
Answer: memory
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/sleep-and-psychosomatic-conditions?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/sleep-physiology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 31: In utero, "breathing" occurs via aspiration and expulsion of _____, causing increased pulmonary vascular resistance through gestation
Answer: amniotic fluid
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/thoracic-systems-respiratory-and-cardiovascular?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 32: Is respiration possible during the pseudoglandular period of lung development? _____
Answer: No; incompatible with life
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/thoracic-systems-respiratory-and-cardiovascular?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 33: The _____ respiratory center is located in the reticular formation and contains an inspiratory and expiratory center
Answer: medullary
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/brainstem-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 34: Where are the central chemoreceptors located? _____
Answer: Medulla
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: In zone 3 (base) of the lung, alveolar ventilation (V) is _____
Answer: highest
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: In zone 3 (base) of the lung, blood flow (Q) is _____
Answer: highest
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 37: When supplemental oxygen is administered to a patient with longstanding COPD, the rapid increase in PaO2 can reduce _____ stimulation
Answer: peripheral chemoreceptor
Extra: Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 38: The partial pressure of a gas (Px) in humidified tracheal air is equal to _____
Answer: (PB - PH2O) * F
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/gas-exchange/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 39: In cystic fibrosis, increased intracellular Cl- results in compensatory increased Na+ _____ via epithelial Na+ channels
Answer: reabsorption
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 40: Rank the following variables for zone 3 of the lung: PA, Pa, and Pv _____
Answer: Pa > Pv > PA
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on the smooth muscle of the conducting airways of the lung? _____
Answer: Constriction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 42: What is the effect of increased viscosity (e.g. deep-sea diving) on airway resistance? _____
Answer: Increased resistance
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 43: What is the effect of decreased viscosity (e.g. helium inhalation) on airway resistance? _____
Answer: Decreased resistance
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: Which frequencies (high or low) are typically lost first with noise-induced hearing loss? _____
Answer: High frequencies
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/auditory-sensation?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: Which stage of sleep do young adults spend the least time in? _____
Answer: Stage N1 (5%)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/sleep-and-psychosomatic-conditions?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/sleep-physiology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 46: _____ describes a change from areflexia --> hyporeflexia --> hyperreflexia in patients with spinal cord injuries
Answer: Spinal Shock
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: The sum of the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume is known as _____
Answer: inspiratory capacity
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 48: In response to decreased atmospheric oxygen (e.g. high altitude), there is a(n) _____ Pao2
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=20] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: Breathing as an involuntary process is controlled by the _____ and pons of the brain stem
Answer: medulla
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/brainstem-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 50: Which cranial nerve is most responsible for talking and coughing? _____
Answer: Vagus nerve (CN X)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-7-12?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 51: How does minute ventilation change during pregnancy? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: During exercise or in diseases with increased airway resistance (e.g. asthma), _____ muscles and internal intercostal muscles may be used to aid expiration
Answer: abdominal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/introduction-to-the-respiratory-system?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 53: Pacinian corpuscles adapt _____
Answer: quickly
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/skin?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 54: What muscles are normally used for expiration at rest? _____
Answer: none :) (normally passive)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/introduction-to-the-respiratory-system?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: The dorsal respiratory group receives sensory input from peripheral chemoreceptors via the _____ and _____ nerves
Answer: glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/lungs?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: The volume of the anatomic dead space plus the alveolar dead space comprises the "_____ dead space"
Answer: physiologic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: In _____ lung disease, the FEV1/FVC is normal or increased
Answer: restrictive
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: What neurotransmitter mediates relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter in response to swallowing? _____
Answer: VIP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: The major site of airway resistance is the _____
Answer: medium-sized bronchi
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: If a sharp object punctures the intrapleural space (pneumothorax), the intrapleural pressure becomes _____
Answer: equal to atmospheric pressure
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: What is the effect of high lung volumes on airway resistance? _____
Answer: Decreased resistance
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 62: Without surfactant, small alveoli are more likely to collapse, which is termed _____
Answer: atelectasis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 63: The volume of the _____ zone of the lung comprises the "anatomic dead space"
Answer: conducting
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/introduction-to-the-respiratory-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: Fetal pulmonary vascular resistance is very _____ because of generalized hypoxic vaso-_____
Answer: high
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/pulmonary-circulation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: Does the conducting zone of the lung participate in gas exchange? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/introduction-to-the-respiratory-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: The additional volume that can be inspired above tidal volume is the _____
Answer: inspiratory reserve volume
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: Which lung volume cannot be measured on spirometry? _____
Answer: Residual volume
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: Pulmonary vascular resistance is lowest is near the _____
Answer: Functional Residual Capacity
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: During exercise or respiratory distress, the _____ muscles and accessory muscles may be used for vigorous inspiration
Answer: external intercostal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/introduction-to-the-respiratory-system?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: In the brain, histamine may regulate sleep and arousal via its _____ receptor
Answer: H1
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Respiratory (Antihistamines) Watch Antihistamines [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle/videos/medical-pharmacology-smooth-muscle-allergy-and-pulmonary-antihistamines?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: Hysteresis occurs due to the need to overcome _____ forces during lung inflation (inspiration)
Answer: surface tension
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: IgA crosses epithelial cells by _____
Answer: transcytosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 73: In response to exercise, there is _____ ventilation rate to meet O2 demand
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Exercise%20Physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: The most common pulmonary function test indicator of obesity related disease is a reduction in _____
Answer: expiratory reserve volume
Extra: Watch Restrictive Lung Disease (Overview) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-restrictive-lung-disease-restrictive-lung-disease-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: As the alveolar pressure becomes negative relative to the atmosphere (mid-inspiration), air flows _____
Answer: inwards
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 76: In restrictive lung disease, the flow volume loops shifts to the _____
Answer: right*
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/restrictive-lung-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki smaller lung volumes
Flashcard 77: Increased H2O reabsorption in CF results in abnormally _____ mucus secreted into the lungs and GI tract
Answer: thick
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: Patients with long-standing COPD have decreased sensitivity to _____
Answer: PaCO2
Extra: Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: _____ contractions serve to mix intestinal contents; "back-and-forth movement"
Answer: Segmentation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: The _____ esophageal sphincter prevents gastric contents from entering the esophagus
Answer: lower
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 81: Which leukotriene attracts and activates neutrophils? _____
Answer: Leukotriene B4
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 82: Stimulation of the _____ nerve can be used as a therapy for obstructive sleep apnea by increasing the diameter of the oropharyngeal airway
Answer: hypoglossal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: The _____ lining the epithelium of the respiratory tract help clear mucus and debris from the lungs via the mucociliary escalator
Answer: cilia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/introduction-to-the-respiratory-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 84: Does "locked in" syndrome result in loss of consciousness? _____
Answer: No (preserved consciousness)
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: Mucosal defenses include normal _____, which provides nutrients and picks up leaked acids
Answer: blood supply
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Robbins:
Flashcard 86: _____ ventilation is the volume of gas per unit time that reaches the alveoli (accounts for physiologic dead space)
Answer: Alveolar
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: What flow volume pattern would alveolar hyaline membranes (ARDS) cause? _____
Answer: Restrictive
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on the smooth muscle of the conducting airways of the lung? _____
Answer: Relaxation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 89: The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after normal expiration is the _____
Answer: functional residual capacity
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: _____ ventilation is the total volume of gas that enters the lungs per unit time
Answer: Minute
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: A lung with _____ compliance is harder to fill
Answer: low
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 92: Rank the following variables for zone 1 of the lung: PA, Pa, and Pv _____
Answer: PA > Pa > Pv
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 93: What equation may be used to calculate alveolar ventilation? Alveolar Ventilation (VA) = _____
Answer: (VT - VD) * Respiratory Rate
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 94: Club (clara) cells of the lung may degrade _____
Answer: toxins
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/introduction-to-the-respiratory-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 95: Pulmonary emboli are usually clinically silent due to the dual blood supply of the lungs via the _____ and bronchial arteries
Answer: pulmonary
Extra: Watch Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-acute-lung-disorders-deep-vein-thrombosis-and-pulmonary-embolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/pulmonary-embolism/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 96: The sum of the residual volume plus the expiratory reserve volume is known as _____
Answer: functional residual capacity
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 97: The resistance of an airway may be calculated using Poiseuille's equation, which states R = _____
Answer: 8ηl/πr4
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 98: Bronchiectasis is associated with poor _____ motility (e.g. smoking, Kartagener syndrome)
Answer: ciliary
Extra: Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 99: _____ receptors are located between the airway epithelial cells and are stimulated by noxious substances
Answer: Irritant
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/introduction-to-the-respiratory-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 100: Asthma may present with a(n) _____ inspiratory/expiratory ratio
Answer: decreased
Extra: * due to bronchoconstriction & smooth muscle hypertrophy/hyperplasia -> hard to breathe out air Watch Asthma & Bronchiectasis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-asthma-and-bronchiectasis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/asthma/acquire?ref=anki Asthma key points: - seen in younger pts, especially if there is a hx of allergies/eczema - wheezing, dyspnea, cough (remember, wheezing is simply the flow of air through a constricted airway) - PE: wheezing, prolonged expiratory phase - PE: hyperinflation & hyperresonance are ominous signs and signify greater airway constriction - PE: severe dyspnea (accessory muscle use and/or no lung sounds) = status asthmaticus = medical emergency - chronic vs. acute management has big difference.
Flashcard 101: In what normal scenario may intrapleural pressure be positive (relative to the atmosphere)? _____
Answer: Forced expiration
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 102: The nucleus tractus solitarius projects neurons to other medullary nuclei to coordinate the _____ response
Answer: vomiting
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Anti-Emetics; "Vomitorium") Watch Antiemetic agents [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-gi-antiemetic-agents?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 103: How does the alveolar pressure change during mid-inspiration (relative to atmosphere)? _____
Answer: More negative relative to atmosphere
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 104: What is the effect of norepinephrine on REM sleep? _____
Answer: Decreased REM sleep
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/sleep-and-psychosomatic-conditions?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/sleep-physiology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 105: What class of helper T cell secretes IL-4, -5, -6, -10, and -13? _____
Answer: Th2
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 106: According to the law of Laplace, a large alveolus will have a(n) _____ collapsing pressure
Answer: low
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 107: Alpha motoneurons innervate _____-fusal muscle fibers
Answer: extra
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 108: The _____ pressure across the lungs is calculated as alveolar pressure minus intrapleural pressure
Answer: transpulmonary
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 109: At FRC, airway and alveolar pressures are equal to _____
Answer: 0 (atmospheric pressure)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 110: In pneumoconioses, what happens to small particles (1-5 microns in diameter) in the lungs? _____
Answer: Trapped at the bifurcation of respiratory bronchioles
Extra: * and subsequently phagocytosed by macrophages https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: _____ is a mixture of phospholipids that line the alveoli and reduce their surface tension
Answer: Surfactant
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology?ref=anki
Flashcard 112: _____ diverticulum is an outpouching of pharyngeal mucosa through an acquired defect in the muscular wall (false diverticulum) caused by cricopharyngeal motor dysfunction
Answer: Zenker
Extra: Watch Structural Esophageal Disorders & GERD [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-structural-esophageal-disorders-and-gerd?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 113: At FRC, the intrapleural space normally has a(n) _____ pressure relative to the atmosphere
Answer: negative
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 114: Functional residual capacity may be measured using _____ or body plethysmograph
Answer: helium dilution
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 115: Acetylcholine causes broncho-_____
Answer: constriction
Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Respiratory (Asthma) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 116: In pneumoconioses, what happens to medium particles (5-10 microns in diameter) in the lung? _____
Answer: Cleared by mucociliary transport in the trachea and bronchi
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/restrictive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 117: In large pleural effusions, the trachea may deviate _____ the side of the lesion
Answer: away from
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 118: What effect may chronic bronchitis secondarily have on RBC levels? _____
Answer: Increased (polycythemia)
Extra: Watch COPD & Emphysema [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-pulmonary-obstructive-lung-disease-copd-and-emphysema?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonary/obstructive-lung-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 119: The _____ center is located in the lower pons and stimulates inspiration
Answer: apneustic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: Compression / neuropathy of the phrenic nerve results in _____ inspirations during maximal voluntary ventilation
Answer: uniform weak
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/lung-cancer/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 121: How does the volume of breath change during inspiration? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 122: The additional volume that can be expired below tidal volume is the _____
Answer: expiratory reserve volume
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 123: How does the intrapleural pressure change during inspiration (relative to atmosphere)? _____
Answer: More negative relative to atmosphere
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 124: Central chemoreceptors are especially sensitive to the _____ of the cerebrospinal fluid
Answer: pH
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 125: Axonemal dynein is a(n) _____ that links peripheral 9 doublets and causes bending of cilium (movement)
Answer: ATPase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 126: Central chemoreceptors are stimulated by changes in _____ and _____ of the brain
Answer: pH
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 127: When lung volume is greater than FRC, there is a net _____ force on the lung-chest wall system
Answer: collapsing
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 128: Thyroid hormone increases basal metabolic rate (BMR) via increased activity of _____
Answer: Na/K-ATPase
Extra: Watch Propylthiouracil, methimazole, levothyroxine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-propylthiouracil-methimazole-levothyroxine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 129: Commands from the _____ can temporarily override the automatic respiratory brain stem centers
Answer: cerebral cortex
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 130: What is the typical normal value for tidal volume (mL)? _____
Answer: 500 mL
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 131: Airflow is _____ proportional to airway resistance
Answer: inversely
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 132: The volume of gas present in the lungs after a maximal inspiration is known as the _____
Answer: total lung capacity
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/air?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 133: _____ motor neurons make muscle spindles more sensitive to stretch
Answer: Gamma
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 134: Achalasia is characterized by uncoordinated or absent _____ in the esophagus
Answer: peristalsis
Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 135: Foot drop is characterized by loss of _____ and _____ (movements) of the foot
Answer: eversion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/leg?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 136: How does normal aging change respiratory muscle strength? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 137: What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on airway resistance? _____
Answer: Increased resistance
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 138: ARDS causes damage to the alveolar-capillary interface, which causes _____ capillary permeability
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 139: Shifts in barometric pressure with a closed eustachian tube can lead to barotraumatic _____
Answer: tympanic membrane injury
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 140: Obstructive lung disease = _____ FVC and _____ FEV1
Answer: ↓
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 141: Functional residual capacity _____ during pregnancy
Answer: decreases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics?ref=anki
Flashcard 142: Cystic fibrosis = _____ CFTR defect, commonly seen in the Caucasian population
Answer: autosomal recessive
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/lower-airway/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 143: The problem with the lungs prior to surgery will be _____
Answer: ventilation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 144: Does cleavage of SNARE via botulinum toxin prevent release of excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters? _____
Answer: Excitatory (thus causing flaccid paralysis)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 145: In _____ lung disease, the FEV1/FVC is decreased
Answer: obstructive
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/copd/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 146: Maternal adaptations to pregnancy include: _____ tidal volume _____ respiratory rate
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics?ref=anki
Flashcard 147: The pharynx and upper third of the esophagus are composed of _____ muscle The lower two-thirds of the esophagus are composed of _____ muscle
Answer: striated
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 148: Obstructive lung disease = _____ FEV1, _____ FVC and _____FEV1/FVC
Answer: ↓↓
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 149: Restrictive lung disease = _____ TLC and RV
Answer: ↓
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 150: How does residual volume, FRC, and total lung capacity change with obstructive lung disease (e.g. COPD, asthma)? _____
Answer: Increase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki - decreased elasticity of alveoli results in decreased collapsing pressure to push air outward; thus alveoli retain more air (air trapping → higher lung volume) - extended expiratory phase allows inhalation to begin before the end of expiratory phase → "air stacking"
Flashcard 151: Increasing the _____ increases the alveolar ventilation and helps decrease PaCO2
Answer: tidal volume
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/postop-fever/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 152: _____-cell disorders all present with recurrent sinopulmonary and GI defects
Answer: B
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 153: Restrictive lung disease = _____ FVC and _____ FEV1
Answer: ↓
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pulmonology/dpld/acquire?ref=anki < 80% of predicted (can't get stuff in); FEV1/FVC is normal
Flashcard 154: Extrathoraic obstruction → _____ stridor Intrathoracic obstruction → _____ wheeze
Answer: inspiratory
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/lower-airway/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 155: When IgA is released into the mucosa, the poly Ig receptor becomes the _____, which protects IgA from luminal proteases
Answer: secretory component
Flashcard 156: Which immunoglobulin binds directly to mast cells and basophils? _____
Answer: IgE
Flashcard 157: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) includes chemical barriers, such as lysozyme and defensins? _____
Answer: Innate immunity
Flashcard 158: The law of Laplace states that the collapsing pressure of an alveoli, P, is equal to _____
Answer: 2T / r
Flashcard 159: What type of upper airway obstruction is seen in vocal cord paralysis / dysfunction and laryngeal tumors?_____
Answer: Variable extrathoracic obstruction
Flashcard 160: The pathogenesis of Diffuse Esophageal Spasm likely involves impaired _____ within the esophageal myenteric plexus
Answer: inhibitory neurotransmission
Flashcard 161: Tetanus toxin inhibits inhibitory release of GABA and glycine from _____ cells in the spinal cord
Answer: Renshaw
Flashcard 162: Respiration may be possible at week _____ (canalicular period)
Answer: 25
Flashcard 163: If the stereocilia are bent toward the kinocilium, the hair cell _____-polarizes
Answer: de
Flashcard 164: How does the intrapleural pressure change during expiration (relative to atmosphere)? _____
Answer: Less negative relative to atmosphere
Flashcard 165: Erythrocytes are _____ in shape, with a large surface area-to-volume ratio for rapid gas exchange
Answer: biconcave
Flashcard 166: Peripheral chemoreceptors ALSO respond to increases in _____
Answer: Pco2
Flashcard 167: The sum of the tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume is known as the _____
Answer: total lung capacity
Flashcard 168: Commands from the _____ can temporarily override the automatic respiratory brain stem centers
Answer: cerebral cortex
Flashcard 169: Botulinum toxin of Clostridium botulinum targets _____ neurons
Answer: motor
Flashcard 170: Which lung capacities (2) cannot be measured on spirometry?_____
Answer: Functional residual capacity, Total lung capacity
Flashcard 171: The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after normal expiration is the _____
Answer: functional residual capacity
Flashcard 172: Airflow is _____ proportional to the pressure gradient
Answer: directly
Flashcard 173: The point at which pulmonary vascular resistance is the lowest is near the _____
Answer: Functional Residual Capacity (which lung volume)
Flashcard 174: Emphysema is characterized by loss of elastic recoil, which may lead to airway _____ during exhalation
Answer: collapse
Flashcard 175: When a person is standing, pulmonary blood flow is highest at the _____ of the lungs
Answer: base (bottom)
Flashcard 176: Compression / neuropathy of the phrenic nerve results in _____ inspirations during maximal voluntary ventilation
Answer: uniform weak
Flashcard 177: The motor component of skeletal muscle reflexes is mediated by _____ motoneurons (upper or lower)
Answer: lower
Flashcard 178: What equation may be used to calculate the airflow (Q) given the pressure and resistance of the airway? _____
Answer: Q = P/R
Flashcard 179: Patients with long-standing COPD have decreased sensitivity to _____
Answer: PaCO2
Flashcard 180: Extrapulmonary restrictive lung diseases are associated with hypoventilation of _____ origin (central or peripheral)
Answer: peripheral
Flashcard 181: The area postrema (chemoreceptor trigger zone) responds to _____ substances (e.g. chemotherapeutic agents)
Answer: emetogenic
Flashcard 182: Which stage of sleep do young adults spend the most time in? _____
Answer: Stage N2 (45%)
Flashcard 183: Does loss of the lacrimation reflex prevent formation of emotional tears? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 184: How does ventilation rate change during pregnancy?_____
Answer: does not change
Flashcard 185: Lung stretch receptors cause a(n) _____ breathing frequency in response to distention of the lungs (Hering-Breuer reflex)
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 186: What is the effect of increased viscosity (e.g. deep-sea diving) on airway resistance? _____
Answer: Increased resistance
Flashcard 187: The _____ nervous sysem is usually excitatory on functions of the GI tract
Answer: parasympathetic
Flashcard 188: The _____ is the most important muscle for inspiration
Answer: diaphragm
Flashcard 189: _____ receptors are mechanoreceptors located in the smooth muscle of the airways
Answer: Lung stretch
Flashcard 190: At FRC, the intrapleural space normally has a _____ pressure relative to the atmosphere
Answer: negative
Flashcard 191: When supplemental oxygen is administered to a patient with chronic COPD, the rapid increase in PaO2 can reduce _____ stimulation
Answer: peripheral chemoreceptor
Flashcard 192: The alveoli contain phagocytic cells called _____, which clear debris and participate in the immune response
Answer: alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
Flashcard 193: _____ receptors are located in the alveolar walls and cause rapid, shallow breathing in response to pulmonary capillary engorgement (e.g. left heart failure)
Answer: Juxtacapillary (J)
Flashcard 194: How do levels of PCO2 change during pregnancy?_____
Answer: Decreased (due to increased minute ventilation)
Flashcard 195: Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to decreased Po2 when the arterial Po2 is less than _____ mmHg
Answer: 60
Flashcard 196: Which stage of sleep do young adults spend the least time in? _____
Answer: Stage N1 (5%)
Flashcard 197: The major site of airway resistance is the _____
Answer: medium-sized bronchi
Flashcard 198: IgA crosses epithelial cells by _____
Answer: transcytosis
Flashcard 199: Corticosteroids are important for fetal _____ production and overall lung development
Answer: surfactant
Flashcard 200: When tidal volume is limited, the respiratory control centers increase the _____ to restore minute ventilation
Answer: respiratory rate
Flashcard 201: Type _____ muscle fibers are also known as fast twitch muscle fibers
Answer: II
Flashcard 202: Which lung volume cannot be measured on spirometry?_____
Answer: Residual volume
Flashcard 203: During expiration, decreased lung volumes result in an _____ in extra-alveolar vessel resistance
Answer: increase
Flashcard 204: Reflexes in which both afferent and efferent pathways are contained in the vagus nerve are called _____ reflexes
Answer: vagovagal
Flashcard 205: Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by a _____ total lung capacity
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 206: A decreased nasal _____ production is used as a screening test for Kartagener syndrome.
Answer: nitric oxide
Flashcard 207: Peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by increased _____
Answer: Paco2
Flashcard 208: What neurotransmitter mediates relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter in response to swallowing? _____
Answer: VIP
Flashcard 209: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) includes physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes? _____
Answer: Innate immunity
Flashcard 210: The volume that remains in the lungs after maximal forced expiration is the _____
Answer: residual volume
Flashcard 211: In nearly all patients, an interscalene nerve block also causes transient ipsilateral _____ paralysis
Answer: diaphragmatic
Flashcard 212: Which cranial nerve is most responsible for swallowing and soft palate elevation? _____
Answer: Vagus nerve (CN X)
Flashcard 213: The volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximal inspiration in one second is known as the _____
Answer: FEV1
Flashcard 214: The sum of the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume is known as _____
Answer: inspiratory capacity
Flashcard 215: Which interferons enhance activity of natural killer cells? _____
Answer: Interferon- and Interferon-
Flashcard 216: Patients develop heat stroke due to heat production exceeding _____
Answer: heat dissipation
Flashcard 217: Asthma may present with a(n) _____ inspiratory/expiratory ratio
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 218: How does the volume of breath change during inspiration? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 219: Which type of sensory receptor (slowly or quickly adapting) sends a signal at the beginning and end of a stimulus?_____
Answer: Quickly adapting
Flashcard 220: In the muscle stretch reflex, some Ia afferent fibers inhibit _____ muscles (agonist or antagonist) through interneurons causing muscle relaxation
Answer: antagonist
Flashcard 221: The nucleus tractus solitarius projects neurons to other medullary nuclei to coordinate the _____ response
Answer: vomiting
Flashcard 222: How does Paco2 change in response to exercise?_____
Answer: No change
Flashcard 223: Which leukotrienes mediate vasoconstriction, bronchospasm, and increased vascular permeability? _____
Answer: Leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4
Flashcard 224: The additional volume that can be expired below tidal volume is the _____
Answer: expiratory reserve volume
Flashcard 225: Which type of filament is predominantly involved in movement and cell division? _____
Answer: Microtubules (e.g. cilia, flagella)
Flashcard 226: The additional volume that can be inspired above tidal volume is the _____
Answer: inspiratory reserve volume
Flashcard 227: The Po2 in humidified tracheal air is normally approximately _____ mmHg
Answer: 150
Flashcard 228: Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by a(n) _____ residual volume and functional residual capacity
Answer: increased
Flashcard 229: In response to decreased Pao2 (e.g. high altitude), there is _____ ventilation
Answer: increased
Flashcard 230: _____ ventilation is the total volume of gas that enters the lungs per unit time
Answer: Minute
Flashcard 231: What is the effect of decreased viscosity (e.g. helium inhalation) on airway resistance? _____
Answer: Decreased resistance
Flashcard 232: Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by obstruction of air flow resulting in air _____ in lungs
Answer: trapping
Flashcard 233: Without surfactant, small alveoli are more likely to collapse, which is termed _____
Answer: atelectasis
Flashcard 234: What is the effect of normal aging on total lung capacity?_____
Answer: No change
Flashcard 235: The somatic nervous system utilizes _____ as its neurotransmitter
Answer: acetylcholine
Flashcard 236: Type _____ pneumocytes proliferate during lung damage
Answer: II
Flashcard 237: _____ motor neurons (alpha or gamma) make muscle spindles more sensitive to stretch
Answer: Gamma
Flashcard 238: Increased Na+ reabsorption in cystic fibrosis causes a more _____ transepithelial potential difference (TEPD)
Answer: negative
Flashcard 239: _____ are secretory organelles found in type II pneumocytes that release surfactant
Answer: Lamellar bodies
Flashcard 240: Stage _____ of non-REM sleep is described as deeper sleep
Answer: N2
Flashcard 241: What is the effect of high lung volumes on airway resistance? _____
Answer: Decreased resistance
Flashcard 242: What flow volume pattern would alveolar hyaline membranes (ARDS) cause?_____
Answer: Restrictive
Flashcard 243: _____ motoneurons provide descending control over reflexes
Answer: Upper
Flashcard 244: When a person is standing, pulmonary blood flow is lowest at the _____ of the lungs
Answer: apex (top)
Flashcard 245: Viral pneumonia may damage the _____, which consequently predisposes to superimposed bacterial pneumonia
Answer: mucociliary escalator
Flashcard 246: Club (clara) cells of the lung may degrade _____
Answer: toxins
Flashcard 247: Chronic bronchitis is associated with _____ retention (hypercapnia) due to mucus plug trapping
Answer: CO2
Flashcard 248: Which androgen is responsible for deepening of the voice?_____
Answer: Testosterone
Flashcard 249: _____ ventilation is the volume of gas per unit time that reaches the alveoli (accounts for physiologic dead space)
Answer: Alveolar
Flashcard 250: As the alveolar pressure becomes negative relative to the atmosphere (mid-inspiration), air flows _____
Answer: inwards
Flashcard 251: What muscles are normally used for expiration at rest? _____
Answer: none (normally passive)
Flashcard 252: The maximum volume of gas that can be expired after maximal inspiration is known as the _____
Answer: (forced) vital capacity
Flashcard 253: Increased lung volumes result in _____ pulmonary vascular resistance
Answer: increased
Flashcard 254: Stage _____ of non-REM sleep is described as light sleep
Answer: N1
Flashcard 255: How does the volume of breath change during expiration? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 256: What is the effect of normal aging on FEV1?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 257: According to the law of Laplace, a large alveolus will have a _____ collapsing pressure
Answer: low
Flashcard 258: The _____ zone of the lung is responsible for warming, humidifying, and filtering the air
Answer: conducting
Flashcard 259: In cystic fibrosis, there is _____ Cl- and H2O secretion in the lungs and GI tract
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 260: Which two reflexes are mediated by CN V1 and VII (afferent and efferent, respectively)? _____
Answer: Lacrimation and corneal
Flashcard 261: As the alveolar pressure becomes positive relative to the atmosphere (mid-expiration), air flows _____
Answer: outwards
Flashcard 262: What is the normal range of respiratory rates for a healthy adult (breaths/min)? _____
Answer: 12-20 breaths/min
Flashcard 263: What equation may be used to calculate minute ventilation? Minute Ventilation (VE) = _____
Answer: VT * Respiratory Rate
Flashcard 264: The sum of the tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume is known as the _____
Answer: vital capacity
Flashcard 265: Clostridium botulinum toxin can result in a _____ compound muscle action potential following motor nerve stimulation
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 266: In an asthmatic response, mast cells release preformed _____ granules (early-phase reaction)
Answer: histamine
Flashcard 267: The volume of gas present in the lungs after a maximal inspiration is known as the _____
Answer: total lung capacity
Flashcard 268: At FRC, airway and alveolar pressures are equal to _____
Answer: 0 (atmospheric pressure)
Flashcard 269: According to the law of Laplace, a small alveolus will have a _____ collapsing pressure
Answer: high
Flashcard 270: What effect may sleep apnea secondarily have on RBC levels? _____
Answer: Increased (polycythemia)
Flashcard 271: Rank the following variables for zone 1 of the lung: PA, Pa, and Pv _____
Answer: PA > Pa > Pv
Flashcard 272: Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by a _____ residual volume and functional residual capacity
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 273: Obstructive sleep apnea is due to relaxation of _____ during sleep
Answer: pharyngeal muscle tone
Flashcard 274: Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by a(n) _____ total lung capacity
Answer: increased
Flashcard 275: The dorsal respiratory group sends its motor output to the diaphragm via the _____ nerve
Answer: phrenic
Flashcard 276: In the inverse muscle stretch reflex, some Ib afferent fibers inhibit _____ muscles (agonist or antagonist) causing muscle relaxation
Answer: agonist
Flashcard 277: In response to high altitude, there is a chronic _____ in ventilation
Answer: increase
Flashcard 278: In patients with long standing COPD, the main contributor to respiratory drive is arterial _____ levels
Answer: PaO2
Flashcard 279: What is the effect of increased fetal insulin on surfactant production? _____
Answer: Decreased surfactant production
Flashcard 280: The normal value for the ratio of FEV1/FVC is approximately _____
Answer: 0.8
Flashcard 281: What flow-volume pattern would diffuse intraalveolar hemorrhage cause?_____
Answer: Restrictive
Flashcard 282: The sum of the residual volume plus the expiratory reserve volume is known as _____
Answer: functional residual capacity
Flashcard 283: What is the effect of low lung volumes on airway resistance? _____
Answer: Increased resistance
Flashcard 284: What equation may be used to calculate alveolar ventilation? Alveolar Ventilation (VA) = _____
Answer: (VT - VD) * Respiratory Rate
Flashcard 285: Re-exposure to an allergen in asthmatics leads to IgE-mediated activation of _____ cells
Answer: mast
Flashcard 286: Achalasia is characterized by uncoordinated or absent _____ in the esophagus
Answer: peristalsis
Flashcard 287: The dorsal respiratory group receives sensory input from lung stretch receptors via the _____ nerve
Answer: vagus (CN X)
Flashcard 288: What is the effect of emphysema on functional residual capacity (FRC)?_____
Answer: Increased FRC
Flashcard 289: Which stage of sleep is associated with loss of motor tone?_____
Answer: REM sleep
Flashcard 290: In healthy lungs, the physiologic dead space is approximately equal to the _____
Answer: anatomic dead space
Flashcard 291: What enzyme in macrophages is primarily used to destroy phagocytosed material? _____
Answer: Lysozyme
Flashcard 292: Club (clara) cells of the lung secrete a component of _____ and act as reserve cells
Answer: surfactant
Flashcard 293: Lesion of the _____ hypothalamus results in hyperthermia
Answer: anterior
Flashcard 294: Which type of sensory receptor senses pain and temperature? _____
Answer: Free nerve endings (e.g. C, A)
Flashcard 295: What is the effect of normal aging on residual volume?_____
Answer: Increased RV
Flashcard 296: One sign of medial cerebellar lesion is _____, in which patients divide words into syllables
Answer: scanning dysarthria
Flashcard 297: Airflow is _____ proportional to airway resistance
Answer: inversely
Flashcard 298: What is the effect of norepinephrine on REM sleep?_____
Answer: Decreased REM sleep
Flashcard 299: How does the intrapleural pressure change during inspiration (relative to atmosphere)? _____
Answer: More negative relative to atmosphere
Flashcard 300: How does normal aging change respiratory muscle strength?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 301: Sleep in the elderly is associated with _____ REM sleep
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 302: What is the effect of normal aging on FVC?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 303: The _____ respiratory center is located in the reticular formation and contains an inspiratory and expiratory center
Answer: medullary
Flashcard 304: What is the typical normal value for tidal volume (mL)?_____
Answer: 500 mL
Flashcard 305: How does the alveolar pressure change during mid-inspiration (relative to atmosphere)? _____
Answer: More negative relative to atmosphere
Flashcard 306: What is the effect of pulmonary fibrosis on functional residual capacity (FRC)?_____
Answer: Decreased FRC
Flashcard 307: How does the alveolar pressure change during mid-expiration (relative to atmosphere)? _____
Answer: More positive relative to atmosphere
Flashcard 308: Stage _____ of non-REM sleep is described as the deepest non-REM sleep ("slow-wave" sleep)
Answer: N3
Flashcard 309: Surfactant reduces surface tension by disrupting the intermolecular forces between _____ molecules
Answer: liquid
Flashcard 310: The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis can occur via a CD-_____+ T-cell pathway
Answer: 8
Flashcard 311: _____ receptors are located between the airway epithelial cells and are stimulated by noxious substances
Answer: Irritant
Flashcard 312: The volume that moves into the lung with each quiet inspiration is the _____
Answer: tidal volume
Flashcard 313: Vestibular-evoked nystagmus begins with a slow deviation _____ the lesion (toward or away from)
Answer: toward
Flashcard 314: There is a(n) _____ in pulmonary resistance associated with increased perfusion of pulmonary capillary beds
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 315: What is the effect of alcohol on REM and slow-wave sleep (N3)?_____
Answer: Decreased REM and slow-wave sleep
Flashcard 316: What kind of flow volume pattern would compression atelectasis cause?_____
Answer: Restrictive
Flashcard 317: _____ motor neurons (alpha or gamma) make skeletal muscle contract
Answer: Alpha
Flashcard 318: What is the effect of chest wall trauma on prolactin secretion?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 319: Alpha motoneurons innervate _____-fusal muscle fibers
Answer: extra
Flashcard 320: Emphysema is characterized by loss of _____, which inhibits the ability to exhale air from the alveoli (air trapping)
Answer: elastic recoil
Flashcard 321: In what normal scenario may intrapleural pressure be positive (relative to the atmosphere)? _____
Answer: Forced expiration (specific)
Flashcard 322: Interstitial restrictive lung diseases are characterized by _____ diffusing capacity
Answer: decreased
Keywords: Respiratory flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
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Respiratory mechanics and work of breathing
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Pulmonary volumes and capacities
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Spirometry interpretation
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Flow-volume loops
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Airway resistance determinants
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Control of breathing
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Central and peripheral chemoreceptors
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Respiratory centers in the brainstem
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Exercise respiratory physiology
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Sleep effects on respiration
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High altitude adaptation
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Dyspnea mechanisms
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Integrated respiratory responses
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