RAAS — Flashcards
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How do blood sugar levels change in secondary adrenocortical deficiency? _____
How does hyperkalemia influence aldosterone secretion? _____
In bone, the long-term effect of PTH is bone _____ via indirect action on _____
The zona reticularis secretes _____, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione
_____ is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the plasma
The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of _____ cells, macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells
_____ secretion (from the zona glomerulosa) is under tonic, but not exclusive, control by ACTH
What effect does H. pylori-mediated chronic gastritis have on serum levels of somatostatin? _____ *bonus: why?
The zona _____ secretes glucocorticoids, such as cortisol
What is the result of the dexamethasone suppression test in a normal patient? _____
RAAS US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master RAAS with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
RAAS Flashcard Deck - 169 Cards
Flashcard 1: How do blood sugar levels change in secondary adrenocortical deficiency? _____
Answer: Decreased (hypoglycemia)
Extra: Watch Adrenal Insufficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenal-insufficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 2: How does hyperkalemia influence aldosterone secretion? _____
Answer: Increased aldosterone secretion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 3: In bone, the long-term effect of PTH is bone _____ via indirect action on _____
Answer: resorption
Extra: Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 4: The zona reticularis secretes _____, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione
Answer: androgens
Extra: * "GFR (out to in)" Watch Adrenal Insufficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenal-insufficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 5: _____ is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the plasma
Answer: Renin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 6: The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of _____ cells, macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells
Answer: JG
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 7: _____ secretion (from the zona glomerulosa) is under tonic, but not exclusive, control by ACTH
Answer: Aldosterone
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 8: What effect does H. pylori-mediated chronic gastritis have on serum levels of somatostatin? _____ *bonus: why?
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 9: The zona _____ secretes glucocorticoids, such as cortisol
Answer: fasciculata
Extra: Watch Adrenal Insufficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenal-insufficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenal-insufficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 10: What is the result of the dexamethasone suppression test in a normal patient? _____
Answer: Low-dose dexamethasone inhibits ACTH secretion and consequently cortisol secretion
Extra: Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 11: Chronic excess levels of cortisol (glucocorticoid) result in decreased levels of _____ and _____ via negative feedback
Answer: CRH
Extra: Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 12: Secondary hyperaldosteronism is due to activation of _____ system
Answer: renin-angiotensin
Extra: Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: Which cells of the kidney detect changes in blood pressure? _____
Answer: Juxtaglomerular cells
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 14: The primary regulation of aldosterone secretion occurs through changes in _____ (via the renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system) and changes in serum _____ levels
Answer: ECF volume
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 15: In the ovaries, cholesterol desmolase activity is stimulated by the hormone _____
Answer: LH
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/female-reproductive-system?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 16: The renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system is activated in response to a(n) _____ in mean arterial pressure
Answer: decrease
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: T3/T4 hormones bind to _____ receptors
Answer: intracellular
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 18: What is the effect of testosterone on LH secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: Aldosterone increases _____ and H2O reabsorption at the distal tubules and collecting duct
Answer: Na+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 20: In response to increased Na+ intake (and ECF volume), there is _____ renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activity
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: Angiotensin II acts directly at the _____ to increase NaHCO3 reabsorption
Answer: PCT
Extra: FA2020 UPDATE: ACE inhibitors dilate the efferent arteriole, not constrict as the image below states: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular/Renal Watch ACE inhibitors, ARBs, Aliskiren [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-heart-failure-drugs-ace-inhibitors-arbs-aliskiren?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: Hepatorenal syndrome [2o to cirrhosis] may cause splanchnic arterial dilation due to increased release of _____
Answer: NO
Extra: * secondary to high levels of bacteria DNA from knocked out Kupffer cells; * this spikes the RAAS Watch Cirrhosis Pathogenesis & Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-liver-disease-cirrhosis-pathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/hepatic-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 23: Sertoli cells (males) secrete _____, which serves to inhibit FSH
Answer: inhibin B
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/male-reproductive-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 24: _____ primarily regulates ECF volume and Na+ content
Answer: Aldosterone
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: In response to _____ Na+ delivery, the macula densa cells of the kidney cause increased renin release
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 26: Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by _____ in the lungs (primarily)
Answer: ACE
Extra: FA2020 UPDATE: ACE inhibitors dilate the efferent arteriole, not constrict as the image below states: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular/Renal https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: _____ acts on the zona glomerulosa to stimulate aldosterone synthesis via increased activity of the enzyme aldosterone synthase
Answer: Angiotensin II
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: What effect does angiotensin II activity have on renal blood flow? _____
Answer: Decreased RBF
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 29: Angiotensin II causes _____ of arterioles
Answer: constriction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: Increased sympathetic tone increases renin release via stimulation of the _____ adrenergic receptors of the JGA
Answer: β1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 31: How do levels of plasma renin and aldosterone change in Bartter syndrome? _____
Answer: Increased (due to decreased Na+ reabsorption)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 32: Long-term effects of ACTH include _____ of ACTH receptors, thus _____ the sensitivity of the adrenal cortex
Answer: up-regulation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/cortisol/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 33: Angiotensin II acts on the posterior pituitary to increase release of _____
Answer: ADH
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 34: Cystic fibrosis may present with _____ alkalosis
Answer: contraction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/obstructive-lung-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: In the third stage (rapid) of ovarian follicle development, a single graafian follicle achieves dominance and ruptures, releasing its oocyte into the peritoneal cavity via the process of _____
Answer: ovulation
Extra: Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/female-reproductive-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: Calcitriol increases absorption of Ca2+ and _____ of phosphate in the intestine
Answer: absorption
Extra: Watch Teriparatide, vitamin D, cinacalcet, sevelamer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-teriparatide-vitamin-d-cinacalcet-sevelamer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 37: What effect does 17α-hydroxylase deficiency have on blood pressure? _____
Answer: Increased (hypertension)
Extra: * due to increased mineralocorticoids Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Gastric Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 38: In response to _____ blood pressure, the JG cells of the kidney cause increased renin release
Answer: decreased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 39: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted from _____ cells in the duodenum and the jejunum
Answer: I
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 40: What is the level of ACTH in 21β-hydroxylase deficiency? Why? _____
Answer: Increased, due to decreased feedback inhibition from cortisol
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: The hormone sensitivity (responsiveness) of a target tissue may be changed in two ways: 1. Change the _____ of receptors 2. Change the _____ of receptors
Answer: number
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 42: Aldosterone upregulates _____ on the apical membrane of the principal cells, increasing Na+ reabsorption
Answer: ENaCs
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) Watch K+ sparing diuretics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-diuretics-k-sparing-diuretics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 43: Through which secondary messenger(s) does the angiotensin II-bound AT1 receptor propagate its signal? _____
Answer: IP3/Ca2+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) binds to corticotrophs on the anterior pituitary, directing them to synthesize _____ and secrete _____
Answer: POMC
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: Angiotensin II increases _____ release from the adrenal cortex
Answer: aldosterone
Extra: FA2020 UPDATE: ACE inhibitors dilate the efferent arteriole, not constrict as the image below states: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular/Renal Watch ACE inhibitors, ARBs, Aliskiren [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-heart-failure-drugs-ace-inhibitors-arbs-aliskiren?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 46: Preparation of endometrium for implantation is _____ driven (secretory phase)
Answer: progesterone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: How does hematocrit change with hyposmotic volume contraction (e.g. adrenal insufficiency)? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 48: In SIADH, RAAS is deactivated due to detection of volume expansion, further contributing to urinary excretion of _____
Answer: sodium
Extra: Watch Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-diabetes-insipidus-and-siadh?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: What effect does angiotensin II have on HCO3- reabsorption? _____
Answer: Increased reabsorption
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 50: Angiotensin II stimulates _____ exchange in the proximal tubule
Answer: Na+-H+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 51: Which androgen is responsible for closing of epiphyseal plates (cessation of pubertal growth)? _____
Answer: Testosterone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: What effect do normal levels of angiotensin II have on GFR? _____
Answer: Increased GFR
Extra: FA2020 UPDATE: ACE inhibitors dilate the efferent arteriole, not constrict as the image below states: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular/Renal Watch ACE inhibitors, ARBs, Aliskiren [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-heart-failure-drugs-ace-inhibitors-arbs-aliskiren?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 53: What is the effect of bilateral cryptorchidism on testosterone levels? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/high-yield-step-1-anatomy?index=47] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 54: Angiotensin II increases _____ via its action on the hypothalamus
Answer: thirst
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 55: What is the effect of somatostatin on insulin and glucagon secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: How does blood pressure change in syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess? _____
Answer: Increased (hypertension)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/nephron-transporters?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: How does ECF volume change with adrenal insufficiency? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: * due to loss of aldosterone mediated Na+ in ECF Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Adrenal Insufficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 58: Is the mineralocorticoid receptor an intracellular or membrane receptor? _____
Answer: Intracellular
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Renal (Diuretics) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: Decreased activity of which dopaminergic pathway produces prolactin excess? _____
Answer: Tuberoinfundibular pathway
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/neurotransmitter-activity-in-psychiatric-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: One function of cholecystokinin is to _____ gastric emptying
Answer: decrease
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: What is the effect of progesterone on LH and FSH secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 62: Which nutrient stimulates glucose-insulinotropic peptide secretion? _____
Answer: All three :)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: Low (normal) levels of angiotensin II primarily causes vasoconstriction of the renal _____ arterioles
Answer: efferent
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: Anterior pituitary control of spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion are regulated via the hormones _____ and _____
Answer: FSH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: After iodinated thyroglobulin is endocytosed into the follicular epithelial cells, _____ hydrolyze peptide bonds, releasing T4, T3, MIT, and DIT
Answer: lysosomal proteases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 66: Which female sex steroid is responsible for thick cervical mucus, which inhibits sperm entry into the uterus? _____
Answer: Progesterone
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: Primary hyperaldosteronism may present with _____ renal blood flow and _____ glomerular filtration rate
Answer: increased
Extra: * due to arterial hypertension & hypersecretion of aldosterone Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: Angiotensin II is a potent vaso-_____
Answer: constrictor
Extra: FA2020 UPDATE: ACE inhibitors dilate the efferent arteriole, not constrict as the image below states: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular/Renal https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 69: The _____ is a slow, hormonally mediated mechanism of regulating arterial pressure
Answer: renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: Hypoaldosteronism _____ K+ secretion and causes _____-kalemia
Answer: decreases
Extra: Watch Potassium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-potassium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Adrenal Insufficiency [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-potassium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/acid-base-physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: What clinical features are seen in 17α-hydroxylase deficiency that are a result of decreased androgen levels in females? _____
Answer: Lack of sexual development; e.g. lack pubic and axillary hair
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: ACE is primarily located in the vascular endothelium of the _____
Answer: lungs
Extra: FA2020 UPDATE: ACE inhibitors dilate the efferent arteriole, not constrict as the image below states: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular/Renal https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/hypertension/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 73: Decreases in ECF volume (e.g. hemorrhage or decreased Na+) cause a decrease in renal perfusion pressure, which in turn increases secretion of the enzyme _____
Answer: renin
Extra: Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: Growth hormone inhibits its own secretion by stimulating the secretion of _____ from the hypothalamus
Answer: somatostatin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 75: Dysfunction of the hypothalamus gland leads to _____ prolactin levels
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 76: Ovarian granulosa cells may produce _____, which stimulates FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary
Answer: activin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 77: The major mineralocorticoid produced in humans is _____
Answer: aldosterone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: Which arterioles of the kidney (afferent or efferent) are more sensitive to angiotensin II? _____
Answer: Efferent arterioles
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: 1° hyperaldosteronism does not directly cause edema or hypernatremia due to _____ and pressure naturesis mechanisms
Answer: aldosterone escape
Extra: Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 80: _____ is a hormone that increases renal Na+ reabsorption, thereby restoring ECF volume and blood volume to normal
Answer: Aldosterone
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 81: What effect does prolactin have on its own secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 82: ↑ Aldosterone levels = _____ urine sodium
Answer: ↓
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: What hormone stimulates milk letdown? _____ What is it stimulated by? _____
Answer: Oxytocin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 84: Sertoli-Leydig tumors cause _____ testosterone and _____ FSH/LH
Answer: ↑
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: What is the prevailing pathomechanism for why conditioned athletes have functional hypothalamic amenorrhea? _____
Answer: Relative caloric deficiency
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/primary-amenorrhea/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 86: 1° hyperaldosteronism does not directly cause edema or hypernatremia due to _____ and pressure naturesis mechanisms
Answer: aldosterone escape
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/hypertension?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/sodium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: What is the normal range of Luteninizing hormone, serum/plasma (Female: postmenopause)?
Answer: From 30 to 200 mIU/mL
Flashcard 88: What is the normal range of Luteninizing hormone, serum/plasma (Male)?
Answer: From 6 to 23 mIU/mL
Flashcard 89: Exogeneous testosterone results in decreased _____ testosterone
Answer: intratesticular
Flashcard 90: Which cell type in the nephron secretes renin?_____
Answer: Juxtaglomerular cells
Flashcard 91: Without _____ (gonadal females), the wolffian ducts do not differentiate into male internal genitalia
Answer: testosterone
Flashcard 92: Which hormones use IP3 as their secondary messenger?_____
Answer: GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH, Histamine (H1), Angiotensin II, Gastrin
Flashcard 93: At high concentrations, cortisol can bind to _____ receptors
Answer: mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
Flashcard 94: What is the result of the dexamethasone suppression test in a normal patient?_____
Answer: Low-dose dexamethasone inhibits ACTH secretion and consequently cortisol secretion
Flashcard 95: _____ is a mechanism in which a hormone increases the number or affinity of its receptors in a target tissue
Answer: Up-regulation
Flashcard 96: Does secondary adrenocortical insufficiency present with hyperpigmentation? Why?_____
Answer: No, ACTH levels are low therefore there is no increased melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Flashcard 97: How does hyperkalemia influence aldosterone secretion?_____
Answer: Increased aldosterone secretion
Flashcard 98: Angiotensin II increases _____ release from the adrenal cortex
Answer: aldosterone
Flashcard 99: Angiotensin II increases _____ via its action on the hypothalamus
Answer: thirst
Flashcard 100: What is the effect of cryptorchidism on inhibin B levels?_____
Answer: Decreased (due to decreased Sertoli cell activity)
Flashcard 101: Angiotensin II stimulates _____ exchange in the proximal tubule
Answer: Na+-H+
Flashcard 102: The renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system is activated in response to a _____ in mean arterial pressure
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 103: How does cortisol affect secretion of CRH from the hypothalamus?_____
Answer: inhibits secretion, both directly and indirectly
Flashcard 104: Destruction of the hypothalamus or interruption of the hypothalamic-hypophysial tract result in prolactin excess by causing loss of _____
Answer: tonic inhibition by dopamine
Flashcard 105: What is the effect of insulin on somatostatin secretion?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 106: Which cholecystokinin receptor is equally sensitive to gastrin and CCK? _____
Answer: CCKB
Flashcard 107: Which hormones (2) are released in response to increased volume, and thus act as a "check" on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? _____
Answer: ANP, BNP
Flashcard 108: How does growth hormone affect its own secretion from the anterior pituitary?_____
Answer: Decreased, indirectly
Flashcard 109: Aldosterone leads to _____ epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) activity
Answer: increased
Flashcard 110: What is the effect of increased temperature on inhibin B secretion? _____
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 111: The renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system regulates mean arterial pressure primarily by adjusting blood _____
Answer: volume
Flashcard 112: To what receptor does angiotensin II bind?_____
Answer: AT1 receptor
Flashcard 113: Angiotensin II causes _____ of arterioles
Answer: constriction
Flashcard 114: Which arterioles of the kidney (afferent or efferent) are more sensitive to angiotensin II? _____
Answer: Efferent arterioles
Flashcard 115: Which hormone directly inhibits the secretion of LH in males? _____
Answer: Testosterone
Flashcard 116: Low serum Ca2+ levels will _____ PTH levels in the blood stream.
Answer: increase
Flashcard 117: In response to _____ sympathetic tone, there is increased renin release
Answer: increased
Flashcard 118: What effect does angiotensin II indirectly have on serum potassium levels? _____
Answer: Decreased K+ (via aldosterone)
Flashcard 119: Left heart failure causes decreased forward perfusion to the kidneys, resulting in activation of the _____ system
Answer: renin-angiotensin
Flashcard 120: Can cortisone activate mineralocorticoid receptors?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 121: In response to increased Na+ intake (and ECF volume), there is _____ renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activity
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 122: Relative to time, how do peptide hormones differ from steroid hormones?_____
Answer: - Steroid hormones act slowly (taking hours) - Peptide hormones act quickly (within minutes)
Flashcard 123: What is the result when thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins bind to TSH receptors of the thyroid gland?_____
Answer: They stimulate secretion of T3 and T4
Flashcard 124: What are the levels of TSH in hypothyroidism due to thyroiditis or I- deficiency? Why?_____
Answer: Increased due to negative feedback from decreased level of free T3
Flashcard 125: What effect does angiotensin II activity have on renal blood flow? _____
Answer: Decreased RBF
Flashcard 126: Aldosterone _____ the number of luminal membrane K+ channels in the late distal tubule and collecting duct
Answer: increases
Flashcard 127: Does secondary adrenal insufficiency present with hyperkalemia?_____
Answer: No, because aldosterone synthesis is preserved
Flashcard 128: ACE is primarily located in the vascular endothelium of the _____
Answer: lungs
Flashcard 129: What is the effect on ADH secretion if a patient has high volume AND high osmolarity?_____
Answer: Volume trumps osmolarity and ADH is not secreted (or less is secreted as osmolarity increases)
Flashcard 130: What effect does normal levels of angiotensin II have on GFR? _____
Answer: Increased GFR
Flashcard 131: Through which secondary messenger(s) does ACTH exert its actions on the adrenal cortex?_____
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 132: In response to _____ blood pressure, the JG cells of the kidney cause increased renin release
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 133: The preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for releasing the hormone _____
Answer: GnRH
Flashcard 134: What is the effect of progesterone on LH and FSH secretion?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 135: Ghrelin is secreted from the stomach during _____ states (fed or fasting)
Answer: fasting
Flashcard 136: _____ is a hormone that increases renal Na+ reabsorption, thereby restoring ECF volume and blood volume to normal
Answer: Aldosterone
Flashcard 137: What effect do normal levels of angiotensin II have on GFR? _____
Answer: Increased GFR
Flashcard 138: Is the mineralocorticoid receptor an intracellular or membrane receptor?_____
Answer: Intracellular
Flashcard 139: One function of cholecystokinin is to increase secretion of _____ enzymes
Answer: pancreatic
Flashcard 140: Secondary hyperaldosteronism is due to activation of _____ system
Answer: renin-angiotensin
Flashcard 141: Increased sympathetic tone increases renin release via stimulation of the _____ adrenergic receptors of the JGA
Answer: 1
Flashcard 142: What effect does prolactin have on its own secretion?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 143: Which zones of the adrenal cortex does ACTH act on to increase steroid hormone synthesis? _____
Answer: All three zones
Flashcard 144: The site of synthesis, storage, and release of renin is the _____ of the kidney
Answer: juxtaglomerular apparatus
Flashcard 145: How does GHRH affect its own secretion from the hypothalamus?_____
Answer: Decreases (ultrashort-loop negative feedback)
Flashcard 146: In syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, excess _____ causes increased mineralocorticoid receptor activity
Answer: cortisol
Flashcard 147: Angiotensin II acts on the posterior pituitary to increase release of _____
Answer: ADH
Flashcard 148: What is the effect of testosterone on LH secretion?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 149: What is the effect of estrogen on prolactin secretion?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 150: The major mineralocorticoid produced in humans is _____
Answer: aldosterone
Flashcard 151: What effect does angiotensin II have on HCO3- reabsorption? _____
Answer: Increased reabsorption
Flashcard 152: _____ secretion (from the zona glomerulosa) is under tonic, but not exclusive, control by ACTH
Answer: Aldosterone
Flashcard 153: Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by _____ in the lungs (primarily)
Answer: ACE
Flashcard 154: Angiotensin II is a potent vaso-_____
Answer: constrictor
Flashcard 155: Through which secondary messenger(s) does CRH exert its actions on the anterior pituitary?_____
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 156: The glands and stroma of the prostate are maintained by _____
Answer: androgens
Flashcard 157: Angiotensin II increases _____ exchange in the proximal convoluted tubule
Answer: Na+-H+
Flashcard 158: What is the effect (up- or down-regulation) of progesterone on estrogen receptors? _____
Answer: Downregulation
Flashcard 159: Through which secondary messenger(s) does the angiotensin II-bound AT1 receptor propagate its signal?_____
Answer: IP3/Ca2+
Flashcard 160: How does plasma protein concentration change with hyposmotic volume contraction (e.g. adrenal insufficiency)? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 161: _____ (aldosterone or ADH) primarily regulates ECF volume and Na+ content
Answer: Aldosterone
Flashcard 162: In both the afferent and efferent arterioles of the kidney, angiotensin II activity causes vaso-_____
Answer: constriction
Flashcard 163: In response to decreased Na+ delivery, the macula densa causes increased renin release, which ultimately constricts the _____ arterioles
Answer: efferent
Flashcard 164: In response to _____ Na+ delivery to the macula densa cells, the JG cells of the kidney cause increased renin release
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 165: The action of PTH on osteoclasts is indirect and mediated by cytokines released from _____
Answer: osteoblasts
Flashcard 166: Angiotensin II affects baroreceptor function, limiting reflex _____ that would normally accompany its pressor effects
Answer: bradycardia
Flashcard 167: When unbound, the glucocorticoid receptor is located in the _____
Answer: cytoplasm
Flashcard 168: What effect do high levels of angiotensin II have on GFR? _____
Answer: Decreased GFR
Flashcard 169: Can cortisol activate mineralcorticoid receptors?_____
Answer: Yes
Keywords: RAAS flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Renin production and regulation
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Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I conversion
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Angiotensin converting enzyme function
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Angiotensin II receptors and actions
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Aldosterone synthesis and release
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Aldosterone actions on distal tubule
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Sodium and potassium handling in RAAS
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Negative feedback mechanisms
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RAAS in volume regulation
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RAAS in blood pressure control
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Non-classical RAAS components
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RAAS in pathophysiological states
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Pharmacological targeting of RAAS
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