Cardiovascular — Flashcards
On this page
What is the clinical significance of watershed zones in cerebral circulation?
Which basal ganglia pathway inhibits movement?
What is the phrase used to describe action potential conduction in myelinated nerves?
What is the function of myelin?
Give the stages of mitosis.
Lamins belong to what class of cytoskeletal element?
What type of cytoskeletal element is most associated with centrioles?
What type of cytoskeletal element is most associated with mitotic spindle?
What type of cytoskeletal element is most associated with axonal trafficking?
Most of the deoxygenated blood from the fetal SVC is conducted to the _____ via the ductus arteriosus, which bypasses the lungs
Cardiovascular US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Cardiovascular with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Cardiovascular Flashcard Deck - 1131 Cards
Flashcard 1: What is the clinical significance of watershed zones in cerebral circulation?
Answer: areas at the border of two artery distributions are prone to hypoxia and infarction during severe hypotension
Flashcard 2: Which basal ganglia pathway inhibits movement?
Answer: indirect mnemonic: indirect inhibits
Flashcard 3: What is the phrase used to describe action potential conduction in myelinated nerves?
Answer: saltatory conduction i.e. AP basically jumps from node to node
Flashcard 4: What is the function of myelin?
Answer: increases neuronal conduction velocity
Flashcard 5: Give the stages of mitosis.
Answer: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase mnemonic: PMAT
Flashcard 6: Lamins belong to what class of cytoskeletal element?
Answer: intermediate filaments
Flashcard 7: What type of cytoskeletal element is most associated with centrioles?
Answer: microtubules
Flashcard 8: What type of cytoskeletal element is most associated with mitotic spindle?
Answer: microtubules
Flashcard 9: What type of cytoskeletal element is most associated with axonal trafficking?
Answer: microtubules
Flashcard 10: Most of the deoxygenated blood from the fetal SVC is conducted to the _____ via the ductus arteriosus, which bypasses the lungs
Answer: descending aorta
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/thoracic-systems-respiratory-and-cardiovascular?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 11: The _____ is the contractile unit of the myocardial cell
Answer: sarcomere
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/muscles?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 12: Cones are characterized by _____ acuity and _____ sensitivity
Answer: high
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 13: Estradiol levels _____ just after ovulation, but _____ again during the luteal phase
Answer: decrease
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 14: Which female sex steroid is responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy? _____
Answer: Progesterone
Extra: Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/abdominopelvic-systems-digestive-urinary-and-reproductive?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 15: _____ contractions of GI smooth muscle are periodic contractions followed by relaxation
Answer: Phasic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/non-visceral-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 16: Gastrin is secreted from _____ cells in the antrum of the stomach and the duodenum
Answer: G
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki
Flashcard 17: Which type of sensory receptor is characterized as a dendritic ending with a capsule? _____
Answer: Ruffini corpuscle
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/skin?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 18: Activation of which adrenergic receptor increases production of insulin? _____
Answer: β2
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Endocrine (diabetes) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 19: What is the effect of M2 muscarinic agonists on heart rate? _____
Answer: Decreased HR (SA node)
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Cholinomimetics) Watch Cholinomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-parasympathetic-cholinomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 20: The primary event that initiates puberty is the onset of pulsatile secretion of _____ from the hypothalamus
Answer: GnRH
Extra: Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/puberty/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 21: What neurotransmitter is released upon stimulation of the globus pallidus externus (basal ganglia pathway)? _____
Answer: GABA (Inhibitory)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/basal-ganglia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/basal-ganglia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 22: The SA node is commonly supplied by the _____ artery while the AV node is supplied by the _____ Artery
Answer: right coronary
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/anatomy-of-the-heart/acquire?ref=anki Illustration of the coronary arteries This image displays the anatomical location of the coronary arteries from a ventral and dorsal view. The left and right coronary arteries arise from the aortic sinus and run along the corresponding coronary sinuses on the caudal side of the heart. The majority of the population have right-dominant coronary artery circulation, with the RCA supplying the interventricular septum (Rr. interventriculares septales) and the AV node (R. nodi atrioventricularis). Branches of the right coronary artery supply the sinoatrial node, the right atrium and ventricle, the atrioventricular node, approx. ⅓ of the interventricular septum, and a small part of the inferior surface of the left ventricle. Branches of the left coronary artery supply the left atrium and ventricle, the anterior aspects of both ventricles, the cardiac apex, and ⅔ of the interventricular septum. Cardiac conduction pathway The subepicardial sinus node generates electrical impulses, which then travel through the walls of the atria to the subendocardial atrioventricular node. After a short delay in the atrioventricular node, the impulses pass through the bundle of His (situated in the membranous part of interventricular septum) to the Tawara branches. These then terminate in numerous small fibers (Purkinje fibers), which activate the heart muscle cells of the chambers and thus initiate cardiac contraction. Netters:
Flashcard 23: How does plasma protein concentration change with isotonic NaCl infusion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 24: What acute phase reactant is upregulated during inflammation to opsonize targets, fix complement and facilitate phagocytosis? _____
Answer: C-reactive protein
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 25: Cytotoxic edema is a(n) intracellular edema caused by impaired function of _____ pumps on neuronal cell membranes
Answer: Na/K-ATPase
Extra: Watch Intracranial Hypertension (ICH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-neuro/videos/medical-pathophysiology-neuro-intracranial-hypertension-and-tumors-intracranial-hypertension-ich?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/ischemic-cerebrovascular-accidents?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 26: The utricle and saccule (otolith organs) of the vestibular system detect _____ acceleration of the head
Answer: linear
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/ears?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 27: LPS, bacterial flagellin, and viral nucleic acids are detected by the innate immune system via _____ Receptors
Answer: Pattern-Recognition
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 28: Blood flows from the tissues to the systemic veins and ultimately the _____ before returning to the right atrium
Answer: vena cava
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/anatomy-of-the-heart/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 29: Why is oral glucose a more powerful stimulant of insulin secretion than IV glucose? _____
Answer: Oral glucose stimulates secretion of GIP and GLP-1
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 30: Which immune cells secrete IL-2? _____
Answer: T cells (both Th1 and Th2)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/cytokines?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 31: In atherosclerotic patients, M3 receptor activation directly causes vaso-_____
Answer: constriction
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Cholinomimetics) Watch Cholinomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-parasympathetic-cholinomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 32: Edema may be caused by _____ capillary pressure (Pc)
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki e.g. heart failure, venous blockage (back-up of fluid stuck in the capillaries)
Flashcard 33: Humoral immunity is used to attack _____-cellular bacteria
Answer: extra
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 34: The pituitary hormone _____ acts on the Leydig cells to promote testosterone synthesis
Answer: LH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 35: Growth hormone/IGF-1 alters cartilage metabolism to increase _____ growth
Answer: linear
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 36: Binding of ADP to the P2Y12 receptor in primary hemostasis causes _____ change by upregulating intracellular Ca2+, promoting effective platelet plug formation
Answer: shape
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 37: The Ca2+-calmodulin complex upregulates _____, which phosphorylates myosin and contracts smooth muscle
Answer: myosin-light-chain kinase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 38: _____ are produced, predominantly by the liver, when growth hormones act on target tissue
Answer: Somatomedins (IGFs)
Extra: Watch Hyperpituitarism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hyperpituitarism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 39: Ig_____ antibodies bind to the bacteria's capsule, resulting in either phagocytosis (Fc receptors) or binding of complement
Answer: G
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 40: Gastroparesis is caused by dysfunction of the _____ nerve, which leads to impaired peristalsis of food through the stomach
Answer: vagus
Extra: Watch Gastric Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-gastric-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/misc-gastric/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 41: The Wolff-Chaikoff effect is the inhibition of thyroperoxidase by excess _____
Answer: iodine
Extra: Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Propylthiouracil, methimazole, levothyroxine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-propylthiouracil-methimazole-levothyroxine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 42: One function of bile is _____ activity via membrane disruption
Answer: anti-microbial
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 43: Lesions to LMNs of CN VII (facial) may result in _____
Answer: hyperacusis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cranial-nerves-7-12?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 44: Which thyroid imbalance presents with increased heat production (heat intolerance) and increased sweating? _____
Answer: Hyperthyroidism
Extra: Watch Hyperthyroidism Overview & Graves Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hyperthyroidism-overview-and-graves-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 45: What is the result of parasympathetic stimulation on heart rate? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 46: What neurotransmitter is released by the subthalamic nucleus in the indirect basal ganglia pathway? _____
Answer: Glutamate (Excitatory)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/basal-ganglia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/basal-ganglia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 47: Do glucocorticoids increase or decrease insulin resistance? _____
Answer: Increase (by decreasing insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue)
Extra: Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 48: Normal _____ removes a thrombus after a damaged vessel heals
Answer: fibrinolysis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 49: Histamine is released from _____ cells in the gastric mucosa
Answer: enterochromaffin-like (ECL)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 50: The area postrema (chemoreceptor trigger zone) responds to _____ substances (e.g. chemotherapeutic agents)
Answer: emetogenic
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Anti-Emetics; "Vomitorium") Watch Antiemetic agents [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-gi-antiemetic-agents?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cerebellum-and-ventricles?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 51: A negative inotropic effect _____ heart contractility
Answer: decreases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 52: What is the effect of estrogen on production of coagulation factors? _____
Answer: Increased production
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 53: Exercise / muscle contraction upregulate _____ expression in muscle tissue only, allowing for glucose to meet metabolic demand
Answer: GLUT4
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Exercise%20Physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 54: After age 30, slightly less than _____% of bone mass is lost each year
Answer: 1
Extra: Watch Osteoporosis & Paget Disease of Bone [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-bone-osteoporosis-and-paget-disease-of-bone?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 55: Deficiencies of which two cations are associated with torsades de pointes? _____
Answer: K+ and Mg2+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/ventricular-arrhythmias?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 56: Neutrophils are increased in response to _____ infections
Answer: bacterial
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 57: Do infants who acquire HBV during birth have elevated liver enzymes? _____
Answer: Minimally (due to underdeveloped immune system)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/hepatitis-viruses/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 58: In the middle of the menstrual cycle, estradiol _____ FSH and LH secretion
Answer: stimulates
Extra: Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 59: Secondary vestibular fibers, arising from the vestibular nuclei, join the _____ and supply the motor nuclei of CN III, IV, and VI (vestibulo-ocular reflex)
Answer: medial longitudinal fasciculus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 60: The first step of muscle contraction occurs when the _____ neuron depolarizes, opens Ca2+ channels and ACh is released into the motor end plate
Answer: somatic motor
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 61: Ovulation follows the _____, which occurs due to a burst of estradiol
Answer: LH surge
Extra: Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 62: What effect does β2 adrenergic activation have on serum K+ levels? _____
Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Sympathomimetics) Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 63: During pregnancy, breast lobules undergo _____
Answer: hyperplasia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/crash-course-in-medicine/introduction/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 64: During phagocytosis, pseudopods extend from leukocytes to form _____, which are internalized and merged with lysosomes
Answer: phagosomes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 65: Mechanisms for dissipating heat are coordinated in the _____ hypothalamus
Answer: anterior
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 66: Meissner corpuscles adapt _____
Answer: quickly
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/skin?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 67: Edema may be caused by _____ interstitial proteins (πi)
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 68: _____ septal defect leads to an increased O2 saturation in the RV and pulmonary artery
Answer: Ventricular
Extra: Watch Left to Right Shunts [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-congenital-heart-disease-left-to-right-shunts?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/acyanotic-congenital-heart-defects?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 69: Does adaptive immunity have a memory response? _____
Answer: Yes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 70: Which types of sensory receptor adapt slowly? _____ and Merkel discs
Answer: Ruffini corpuscles
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/skin?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 71: The _____ reflex refers to an increase in mass movements due to the presence of food in the stomach
Answer: gastrocolic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 72: Prolactin inhibits ovulation and spermatogenesis by decreasing synthesis and release of _____
Answer: GnRH
Extra: Watch Hyperpituitarism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hyperpituitarism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki thus, prolactin indirectly inhibits FSH and LH production
Flashcard 73: Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is dependent on the _____ and pancreas
Answer: gut
Extra: Watch Vitamin A [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-a?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 74: Blood from the hypothalamus that contains high concentrations of hypothalamic hormones is delivered directly to the _____
Answer: anterior pituitary
Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=19] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 75: Which zones of the adrenal cortex does ACTH act on to increase steroid hormone synthesis? _____
Answer: All three zones :)
Extra: Watch Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia-cah?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 76: Arteries are under _____ pressure
Answer: high
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 77: Which hormones use cGMP as their secondary messenger? _____
Answer: ANP, BNP, NO
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 78: The posterior hypothalamus is controlled by the _____ nervous system
Answer: sympathetic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 79: The β cells of the islets of Langerhans compose 65% of the islet and secrete _____
Answer: insulin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 80: Folate is primarily absorbed in the _____ of the small intestine
Answer: jejunum
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 81: What type of signaling mechanism does histamine use to reach parietal cells? _____
Answer: Paracrine (locally diffuses)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 82: Platelet aggregation occurs via binding between the _____ receptor and fibrinogen
Answer: GPIIb/IIIa
Extra: Watch Antiplatelet agents [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anticoagulants-and-thrombolytics-antiplatelet-agents?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 83: Cardiac contractility can be estimated by the left ventricular _____
Answer: ejection fraction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 84: Obese individuals have _____ levels of leptin
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 85: Ejection fraction is normally > _____%
Answer: 55
Extra: * reduced would be < 40% Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 86: One function of cholecystokinin is to increase secretion of _____ enzymes
Answer: pancreatic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 87: The _____ nervous system can direct all functions of the GI tract, even in the absence of extrinsic innervation (e.g. PNS/SNS)
Answer: enteric
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/gastrointestinal-tract?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 88: What step of leukocyte extravasation occurs directly after rolling? _____
Answer: Adhesion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 89: Which female sex steroid is responsible for stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions? _____
Answer: Progesterone
Extra: Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 90: After fibrin is formed from fibrinogen, it is _____ by factor XIII yielding a stable platelet-fibrin thrombus
Answer: cross-linked
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 91: _____ stimulates breast development in a supportive role with estrogen
Answer: Prolactin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/female-reproductive-system?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 92: What is the cause of increased pituitary size in pregnancy (Sheehan syndrome)? _____
Answer: Increased estrogen (causes hyperplasia of prolactin-secreting cells)
Extra: * pituitary size increased due to increased prolactin secretion Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Etiologies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-etiologies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 93: Which type of glial cell acts as a glycogen fuel reserve buffer? _____
Answer: Astrocytes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cellular-function?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 94: What is the effect of increased heart rate on cardiac O2 consumption? _____
Answer: Increased O2 consumption
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 95: Lesions to the somatosensory association cortex result in _____, which is the inability to recognize objects by touch
Answer: astereognosis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-cortex?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 96: During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, estradiol _____ FSH and LH secretion
Answer: inhibits
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 97: Hypothalamic control of oogenesis and progesterone/estradiol secretion are regulated via the hormone _____
Answer: GnRH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 98: _____ inhibit apoptosis in osteoblasts and induce apoptosis in osteoclasts
Answer: Estrogens
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 99: Neurons of the _____ cortex are involved in planning of motor activities
Answer: premotor
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-cortex?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 100: Sympathetic neurons have _____ pre-ganglionic and _____ post-ganglionic neurons
Answer: short
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 101: The lateral area of the hypothalamus is stimulated by _____
Answer: ghrelin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 102: Changes in the elderly include _____ muscle mass and _____ fat
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 103: The fraction of blood volume occupied by plasma = _____
Answer: 1 - hematocrit
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 104: Inspiration as a bedside maneuver may be used to increase the intensity of _____ heart sounds
Answer: right
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 105: According to the law of Laplace, cardiac wall stress = _____
Answer: P*r / 2H
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 106: Prolactin secretion is tonically inhibited by _____
Answer: dopamine
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 107: A normal reticulocyte count is between _____ to _____%
Answer: 1
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/normocytic-anemia?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/normocytic-anemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 108: Which two reflexes are mediated by CN V1 and VII (afferent and efferent, respectively)? _____
Answer: Lacrimation and corneal
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 109: One function of bile is to aid in the digestion and absorption of _____
Answer: lipids
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 110: Parasympathetic neurons have _____ pre-ganglionic and _____ post-ganglionic neurons
Answer: long
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=31] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 111: Type _____ muscle fibers are increased in proportion after weight/resistance training and sprinting
Answer: II
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 112: How does Thyroxine-Binding Globulin change in pregnancy and with OCPs? _____
Answer: Increase
Extra: Watch Propylthiouracil, methimazole, levothyroxine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-propylthiouracil-methimazole-levothyroxine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 113: _____ flows from the central vein towards the portal triad
Answer: Bile
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 114: Gastrin secretion is stimulated by vagal stimulation via the neuropeptide _____
Answer: gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP, bombesin)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 115: Which female sex steroid is responsible for uterine smooth muscle relaxation? _____
Answer: Progesterone
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/abdominopelvic-systems-digestive-urinary-and-reproductive?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 116: _____ is the ability of cardiac cells to initiate action potentials in response to inward, depolarizing current
Answer: Excitability
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 117: The pulsatile pattern of GnRH after puberty drives a parallel pulsatile secretion of both _____ and _____ by the anterior pituitary
Answer: FSH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/puberty/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 118: Loss of which hormones/neurotransmitters are implicated in the pathogenesis of achalasia? _____
Answer: NO and VIP
Extra: Watch Esophageal Dysmotility & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-esophageal-dysmotility-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 119: The _____ system mediates consciousness, wakefulness, attentiveness
Answer: reticular activating
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/brainstem-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 120: How does hematocrit change with sweating in a desert? _____
Answer: No change
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 121: Fever in inflammation is mediated by _____, which raises the temperature setpoint
Answer: PGE2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 122: What is the effect of increased temperature on testosterone production? _____
Answer: No effect
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 123: Is the ciliary muscle under parasympathetic or sympathetic control? _____
Answer: Parasympathetic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 124: What effect does increased TBG levels have on thyroid hormone secretion? _____
Answer: Increases secretion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 125: What changes in potassium levels (hyper- or hypokalemia) can induce arrhythmias? _____
Answer: Both hyper- and hypokalemia :)
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Antiarrhythmics) Watch Class V [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-antiarrhythmics-class-v?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 126: The major factor that stimulates glucagon secretion is _____
Answer: hypoglycemia
Extra: Watch Gluconeogenesis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-gluconeogenesis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 127: Does hyperthyroidism present with hypo- or hyper-glycemia? Why? _____
Answer: Hyperglycemia; due to increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 128: The calcium channels that open during the plateau phase (myocardial action potential) are _____-type channels
Answer: L
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 129: What is the effect of dilated cardiomyopathy on contractility? _____
Answer: Decreased (systolic dysfunction)
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 130: The chylomicrons in intestinal epithelial cells enter lymphatic capillaries known as _____
Answer: lacteals
Extra: Watch Lipid Digestion Absorption [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-lipid-digestion-and-absorption?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 131: Decreased cAMP as a result of class II antiarrhythmics (β-blockers) leads to the closure of membrane _____ channels
Answer: Ca2+
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Antiarrhythmics) Watch Class II [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-antiarrhythmics-class-ii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Antiarrhythmics?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 132: Mucosal defenses include secretion of _____, HCO3-, prostaglandins, and normal blood supply
Answer: mucus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Robbins:
Flashcard 133: The _____ bundle branch of the bundle of His divides into anterior and posterior fascicles
Answer: left
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/anatomy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 134: Myopia is corrected with _____ lenses
Answer: biconcave (diverging)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 135: Slow twitch muscle fibers perform more _____ due to increased mitochondria
Answer: oxidative phosphorylation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 136: The changes of the myocardium in myocardial hibernation lead to decreased _____
Answer: contractility
Extra: Watch Myocardial Response To Ischemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-myocardial-response-to-ischemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 137: A positive chronotropic effect _____ heart rate
Answer: increases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 138: Cerebellar circuitry begins with Purkinje cells that receive excitatory input from _____ fibers and parallel fibers (of granule cells)
Answer: climbing
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 139: What is the end product of oxidative burst that destroys phagocytosed microbes? _____
Answer: Hypochlorite (HClO)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 140: Why is there absence of secondary sex characteristics in congenital GnRH deficiency? _____
Answer: Total lack of estrogen
Extra: * lack of estrogen due to to decreased FSH & LH Watch Amenorrhea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-amenorrhea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Amenorrhea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-amenorrhea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 141: Binding between GPIIb/IIIa and fibrinogen results in formation of a(n) _____
Answer: weak platelet plug
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 142: Serotonin activates _____ receptors on the vagal afferents, which relay their impulse to the nucleus tractus solitarius
Answer: 5-HT3
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Anti-Emetics; "Vomitorium") Watch Antiemetic agents [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-gi-antiemetic-agents?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/cerebellum-and-ventricles?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 143: Through which secondary messenger(s) does ACTH exert its actions on the adrenal cortex? _____
Answer: cAMP
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/cortisol/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 144: Baroreceptors are stretch mechanoreceptors located within the _____ and the _____
Answer: carotid sinus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 145: How does increased efferent sympathetic firing (e.g. baroreceptor reflex) affect heart rate? _____
Answer: Increased HR
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 146: What type of nerve fibers sense proprioception in the medial dorsal horn of the spinal cord? _____
Answer: Ia and Ib
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 147: Are toll-like receptors (TLRs) found on cells of the innate or adaptive immune system? _____
Answer: Both :)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 148: Relative to time, how do peptide hormones differ from steroid hormones? _____
Answer: - Steroid hormones act slowly (taking hours) - Peptide hormones act quickly (within minutes)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 149: The corpus luteum synthesizes _____ and _____
Answer: estradiol
Extra: Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/female-reproductive-system?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 150: In eccentric hypertrophy, sarcomeres are added in _____
Answer: series
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 151: What type of nerve fibers sense sharp pain & cold in the lateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord? _____
Answer: III and A-delta
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 152: Does a vasectomy change the volume of ejaculate substantially? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 153: Which immune cell(s) secretes IL-12? _____
Answer: Macrophages
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/inflammatory-response?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 154: Does loss of the lacrimation reflex prevent formation of emotional tears? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/cranial-nerves/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 155: _____ cells function as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems
Answer: Dendritic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 156: Does the adrenal medulla have postganglionic sympathetic fibers? _____
Answer: No
Extra: Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki Sympathetic innervation of the adrenal medulla Innervation (left) and synaptic signaling of chromaffin cells (right) in the adrenal medulla. 1 and 2: Preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the thoracic spine directly innervate the chromaffin cells, which are neuroendocrine cells similar in structure to sympathetic neurons. 3. An action potential opens a voltage-gated calcium channel. 4. The increased calcium ion concentration within the synaptic cell triggers the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from vesicles into the synaptic cleft. 5. The nicotinic ACh receptors on the chromaffin cells are ligand-gated ion channels. The influx of sodium ions triggers depolarization of the cell, which leads to the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. 6. The increased calcium ion concentration within the chromaffin cell triggers the secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine from the secretory granules into the bloodstream. Approx. 80% of chromaffin cells produce epinephrine, while only 20% produce norepinephrine. 7. The predominant serum catecholamine is norepinephrine (80%). This increase in serum norepinephrine occurs because norepinephrine is also secreted as a neurotransmitter by the postganglionic fibers from the sympathetic trunk, while epinephrine is produced almost exclusively by the adrenal gland.
Flashcard 157: Which electrolyte disturbances cause arrhythmias, muscle cramps, spasm, and weakness? _____
Answer: Low and high K+
Extra: Watch Potassium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-potassium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/electrolytes?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/potassium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 158: In general, leukotrienes cause _____ vascular permeability
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 159: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for attenuating the inflammatory response? _____
Answer: IL-10
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 160: Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B-cell maturation? _____
Answer: Bone marrow
Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/lymphoid-tissue?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/b-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 161: Closure of the ductus arteriosus occurs in response to increased _____ and decreased PGE (from respiration and placental separation, respectively)
Answer: O2
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 162: Hypothalamic control of spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion are regulated via the hormone _____
Answer: GnRH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 163: The seminal vesicles secretes a fluid rich in _____, citrate, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen, which are nutritive for the ejaculated sperm
Answer: fructose
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/male-reproductive-system?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 164: Myeloid stem cells may differentiate into _____, which mature into granulocytes
Answer: myeloblasts
Extra: Watch Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) & Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-acute-myeloid-leukemia-aml-and-chronic-myeloid-leukemia-cml?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/blood-and-blood-formation?index=19] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 165: In the fetal period, the ductus arteriosus acts as a(n) _____-to-_____ shunt
Answer: right
Extra: Watch Left to Right Shunts [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-congenital-heart-disease-left-to-right-shunts?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/acyanotic-congenital-heart-defects?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/congenital-defects/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 166: Vagal stimulation is a potent direct activator of parietal cells (H+ secretion) via binding of the neurotransmitter _____ to M3 receptors
Answer: ACh
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: GI (Gastroesophageal Refund) Watch H2 receptor blockers, PPIs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-gi-h2-receptor-blockers-ppis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastrointestinal?ref=anki
Flashcard 167: Interstitial fluid may enter, but not leave, the lymph vessels due to _____
Answer: one-way flap valves
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/lymphatic-system?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 168: In paradoxical splitting, the split sound is "paradoxically" eliminated with _____
Answer: inspiration
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 169: During muscle contraction: - the _____ and _____ bands, and distance between Z bands, are shortened - the A band remains the same length
Answer: H
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 170: What type of blood vessel contains the largest percentage of blood in the cardiovascular system? _____
Answer: Veins
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 171: A carotid massage temporarily inhibits the activity of the _____ node
Answer: SA
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 172: The synthesis of growth hormone is stimulated by _____, its hypothalamic-releasing hormone
Answer: growth-hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 173: Conduction velocity is increased when the space (length) constant is _____
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/conduction-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 174: Blood flows from the _____ to the systemic arteries and tissues
Answer: aorta
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/anatomy-of-the-heart/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 175: Which type of blood vessel has extensive elastic tissue and smooth muscle? _____
Answer: Artery
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/cardiovascular-system?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 176: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is _____ in Growth Hormone deficiency
Answer: low
Extra: * normally secreted by liver in response to GH Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 177: The _____ prevents circulating blood substances (e.g. bacteria, drugs) from reaching the CSF / CNS
Answer: blood-brain barrier
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 178: Dystrophin normally anchors the muscle _____ to the extracellular matrix; primarily in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Answer: cytoskeleton
Extra: Watch Muscular Dystrophies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-muscle-muscular-dystrophies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/genetics/videos/high-yield-genetic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 179: What is the effect of hypoglycemia and starvation on growth hormone secretion? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 180: Which female sex steroid is responsible for spiral artery development? _____
Answer: Progesterone
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 181: Which endocrine hormones use receptor-associated tyrosine kinases as their signaling pathway (2 +2 bonus)? _____
Answer: Prolactin, Growth hormone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 182: Which thyroid hormone (T3 or T4) is more active? _____
Answer: T3
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 183: In the follicular phase, what hormone stimulates development of multiple follicles? _____
Answer: FSH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 184: The _____ is a fast, neurally mediated mechanism of regulating arterial pressure
Answer: baroreceptor reflex
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 185: Gamma motoneurons innervate _____-fusal muscle fibers
Answer: intra
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 186: How does ECF volume change with diarrhea? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: * due to isotonic net loss of Na+ + H2O -> ECF contracts, while ICF remains normal Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki Other: Goljan
Flashcard 187: _____ is the enzyme responsible for oxidation and organification of iodide
Answer: Thyroid peroxidase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 188: The pituitary hormone _____ acts on the Sertoli cells to maintain spermatogenesis
Answer: FSH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 189: Depending on the severity of diffuse axonal injury, patients may present with _____
Answer: motor posturing
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/traumatic-brain-injuries?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 190: Blood flows from the pulmonary artery to the _____ for oxygenation
Answer: lungs
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/anatomy-of-the-heart/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 191: Patients with _____ hypersensitivity are at increased risk of syncope / lightheadedness when pressure is applied around the neck (ex. a tight shirt collar)
Answer: carotid sinus
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 192: As long as lactation continues, _____ is suppressed, due to inhibitory effects of prolactin on GnRH, FSH, and LH
Answer: ovulation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 193: Lymphoid stem cells may differentiate into _____, which mature into naive B cells and then plasma cells
Answer: B lymphoblasts
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/blood-and-blood-formation?index=19] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 194: The _____ lobe of the cerebellum spans through the vermis and lateral hemispheres
Answer: flocculonodular
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebellum?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 195: What hormone is responsible for developing a single dominant follicle? _____
Answer: LH
Extra: Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 196: IgA exists as a(n) _____ in circulation
Answer: monomer
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 197: How does the activity of acetylcholinesterase change with lowered temperatures? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch Myasthenia Gravis & Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-derm/videos/medical-pathophysiology-musculoskeletal-and-derm-muscle-myasthenia-gravis-and-lambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndrome?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 198: Clawing of the hand is characterized by _____ at the MCP joint, _____ at the PIP joint, and _____ at the DIP joint
Answer: extension
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 199: Lesion of the _____ area of the hypothalamus results in anorexia and failure to thrive (infants)
Answer: lateral
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 200: What are the three locations that insulin acts on? _____
Answer: Liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 201: When a blood vessel is injured, _____ binds exposed subendothelial collagen
Answer: von Willebrand factor (vWF)
Extra: Watch Inherited Coagulation Defects [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-inherited-coagulation-defects?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 202: Which hormones use cAMP as their secondary messenger? _____
Answer: (FLAT ChAMP's CHuGG) FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH hCG ADH (V2) MSH PTH Calcitonin Histamine (H2-receptor) Glucagon GHRH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 203: Which reflex is mediated by CN II and III (afferent and efferent, respectively)? _____
Answer: Pupillary light reflex
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/external-examination-of-the-brain?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 204: In cases of severe neuronal damage (ex. herniation / diffuse axonal injury) below the red nucleus, patients can present with _____ motor posturing
Answer: decerebrate
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/traumatic-brain-injuries?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 205: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is secreted by cells of the _____ nuclei of the hypothalamus
Answer: paraventricular
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 206: Catecholamines are transported into pre-synaptic vesicles by the _____ transporter
Answer: (VMAT) vesicular monoamine
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Indirect Sympathomimetics) Watch Indirect sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-indirect-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 207: A negative chronotropic effect _____ heart rate
Answer: decreases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 208: Pyrogens induce fever via increased production of _____, which acts on the anterior hypothalamus to increase local production of prostaglandins
Answer: IL-1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 209: In the muscle stretch reflex, stretch increases afferent impulses via _____ nerve fibers
Answer: Ia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 210: Exposure to cold temperatures causes _____ sympathetic nervous system activity
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 211: Prostacyclin (PGI2) and NO from endothelial cells cause inhibition of platelet _____
Answer: aggregation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 212: One function of cholecystokinin is to increase _____ of the gallbladder
Answer: contraction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 213: How does cortisol affect secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary? _____
Answer: Inhibits secretion, directly
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/cortisol/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 214: Human placental lactogen increases maternal _____
Answer: lipolysis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 215: Which two endocrine hormones act to increase bone growth? _____
Answer: Growth hormone & Thyroid hormone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 216: The incretin _____ may inadequately stimulate β cells and contribute to beta cell dysfunction in T2DM
Answer: GLP
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 217: Which nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids) stimulate release of somatostatins? _____
Answer: All three :)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 218: The portal blood supply of the islets of Langerhans allow blood from the _____ cells to bathe the _____ and _____ cells, further promoting rapid communication
Answer: beta
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 219: The ventromedial area of the hypothalamus is stimulated by _____
Answer: leptin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 220: The effects of cortisol may be remembered with the mnemonic "A BIG FIB": A: _____ B: Blood pressure (increased, via alpha1) I: Insulin resistance (increased) G: Gluconeogenesis (increased) F: Fibroblast activity (decreased) I: Inflammatory/Immune response (decreased) B: Bone formation (decreased)
Answer: increased Appetite
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 221: Normally there is ~_____ g/dL of hemoglobin in blood
Answer: 15
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/blood?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemoglobin/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 222: Which androgen is associated with sebaceous gland activity? _____
Answer: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 223: In response to decreased afferent baroreceptor firing, there is _____ efferent sympathetic firing (baroreceptor reflex)
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 224: Which cholecystokinin receptor is selective for CCK? _____
Answer: CCKA
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 225: Lymphoid stem cells may differentiate into _____, which mature into naive T cells and then CD4+/CD8+ T cells
Answer: T lymphoblasts
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/blood-and-blood-formation?index=19] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 226: Extraocular movements during REM sleep are due to activity of the _____
Answer: paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/psychiatry/videos/sleep-and-psychosomatic-conditions?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/sleep-physiology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 227: What form of thyroid hormone is predominately produced by the thyroid gland? _____
Answer: 90% T4
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 228: Blood flows continuously through the cardiac cycle in all organs except the _____
Answer: heart
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/heart?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/anatomy-of-the-heart/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 229: What is the difference between the binding sites of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and nitric oxide (NO) to guanylyl cyclase receptors? _____
Answer: - ANP binds to a receptor guanylyl cyclase - NO binds to a cytoplasmic guanylyl cyclase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 230: What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on salivary secretion? _____
Answer: Increased secretion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/non-visceral-anatomy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 231: MHC I binds to the T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD-_____
Answer: 8
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 232: Cortisol levels are highest just before _____ and lowest in the _____
Answer: awakening
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/cortisol/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 233: Glucocorticoids have a(n) _____ effect on peripheral skeletal muscle
Answer: catabolic
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch Glucocorticoids [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-glucocorticoids?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 234: What is the effect of hypoxia (low O2) and hypercapnia (high CO2) on contractility (and SV)? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 235: The neuroglycopenic symptoms of hypoglycemia include behavioral changes, confusion, visual disturbances, stupor, and _____
Answer: seizures
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 236: Growth hormone is synthesized in the _____ of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Answer: somatotrophs
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 237: One component of the blood-brain barrier is _____ between non-fenestrated capillary endothelial cells
Answer: tight junctions
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 238: Motilin is a hormone that initiates _____ at 90-minute intervals between meals
Answer: migrating motor complexes (MMCs)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 239: The granules of basophils contain _____ and histamine (anticoagulant and vasodilator, respectively)
Answer: heparin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 240: Which cranial nerve is responsible for the efferent limb of the pupillary light reflex? _____
Answer: CN III (Oculomotor)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/vision?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 241: _____ measures the extrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade
Answer: Prothrombin time (PT)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 242: Which type of immunity includes neutrophils and dendritic cells? _____
Answer: Innate immunity
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 243: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion is decreased in response to _____
Answer: free T3/T4
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 244: Approximately _____ of the platelet pool is stored in the spleen
Answer: one-third
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 245: _____ are present on neurotransmitter vesicles, allowing the vesicles to dock and release the NT into the synaptic cleft
Answer: SNARE proteins
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 246: The adrenal medulla is responsible for the secretion of the catecholamines _____ and _____
Answer: norepinephrine
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 247: The average life-span of an erythrocyte is approximately _____
Answer: 120 days
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 248: The anterior hypothalamus is controlled by the _____ nervous system
Answer: parasympathetic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 249: Ruffini corpuscles adapt _____
Answer: slowly
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/skin?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 250: Which part of the brain "fine-tunes" movement and aids in coordination/balance? _____
Answer: Cerebellum
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebellum?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 251: For each ATP consumed, the sodium-potassium pump transfers _____ out of the cell (pump phosphorylated)
Answer: 3 Na+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 252: Growth hormone has _____ effects in adipose tissue
Answer: catabolic
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch Growth hormone, mecasermin, octreotide, pegvisomant [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-growth-hormone-mecasermin-octreotide-pegvisomant?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 253: What is the result of sympathetic stimulation on heart rate? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 254: Which type of sensory receptor is located on all skin, epidermis, and some viscera? _____
Answer: Free nerve endings
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/skin?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 255: Prostacyclin (PGI2) and NO from endothelial cells cause vaso-_____
Answer: dilation
Extra: Watch NSAIDs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-blood-inflammation/videos/medical-pharmacology-blood-and-inflammation-anti-inflammatory-nsaids?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 256: Exercise may increase the expression of the GLUT-_____ receptor in muscle tissue, only
Answer: 4
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/introduction-to-the-respiratory-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 257: The valsalva maneuver is executed by forcibly exhaling against a closed _____, and then bearing down to increase intraabdominal/intrathoracic pressure
Answer: glottis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 258: Hypocalcemia can lead to _____ and in severe cases lead to seizures
Answer: tetany
Extra: Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Teriparatide, vitamin D, cinacalcet, sevelamer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-teriparatide-vitamin-d-cinacalcet-sevelamer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 259: What is the effect of testosterone on GnRH secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 260: What phenomenon is characterized by viable myocytes that do not return to full activity for hours to days after reperfusion? "_____"
Answer: Stunned myocardium
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 261: The source of _____ after menopause becomes peripheral conversion of androgens
Answer: estrogen
Extra: Watch Amenorrhea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-amenorrhea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/menopause/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 262: What is the effect of glucocorticoids on blood neutrophil levels? _____
Answer: Increased (neutrophilia)
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 263: Prolactin is the major hormone responsible for _____ and also participates (with estrogen) in _____
Answer: milk production (lactogenesis)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 264: Is cell-mediated immunity primarily mediated by B-cells or T-cells? _____
Answer: T-cells
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 265: Which nerves carry parasympathetics to the GI tract? _____
Answer: Vagus, Pelvic splanchnic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 266: Thyroid hormone stimulates upregulation of _____ receptors in the heart
Answer: B1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 267: In addition to VIP, what other GI regulatory substance causes relaxation of smooth muscle and sphincters? _____
Answer: Nitric oxide
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 268: Activation of β1 adrenergic receptors on the SA node causes _____ heart rate
Answer: increased
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Sympathomimetics) Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 269: Is the pupillary dilator muscle under parasympathetic or sympathetic control? _____
Answer: Sympathetic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 270: What is the major factor determining autoregulation of blood flow to the heart? _____
Answer: Local metabolites
Extra: Watch Myocardial Response To Ischemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-myocardial-response-to-ischemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 271: Which type of immunity includes macrophages and monocytes? _____
Answer: Innate immunity
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 272: What is the effect of estrogen on LH, estrogen, and progesterone receptors? _____
Answer: Up-regulation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 273: Oxytocin causes _____ from the breast when stimulated by suckling
Answer: ejection of milk
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/female-reproductive-system?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 274: Which trigeminal nerve nuclei forms the sensory limb of the jaw jerk reflex? _____
Answer: Mesencephalic nucleus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 275: The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans compose 20% of the islet and secrete _____
Answer: glucagon
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 276: Activation of A1 receptors in the myocardium by adenosine _____ outward K+ current
Answer: increases
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Antiarrhythmics) Watch Class V [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-antiarrhythmics-class-v?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Antiarrhythmics?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 277: Contractility, or _____, is the intrinsic ability of myocardial cells to develop force at a given muscle length
Answer: inotropism
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 278: Epinephrine causes _____ diastolic pressure
Answer: decreased
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Sympathomimetics) Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 279: Why is weight loss a first-line treatment for PCOS? _____
Answer: Decreases insulin resistance
Extra: * hyperinsulinism (PCOS is one cause) sensitizes androgen-producing theca cells to LH Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Repro Hormones Overview & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-reproductive-hormones-overview-and-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 280: What effect does glucagon have on insulin secretion? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 281: Glucose-insulinotropic peptide causes increased release of _____ in response to a(n) oral glucose load (endocrine effect)
Answer: insulin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 282: The Na+ and K+ concentration gradients across the cardiac cell are maintained by the _____ pump
Answer: Na+-K+-ATPase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 283: Six major hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary: _____
Answer: 1. FSH 2. LH 3. ACTH 4. TSH 5. Prolactin 6. Growth hormone
Extra: "FLAT PiG" Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Etiologies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-etiologies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenal-insufficiency?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=21] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 284: Relative polycythemia is characterized by _____ EPO
Answer: normal
Extra: * b/c dehydration/burns decrease plasma volume with normal RBC mass/O2 sat/EPO levels Watch Polycythemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-myeloid-disorders-polycythemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-and-myeloproliferative-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 285: A(n) _____ inotropic agent causes the cardiac function curve to shift upwards
Answer: positive
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-function-and-venous-return-curves?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 286: Why are hypotonic saline solutions rarely used by themselves? _____
Answer: Can cause RBC lysis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 287: Gonadal males have testes that synthesize and secrete _____ and _____, which are required for development of the male phenotype
Answer: anti-müllerian hormone
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/fetal-development?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/primary-amenorrhea/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 288: Due to the high degree of oxygen extraction by the myocardium, increases in myocardial oxygen demand can only be met by an increase in _____
Answer: coronary blood flow
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-parameters-of-physiologic-function?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 289: The valsalva maneuver increases intraabdominal and intrathoracic pressure predominantly by recruiting the _____ muscle
Answer: rectus abdominis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 290: Once nitric oxide diffuses into muscle cells, it activates soluble (cytosolic) guanylyl cyclase, which converts _____ to _____
Answer: GTP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 291: The most important of the somatomedins is _____, also known as _____
Answer: somatomedin C
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 292: What is the orientation of an image when it hits the primary visual cortex? _____
Answer: Upside down with left-right reversed
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/vision?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 293: What type of leukocyte defends against helminthic infections? _____
Answer: Eosinophils
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 294: Marcus Gunn pupil occurs due to _____ nerve damage or severe retinal injury
Answer: optic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/demyelinating-disease?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki Pupillary light reflex The afferent pathway (blue tract) is initiated when light hits the retina: - Retinal photoreceptors → ipsilateral optic nerve → nuclei of bilateral pretectal areas (nasal fibers of the optic nerve cross to the contralateral side at the optic chiasma) The efferent pathway (green tract) transmits neural impulses to the iris sphincter muscles: - Nuclei of pretectal area → bilateral Edinger Westphal nuclei (parasympathetic preganglionic nucleus of the oculomotor nerve) → bilateral oculomotor nerves (synapse at the ciliary ganglion) → bilateral iris sphincter muscles → bilateral pupillary constriction. Shining a light into one eye causes constriction of the ipsilateral pupil (direct pupillary reflex) as well as that of the contralateral pupil (indirect or consensual pupillary reflex).
Flashcard 295: On average, intracellular fluid is _____% of body weight
Answer: 40
Extra: "60-40-20 rule" for TBW, ICF, ECF Watch Osmolality & Sodium Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-renal/videos/medical-pathophysiology-renal-volume-electrolyte-and-acidbase-disorders-osmolality-and-sodium-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology?ref=anki
Flashcard 296: What is the effect of endocannabinoids on appetite? _____
Answer: Increased ("the munchies")
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 297: In the male, the _____ gene on the Y chromosome produces testis-determining factor, which is necessary for testes development
Answer: SRY
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/fetal-development?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 298: Activation of β adrenergic receptors causes _____ levels of intracellular cAMP
Answer: increased
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Sympathomimetics) Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 299: Are neutrophils phagocytic? _____
Answer: Yes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 300: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) has a trophic effect on the thyroid gland, thus, chronic elevation of TSH causes _____ of the thyroid gland
Answer: hypertrophy/hyperplasia
Extra: Watch Hyperpituitarism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hyperpituitarism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 301: In what cases may the levels of TSH be decreased during hypothyroidism? _____
Answer: When the disorder is in the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary (i.e. insufficient TRH or TSH secretion)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 302: The largest secretory burst of growth hormone occurs within 1 hour of _____
Answer: falling asleep
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 303: Slow twitch muscle fibers are _____ due to increased myoglobin concentration
Answer: red
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 304: Through which secondary messenger does ANP exert its actions? _____
Answer: cGMP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 305: Accommodation (near response) occurs via contraction of the ciliary muscle, which _____ the suspensory ligaments and allows the lens to become more round
Answer: relaxes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 306: A positive inotropic effect _____ heart contractility
Answer: increases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 307: In chronic mitral regurgitation (compensated), how do the following change? - forward stroke volume = _____ - afterload = _____ - preload = _____ - ejection fraction = _____
Answer: no change
Extra: Watch Mitral Valve Regurgitation & Prolapse [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-valve-regurgitation-and-prolapse?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Aortic Stenosis & Regurgitation [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-valvular-disorders-mitral-valve-regurgitation-and-prolapse?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/valvular-disease?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 308: Acute gastritis may arise with increased _____, which to increases vagal stimulation, which increases H+ production
Answer: ICP
Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/peptic-ulcer/acquire?ref=anki Robbins:
Flashcard 309: The frequency of slow waves in the stomach is _____ waves/minute
Answer: 3
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 310: Which type of immunity includes physiologic barriers, such as temperature and pH? _____
Answer: Innate immunity
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 311: Which immune cell has the cell surface protein CD16 and CD56? _____
Answer: NK cells
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 312: The primary function of autoregulation of blood flow to the skin is _____ regulation
Answer: temperature
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 313: P-selectin is released from _____
Answer: Weibel-Palade bodies
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 314: Most tissue histamine is sequestered inside the granules of _____ and basophils
Answer: mast cells
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Respiratory (Antihistamines) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/smooth-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 315: Gap junctions contain channel proteins called _____, which allow communication between cells
Answer: connexons
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/general-principles?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 316: Adenosine activates inhibitory _____ receptors on the myocardium of the SA and AV nodes
Answer: A1
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Cardiovascular (Antiarrhythmics) Watch Class V [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-renal/videos/medical-pharmacology-cardiovascular-and-renal-antiarrhythmics-class-v?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Antiarrhythmics?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 317: In muscle cells, Hyperthyroidism _____ expression of cardiac sarcolemmal ATPase and _____ expression of phospholamban
Answer: increases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 318: Excessive glucocorticoids inhibit _____ release, manifesting as abnormal menses in women
Answer: GnRH
Extra: Watch Cushings Syndrome [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-internal-medicine-endocrinology-adrenal-disease-cushing-syndrome-soap?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 319: What hormone is responsible for long bone growth (pubertal growth spurt)? _____
Answer: IGF-1
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch Growth hormone, mecasermin, octreotide, pegvisomant [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-growth-hormone-mecasermin-octreotide-pegvisomant?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 320: What type of transport mechanism is glucose transport through GLUT1 and GLUT2? _____
Answer: Facilitated diffusion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 321: Superantigens fully attach to an antigen present cell's (APC) _____ and a T-cell's TCR, stimulating a large T-cell response
Answer: MHC II
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 322: The adrenal medulla is responsible for the secretion of the catecholamines _____ and _____
Answer: norepinephrine
Extra: Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/adrenals/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: Other:
Flashcard 323: Anti-müllerian hormone, from the Sertoli cells, is also referred to as _____
Answer: müllerian inhibitory factor
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/fetal-development?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 324: In a cardiac cell, the conductance to K+ at rest is _____
Answer: high
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 325: The function of the ovaries are _____ and secretion of the female sex steroid hormones progesterone and estrogen
Answer: oogenesis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/female-reproductive-system?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 326: The immediate response of mast cell and basophil activation is release of preformed _____ granules and tryptase
Answer: histamine
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 327: What is the effect of thyroid hormone on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems? _____
Answer: Increased activity
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 328: The kidneys receive approximately _____% of the cardiac output
Answer: 25
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/nephrology/videos/fluid-and-filtration-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal?ref=anki
Flashcard 329: The pulmonary hypertension seen with long-standing left-to-right shunts causes the right ventricle to _____
Answer: hypertrophy
Extra: Watch Left to Right Shunts [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-congenital-heart-disease-left-to-right-shunts?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-special-topics?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/congenital-defects/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 330: Which female sex steroid is responsible for the development of breasts? _____
Answer: Estrogen
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 331: What changes occur during the process of spermiogenesis? - Loss of _____ - Gain of a(n) _____ cap - Development of _____
Answer: cytoplasmic contents
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/germinal-period-weeks-1-2?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 332: _____ is released from atrial myocytes in response to increased blood volume and atrial pressure
Answer: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Extra: this promotes diuresis and contributes to "aldosterone escape" (helps to excrete Na+ and water to limit the hypernatremia and edema seen in aldosterone overexcretion from an adrenal adenoma. Thus, ANP helps escape aldosterone) Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Hyperaldosteronism & Hypercortisolism [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-adrenocortical-hyperfunction-hyperaldosteronism-and-hypercortisolism?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 333: What part of a myocardial cell is responsible for carrying action potentials into the cell interior? _____
Answer: T tubules
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 334: Within seconds of cardiac ischemia, myofibrils relax and cardiomyocytes shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism due to depletion of _____
Answer: ATP
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 335: Ghrelin is secreted from the stomach during _____ states
Answer: fasting
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 336: IFN-Y is primarily produced by _____ cells and primarily activates Macrophages and NK cells, along with CD8 CTLs
Answer: TH1
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 337: What are the blood concentration levels of amino acids and fatty acids in a diabetes mellitus patient? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 338: Patients develop heat stroke due to heat production exceeding _____
Answer: heat dissipation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 339: What effect does insulin have on insulin receptors in target tissues? _____
Answer: Causes down-regulation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 340: What effect does decreased heart rate have on cardiac contractility? _____
Answer: Decreased contractility
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 341: Neurons of the _____ cortex are involved in integration of information processed in the primary somatosensory cortex
Answer: somatosensory association
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebral-cortex?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 342: Which type of sensory receptor senses dynamic, light touch, and position sense? _____
Answer: Meissner corpuscles
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/skin?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 343: Where does positive selection of T cells occur? _____
Answer: Thymic cortex
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 344: Endothelial cells prevent thrombosis by producing thrombomodulin, which redirects _____ to activate protein C
Answer: thrombin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/coagulation-and-fibrinolysis?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 345: The _____ form of glucose administration leads to greater insulin release due to stimulation of GIP and GLP-1 secretion
Answer: oral
Extra: Watch Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis & Acute Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetes-mellitus-pathogenesis-and-acute-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/diabetes/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 346: Primary hemostasis is mediated by interactions between _____ and the vessel wall
Answer: platelets
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 347: Growth hormone is released in a(n) _____ pattern, with bursts of secretion occurring approximately every 2 hours
Answer: pulsatile
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 348: What is the result of sympathetic stimulation on conduction velocity? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 349: What unique antibodies in plasma do patients with the B blood type have? _____
Answer:
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 350: During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels are _____
Answer: low
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 351: The Sertoli cells of the male gonads synthesize a glycoprotein called _____, which is critical for the development of male genitalia
Answer: anti-müllerian hormone
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/male-reproductive-system?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 352: Which type of leukocyte differentiates into macrophages in tissue? _____
Answer: Monocytes
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 353: Lesions at or above superior olivary nucleus result in diminished hearing loss _____-laterally and decreased ability to localize sound
Answer: bi
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 354: Cortisol results in _____ REM sleep and _____ awake time
Answer: decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine/cortisol/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 355: Merkel discs adapt _____
Answer: slowly
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/skin?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 356: Of the amino acids, _____ and tryptophan are the most potent stimuli for gastrin secretion
Answer: phenylalanine
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 357: When total myocardial ischemia lasts less than 30 minutes, restoration of blood flow leads to _____ dysfunction
Answer: reversible contractile
Extra: Watch Myocardial Response To Ischemia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-myocardial-response-to-ischemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute Myocardial Infarction & Post MI Timeline [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-ischemic-heart-disease-myocardial-response-to-ischemia?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/myocardial-infarction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 358: In muscle contraction, the _____ occurs when myosin binds to actin after releasing Pi
Answer: power stroke
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 359: What is the effect of estrogen on prolactin secretion? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 360: In the setting of gestational diabetes with poor control, fetal hyperglycemia leads to fetal hyperinsulinism and _____ hyperplasia
Answer: β cell
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 361: Hypothalamic hormones stimulate or inhibit the release of _____ hormones
Answer: anterior pituitary
Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Etiologies [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-etiologies?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 362: Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in the _____ from 18 weeks to adulthood
Answer: bone marrow
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/embryology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hematopoiesis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 363: Oxytocin causes contraction of _____ in the breast, forcing milk stored in the mammary alveoli into the ducts for ejection
Answer: myoepithelial cells
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/female-reproductive-system?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 364: Which androgen is responsible for libido? _____
Answer: Testosterone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 365: Which layer of the heart wall is most vulnerable to hypoxia/ischemia? _____
Answer: Subendocardium (LV)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/anatomy-of-the-heart/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 366: In which type of immunity is microbial resistance not heritable? _____
Answer: Adaptive immunity
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 367: Stress causes increased secretion of _____ and _____, particularly in the absence of insulin
Answer: epinephrine
Extra: * causes stress hyperglycemia Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-hhs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/crash-course-in-medicine/diabetic-ketoacidosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 368: What unique antibodies in plasma do patients with the AB blood type have? _____
Answer: none
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/blood-transfusion-reactions?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 369: Severing or injuring the pituitary stalk leads to _____ serum prolactin levels *bonus: why?
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 370: What effect does mechanical nipple stimulation have on the release of prolactin? _____
Answer: Increased (galactorrhea)
Extra: * results in galactorrhea; sketch miscolored (should show milky discharge with kid touching milk nipple on his bottle) Watch Benign Breast Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-benign-breast-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Breast Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-breast-breast-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 371: During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, basal body temperature _____ due to the effect of progesterone on the hypothalamic temperature set-point
Answer: increases
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 372: What is the major factor determining autoregulation of blood flow to the resting skeletal muscle? _____
Answer: Sympathetic innervation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 373: Which immune cell(s) secretes IL-1? _____
Answer: Macrophages
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/inflammatory-response?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 374: Vitamin E deficiency may cause _____ and Spinocerebellar tract demyelination
Answer: Posterior (Dorsal) Column
Extra: Watch Vitamin E [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-minerals/videos/medical-biochemistry-vitamins-and-minerals-fat-soluble-vitamins-vitamin-e?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 375: From the anterior chamber, most aqueous humor (90%) drains through the trabecular meshwork into the _____
Answer: canal of Schlemm (scleral venous sinus)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 376: Which immunoglobulin typically mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)? _____
Answer: IgG*
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/hypersensitivities?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 377: The adrenal medulla exerts its post-ganglionic sympathetic effects via _____ transmission
Answer: neurohumoral
Extra: Watch Pheochromocytoma & Neuroblastoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-adrenal-disorders-pheochromocytoma-and-neuroblastoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 378: How do lymphocyte levels change post-splenectomy? _____
Answer: Increased (lymphocytosis)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 379: Which androgen is responsible for differentiation of the prostate? _____
Answer: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Extra: Watch Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) & Prostate Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-bph-and-prostate-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/renal/prostate/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 380: After ~120 days, red blood cells are removed by macrophages of the _____ system
Answer: reticuloendothelial
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/microcytic-anemia?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 381: Type _____ muscle fibers are also known as fast twitch muscle fibers
Answer: II
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 382: Which thyroid hormone (T4 or T3) binds to nuclear receptor with greater affinity? _____
Answer: T3
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 383: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) causes _____ of GI smooth muscle and sphincters (including LES)
Answer: relaxation
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 384: What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on pancreatic secretion? _____
Answer: Increased secretion
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 385: Where in the heart is conduction velocity the fastest? _____
Answer: Purkinje fibers
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/anatomy?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 386: Ghrelin is secreted by gastric cells and acts to _____ appetite
Answer: increase
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 387: What is the effect of increased temperature on inhibin B secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 388: What is the effect of glucocorticoids on insulin resistance? _____
Answer: Increases resistance
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch Glucocorticoids [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-thyroid-parathyroid-and-adrenal-glucocorticoids?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 389: Thyroid hormone works synergistically with growth hormone and somatomedins to promote _____
Answer: bone formation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 390: Norepinephrine causes reflex _____
Answer: bradycardia
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics (Sympathomimetics) Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 391: Which type of immunity occurs rapidly, over minutes to hours? _____
Answer: Innate immunity
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 392: How do the receptors bound by steroid and thyroid hormones differ from the receptors bound by peptide hormones? _____
Answer: Peptide hormones bind extracellular receptors
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 393: The _____ lymphoid organs allow immune cells to react with antigen
Answer: secondary
Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/lymphoid-tissue?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 394: Decreased activity of the Ca2+-Na+ exchanger (e.g. due to cardiac glycosides) causes _____ intracellular Ca2+ concentration
Answer: increased
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/biochemistry/videos/cell-biology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 395: _____ is the major regulator of insulin release
Answer: Glucose
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 396: Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in the _____ from 10 to 28 weeks
Answer: spleen
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/embryology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hematopoiesis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 397: All pathways of complement activation result in the production of _____, which converts C3 to C3a and C3b
Answer: C3 convertase
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 398: Which type of leukocyte is able to synthesize and release leukotrienes on demand? _____
Answer: Basophil
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 399: Pregnancy is characterized by steadily _____ levels of estrogen and progesterone
Answer: increasing
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 400: What is the source of prolactin and growth hormone secretion? _____
Answer: Anterior pituitary
Extra: Watch Hypothalamic & Pituitary Dysfunction Clinical Manifestations [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-disorders-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-dysfunction-clinical-manifestations?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=21] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 401: All of the inputs to the cerebellum are directed towards influencing the firing of _____ cells
Answer: Purkinje
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/nervous-system?index=17] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 402: How does libido change in elderly males? _____
Answer: No change
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 403: Testosterone acts via an intratesticular _____ mechanism to reinforce the spermatogenic effects of FSH in Sertoli cells
Answer: paracrine
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 404: What effect does excessive I- intake have on thyroid hormone secretion? _____
Answer: Decreases secretion (Wolff-Chaikoff effect)
Extra: * Excessive iodine directly inhibits thyroid peroxidase, preventing organification of thyroid hormone -> hypothyroid effect Watch Hypothyroidism Other Causes [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-other-causes?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 405: What is the effect of insulin on somatostatin secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 406: Heart failure, hypotension, and shock may be caused by _____calcemia
Answer: hypo
Extra: Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 407: Hypothyroidism may cause hypertension due to increased _____ *bonus: what causes the latter cloze?
Answer: systemic vascular resistance
Extra: Watch Hypothyroidism Overview & Hashimotos Thyroiditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-hypothyroidism-overview-and-hashimotos-thyroiditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 408: From the lymph, chylomicrons enter the _____ via the thoracic duct
Answer: blood
Extra: Watch Lipid Digestion Absorption [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-lipids-lipid-digestion-and-absorption?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki
Flashcard 409: Type _____ muscle fibers are increased in proportion after endurance training
Answer: I
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/skeletal-muscle/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 410: Aqueous humor from the _____ chamber enters the _____ chamber
Answer: posterior
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 411: Which types of sensory receptor adapt quickly? _____ and Meissner corpuscles
Answer: Pacinian corpuscles
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/skin?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 412: Oxytocin causes powerful rhythmic contractions of _____ muscle
Answer: uterine smooth
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/abdominopelvic-systems-digestive-urinary-and-reproductive?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 413: ADH activation of the _____ receptor on vascular smooth muscle causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
Answer: V1
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Thyroid, Pituitary, & Adrenal Watch ADH, DDAVP, ADH receptor antagonists [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-gi-endocrine/videos/medical-pharmacology-gi-and-endocrine-hypothalamic-and-pituitary-adh-ddavp-adh-receptor-antagonists?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 414: For each ATP consumed, the sodium-potassium pump transfers _____ into the cell (pump dephosphorylated)
Answer: 2 K+
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 415: Dilated cardiomyopathy results in _____ dysfunction
Answer: systolic
Extra: Watch Congestive Heart Failure Pathophysiology [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-heart-failure-congestive-heart-failure-pathophysiology?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Dilated & Restrictive Cardiomyopathy [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-dilated-and-restrictive-cardiomyopathy?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiomyopathy?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 416: Which CD marker(s) (CD4, CD8) does the T-cell express in the thymic cortex? _____
Answer: Both CD4 and CD8
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 417: Which female sex steroid is responsible for watery cervical mucus, which facilitates sperm entry into the uterus? _____
Answer: Estrogen
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 418: What is the major factor determining autoregulation of blood flow to the skin? _____
Answer: Sympathetic innervation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 419: Motilin is secreted from the small intestine during _____ states
Answer: fasting
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 420: What is the effect of increased contractility on cardiac O2 consumption? _____
Answer: Increased O2 consumption
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 421: Which type of blood vessel is the site of exchange of nutrients, water, and gases? _____
Answer: Capillaries
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/cardiovascular-system?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 422: Thrombopoietin stimulates _____ proliferation and is made in the _____
Answer: megakaryocyte
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 423: In the skeletal muscle, stimulation of β3 receptors results in _____
Answer: increased thermogenesis
Extra: First Aid Pharmacology: Autonomics Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 424: Platelets (thrombocytes) have a life span of _____ to _____ days
Answer: 8
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 425: Serotonin causes arteriolar _____
Answer: constriction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/inflammatory-response?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 426: Congenital long QT syndrome is an inherited disorder of myocardial repolarization, typically due to _____ defects
Answer: ion channel
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/ventricular-arrhythmias?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 427: _____ is an enzyme that normally cleaves vWF multimers into smaller monomers for eventual degradation
Answer: ADAMTS13 (vWF metalloprotease)
Extra: Watch Quantitative Platelet Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-blood-coagulation/videos/medical-pathophysiology-blood-and-coagulation-coagulopathies-and-platelet-disorders-quantitative-platelet-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 428: A normal WBC count is approximately _____ - _____ K/μL
Answer: 5
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/blood-and-blood-formation?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 429: In _____, DNA condenses to form chromosomes
Answer: mitosis
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 430: _____ differentiate from circulating blood monocytes
Answer: Macrophages
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 431: Phase 3 of the SA node action potential is caused by activation of _____ channels and inactivation of _____ channels
Answer: K+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/Cardiac%20Conductive%20Physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 432: The _____ subunits of the anterior pituitary hormones TSH, FSH, and LH are different and are responsible for the unique biologic activity of each hormone
Answer: β
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 433: Macrophages _____ bacteria, cellular debris, and RBCs
Answer: phagocytose
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=14] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 434: What change in heart rate is expected during the valsalva maneuver if the patient's baroreceptor reflex is intact? _____
Answer: Increased HR
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 435: Inhibition of _____ proteins inhibits docking of neurotransmitter vesicles and ultimately neurotransmitter release
Answer: SNARE
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki
Flashcard 436: Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation results in upregulation of _____, a nuclear transcription factor that activates immune response genes
Answer: NF-κB
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 437: _____ is a mechanism in which a hormone increases the number or affinity of its receptors in a target tissue
Answer: Up-regulation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 438: Lesion of the _____ hypothalamus results in hyperthermia
Answer: anterior
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 439: _____ in the islets of Langerhan link β-cells to each other, α-cells to each other, and β-cells to α-cells, allowing for rapid communication
Answer: Gap junctions
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 440: The accommodation reflex is accompanied by _____ and miosis
Answer: convergence
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 441: The endolymph of the inner ear is produced by the _____
Answer: stria vascularis
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/ears?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 442: Which type of filament is predominantly involved in muscle contraction and cytokinesis? _____
Answer: Microfilaments (e.g. actin, microvilli)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/methods-and-overview-of-cells?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 443: Which female sex steroid causes decreased myometrial (uterine) contractility/excitability? _____
Answer: Progesterone
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/abdominopelvic-systems-digestive-urinary-and-reproductive?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 444: Conduction velocity depends on the _____ of the inward current during the upstroke of an action potential
Answer: size (magnitude)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 445: Stimulation of the lateral area of the hypothalamus is inhibited by _____
Answer: leptin
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 446: Which androgen is responsible for differentiation of the external male genitalia (penis and scrotum)? _____
Answer: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/fetal-development?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 447: In the phospholipase C mechanism of cellular signaling, the IP3 generated from PIP2 causes release of _____ from intracellular stores in the endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum
Answer: Ca2+
Extra: Watch Hormonal Regulation Glycogen Insulin Glucagon Epinephrine [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-biochemistry/units/medical-biochemistry-metabolism/videos/medical-biochemistry-metabolism-carbohydrates-hormonal-regulation-of-glycogen-by-insulin-glucagon-and-epinephrine?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 448: At puberty, GnRH _____ its own receptor in the anterior pituitary, thus _____ sensitivity
Answer: up-regulates
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/puberty/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 449: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) acts on thyrotrophs of the anterior pituitary to stimulate the secretion of _____
Answer: thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=22] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 450: What is the effect of insulin on glucagon secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: Watch Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-diabetes-diabetic-ketoacidosis-dka-and-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-state-hhs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 451: How does increased efferent sympathetic firing (e.g. baroreceptor reflex) affect contractility? _____
Answer: Increased contractility
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 452: Compared to the umbilical vein, the umbilical arteries have _____ O2 saturation
Answer: low
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/thoracic-systems-respiratory-and-cardiovascular?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 453: What is the most common type of leukocyte (54 - 62%)? _____
Answer: Neutrophils
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/blood-cells?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 454: What conditioned responses may stimulate oxytocin secretion? _____
Answer: Sight, sound, or smell of an infant
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 455: A lesion of the vestibular nuclei or nerve produces a vestibular-evoked _____ (vestibulo-ocular reflex)
Answer: nystagmus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 456: A(n) _____ inotropic agent causes the cardiac function curve to shift downwards
Answer: negative
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/cardiac-function-and-venous-return-curves?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 457: Somatostatin decreases gastric acid secretion by decreasing levels of _____
Answer: cAMP
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 458: Which immune cells secretes IFN-γ? _____
Answer: NK cells and Th1 cells
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/cytokines?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 459: What is the effect of somatostatin on growth hormone secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 460: A dicrotic pulse has 2 distinct peaks (one during systole, other during diastole) due to an accentuated _____ after the dicrotic notch
Answer: diastolic dicrotic wave
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 461: Which type of UV light is the main cause of tanning and photoaging? _____
Answer: UV-A
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 462: _____ contractions are designed to propel the chyme along the small intestine towards the large intestine
Answer: Peristaltic
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 463: The _____ of the reticular formation is a collection of nuclei surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain
Answer: periaqueductal (central) gray
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/superficial-brainstem?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neuroscience/brainstem/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 464: Lesion of the _____ hypothalamus results in poikilothermy (cold-blooded)
Answer: posterior
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/diencephalon?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 465: The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis can occur via a CD-_____+ T-cell pathway
Answer: 8
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/inflammation-and-neoplasia/apoptosis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 466: Which primary lymphoid organ is the site for immune cell production? _____ *bonus: whats the survival signal?
Answer: Bone marrow
Extra: Watch Non Hodgkin Lymphoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-lymphoid/videos/medical-pathophysiology-myeloid-and-lymphoid-lymphoid-and-plasma-cell-disorders-non-hodgkin-lymphoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/lymphoid-tissue?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/b-cell-maturation/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:
Flashcard 467: A negative dromotropic effect _____ conduction velocity through the AV node
Answer: decreases
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 468: The foramen ovale usually closes shortly after birth because of increased _____ pressure
Answer: left atrial
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/thoracic-systems-respiratory-and-cardiovascular?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 469: Which type of sensory receptor senses pressure, slippage of objects along skin, and joint angle change? _____
Answer: Ruffini corpuscles
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/skin?index=7] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 470: If a patient has insufficient production of testosterone and is a male genotype, will they have: - Breasts? _____ - Uterus? _____
Answer: -
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/primary-amenorrhea/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 471: How does growth hormone affect protein synthesis and lean body mass? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 472: Actions of Thyroid Hormone Summary: No answer _____
Answer: :)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 473: Perfusion only during diastole, high O2 extraction and tightly coupled O2 demand and blood flow is characteristic of _____ muscle
Answer: cardiac
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki
Flashcard 474: What effect does carotid massage have on conduction through the AV node? _____
Answer: Slowed conduction
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/pressure-and-flow-physiology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 475: What type of nerve fibers sense dull pain & warmth in the lateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord? _____
Answer: IV and C
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/skeletal-muscle?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 476: Gastric HCl secretion during the _____ phase is mediated by both vagal stimulation and direct gastrin release
Answer: gastric
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 477: Estrogens (hormone) cause closure of the epiphyseal growth plate (bone structure) during _____
Answer: puberty
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 478: Which immune cell(s) secretes IL-8? _____
Answer: Macrophages
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pathology/videos/inflammatory-response?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 479: What is the effect of cryptorchidism on inhibin B levels? _____
Answer: Decreased (due to decreased Sertoli cell activity)
Extra: * sertoli male = granulosa female Watch Testicular Disorders & Cancer [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-male-gu-testicular-disorders-and-cancer?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/musculoskeletal/videos/high-yield-step-1-anatomy?index=47] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 480: The germ cells of the male gonads produce _____
Answer: spermatogonia
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/male-reproductive-system?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 481: Which second messenger is released upon binding of gastrin to CCKB receptors? _____
Answer: IP3/Ca2+
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=18] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 482: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found on the _____ gland
Answer: adrenal
Extra: Sketchy Pharmacology: Autonomics https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 483: How does free T3 cause decreased secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone? _____
Answer: Down-regulating the TRH receptors on the thyrotrophs of the anterior pituitary
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 484: What is the neurotransmitter used by granule cells (cerebellar cortex)? _____
Answer: Glutamate (Excitatory)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 485: Myeloid stem cells may differentiate into _____, which mature into RBCs
Answer: erythroblasts
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/embryology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 486: _____ on cells of the immune system are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are commonly shared by microbes
Answer: Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki
Flashcard 487: What is the result of parasympathetic stimulation on conduction velocity? _____
Answer: Decreased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 488: One function of secretin is to _____ gastric acid secretion and _____ pyloric sphincter contraction
Answer: decrease
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/physiology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology?ref=anki
Flashcard 489: Following transient vasoconstriction (primary hemostasis), there is platelet _____ to the surface of the disrupted vessel
Answer: adhesion
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 490: The neurogenic symptoms of hypoglycemia are caused by sympathoadrenal activation and are mediated via neurotransmitters from _____ postganglionic nerve fibers
Answer: sympathetic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 491: Which type of filament is predominantly involved in movement and cell division? _____
Answer: Microtubules (e.g. cilia, flagella)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/methods-and-overview-of-cells?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-physiology/cytoskeleton/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 492: The _____ of the cerebellum is involved in motor planning
Answer: lateral hemisphere
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neuroanatomy/videos/cerebellum?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology?ref=anki
Flashcard 493: Which organ of the body has the most effective oxygen extraction? _____
Answer: Heart
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/anatomy-of-the-heart/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 494: Parathyroid hormone is synthesized and secreted by the _____ cells of the parathyroid glands
Answer: chief
Extra: Watch Parathyroid Gland Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine/videos/medical-pathophysiology-endocrine-thyroid-and-parathyroid-parathyroid-gland-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/histology/videos/endocrine-system?index=15] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 495: Prolactin secretion is stimulated via _____ from the hypothalamus
Answer: thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology?ref=anki
Flashcard 496: Intestinal peristalsis occurs in response to binding of _____ to intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs)
Answer: 5-HT (serotonin)
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 497: In starvation, the enzyme 5'-deiodinase is _____ in tissues such as skeletal muscle, but _____ in the other tissues, such as the brain
Answer: inhibited
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 498: _____ is a hormone produced throughout pregnancy and has actions similar to those of growth hormone and prolactin
Answer: Human placental lactogen (HPL)
Extra: Watch Hydatidiform Mole & Choriocarcinoma [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-gestational-disorders-hydatidiform-mole-and-choriocarcinoma?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Gestational Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-amenorrhea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/reproduction/videos/pregnancy-and-menstruation?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 499: Cardiac contractility increases with _____ catecholamines
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 500: P-glycoprotein is found in the capillary endothelium of the _____ barrier
Answer: blood brain
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 501: In senescence, hormone levels are highest and FSH levels are _____ than LH levels
Answer: greater
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/puberty/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 502: The main functions of thyroid hormone can be remembered with the "7 B's"? 1. _____ 2. Bone growth 3. β1-adrenergic effects 4. Basal metabolic rate (increased) 5. Blood sugar 6. Break down lipids 7. _____
Answer: Brain maturation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 503: Endothelial cells prevent thrombosis by blocking exposure to underlying _____ and tissue thromboplastin
Answer: subendothelial collagen
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 504: In the myocardial cell, high intracellular Ca2+ binds to _____, causing tropomyosin to move out of the way, which allows actin and myosin interaction
Answer: troponin C
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/cardiology/videos/vasodilation-and-vasoconstriction?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Other:
Flashcard 505: Lesions to the optic nerve result in _____-ocular and _____-lateral deficits in vision
Answer: mon
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/vision?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/ophthalmology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 506: Selectins on endothelial cells bind _____ on leukocytes, resulting in rolling of leukocytes along the vessel wall
Answer: Sialyl-LewisX
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki UWorld:
Flashcard 507: Sweat glands are part of the sympathetic pathway, but the innervating postganglionic sympathetic fibers release _____
Answer: acetylcholine
Extra: Watch Sympathomimetics [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs/videos/medical-pharmacology-autonomic-drugs-sympathetic-sympathomimetics?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/general-pharmacology/general-principles/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 508: One source of von Willebrand factor (vWF) is from the _____ granules of platelets
Answer: α
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/heme-onc/hemostasis/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 509: Congenital GnRH deficiency presents with decreased secretion of _____ and _____
Answer: FSH
Extra: Watch Amenorrhea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-amenorrhea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Amenorrhea [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-gu/videos/medical-pathophysiology-reproductive-and-gu-reproductive-hormones-and-ovarian-disorders-amenorrhea?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 510: The _____ refractory period refers to the period in which no action potential can be initiated
Answer: absolute
Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/conduction-physiology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/arrhythmias/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 511: The _____ reflex is characterized by anal sphincter contraction upon squeezing of the glans penis
Answer: bulbocavernosus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 512: Peritoneal stretch receptors sense the increase in intraabdominal pressure and respond by triggering _____
Answer: increased vagal tone
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 513: Exogenous thyroid hormone = _____ thyroglobulin Thyroiditis = _____ thyroglobulin
Answer: low
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 514: ↑↑ hCG in a choriocarcinoma causes _____ (males) or hyperthyroidism due to α-subunit homology between hCG and TSH, FSH, and LH
Answer: gynecomastia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 515: Neurocardiogenic syncope is a form of reflex syncope that is triggered by _____
Answer: prolonged standing in the absence of sufficient compensatory HR acceleration
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/syncope/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 516: Vasovagal syncope = _____cardia with sinus arrest
Answer: brady
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/syncope/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 517: What is the effect of thyrotoxicosis on catecholamine release? _____
Answer: Unchanged
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 518: _____ = libido in both sexes
Answer: Androgens
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 519: What coordinates 24-hour/circadian rhythmicity? _____
Answer: Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 520: Why do Asians have increased risk of physiologic jaundice? _____
Answer: Decreased UGT activity
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 521: Huntington disease = ↓ _____ and ↓ _____
Answer: ACh
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/genetics?ref=anki
Flashcard 522: Anabolic steroid use leads to hypogonadism _____
Answer: T
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 523: What is the pathophysiology of cholelithiasis in pregnancy? _____
Answer: Increased biliary cholesterol excretion Decreased gallbladder motility
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics?ref=anki
Flashcard 524: PCOS = _____ GnRH and _____ estrogen levels
Answer: ↑
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 525: _____ hemostasis involves vWF and platelets and consists of platelet adhesion and aggregation resulting in a platelet plug. _____ hemostasis involves clotting factors and consists of the clotting cascade, resulting in a fibrin plug.
Answer: Primary
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/bleeding/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 526: Does compression of the median nerve in the forearm present with sensory loss in the forearm? _____
Answer: Yes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 527: Pregnancy = _____ hematocrit
Answer: ↓
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics/3rd-trimester-labs/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 528: Atrial flutter is most commonly caused by a re-entrant circuit around the _____
Answer: tricuspid annulus
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 529: Anabolic steroid use = _____ testosterone and _____ GnRH, LH, FSH
Answer: ↔
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 530: Why is thyroid hormone replacement given post-resection of thyroid cancer? _____
Answer: (-) feedback → ↓ TSH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 531: Apex (Left Decubitus; Bell): Identify: [sound:42 SO - S4 Gallop.mp3] _____
Answer: S4 Gallop
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 532: _____ syncope can be reproduced by stimulating visceral organs, carotid stimulation, or emotional disturbances (blood)
Answer: Vasovagal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/syncope/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 533: How do the following laboratory values change during pregnancy? Total T3/T4: _____ Free T3/T4: _____ TSH: _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics/medical-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 534: _____
Answer: Brown-Sequard syndrome
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/neck/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 535: Age-associated sleep patterns include: _____ Total sleep time _____ Nocturnal awakenings _____ Sleep during early morning hours _____ Day time napping _____ Day time sleep latency _____ REM sleep latency
Answer: ↓
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry/sleep-physiology/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 536: Exogenous androgens (anabolic steroids) = _____ hematocrit
Answer: ↑
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/psychiatry?ref=anki
Flashcard 537: Tetanus toxin (tetanospasmin) travels via _____ transport to the spinal cord
Answer: retrograde
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 538: Muscle tingling or numbness and tetany (spasms) is caused by _____
Answer: hypocalcemia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/nephrology/calcium/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 539: Low serum K+ levels can cause seizures _____
Answer: F
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 540: The source of estrogen in premonopausal women is from ovaries, in postmenopausal women it is from _____
Answer: adipose tissue
Extra:
Flashcard 541: ↑ Estrogen (pregnancy, OCP) = _____ thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) = _____ total T3/T4 and _____ free T3/T4
Answer: ↑
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics?ref=anki
Flashcard 542: Hypoglycemia can be precipitated by exercise in patients with insulin-treated diabetes -- why? _____
Answer: Exogenous insulin continues to suck glucose into cells on top of exercising skeletal muscles
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/diabetic-emergencies/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 543: Cushing syndrome causes painless proximal muscle weakness due to direct _____ effects of cortisol on skeletal muscle, leading to atrophy
Answer: catabolic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 544: Restrictive cardiomyopathy = _____ dysfunction
Answer: diastolic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/cardiomyopathy/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 545: Menopause is associated with _____ levels of FSH, LH, and GnRH with _____ levels of estrogen
Answer: increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/secondary-amenorrhea/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 546: How can primary hypothyroidism cause galactorrhea? _____
Answer: ↑ TRH → ↑ prolactin secretion and TSH → hyperprolactinemia
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrinology/thyroid/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 547: Left to right shunts are cyanotic _____
Answer: False - (oxygenated blood from the LV going back through the lungs)
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/ct-surgery/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 548: What features are preserved in anterior spinal artery syndrome? _____
Answer: Vibration and light touch sensation
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 549: _____ = short half life (early loss in liver disease)
Answer: factor VII
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 550: Will ulnar nerve compression at the elbow cause decreased grip strength? _____
Answer: Yes
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 551: Why are the initial menstrual cycles in adolescents irregular and anovulatory? _____
Answer: Hypoathalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis immaturity
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 552: An abnormal head thrust test can detect _____ dysfunction
Answer: vestibular
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 553: What is the effect of thyrotoxicosis on catecholamine sensitivity? _____
Answer: Increased
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 554: The _____ drastically increases after a large surface area burn due to the release of inflammatory mediators
Answer: metabolic rate
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/burns/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 555: Very elevated levels of _____ is characteristic of menopause
Answer: FSH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 556: _____ stimulates milk ejection after suckling
Answer: Oxytocin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 557: _____ bilirubin causes kernicterus
Answer: Unconjugated
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/jaundice/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 558: Vagal maneuvers (carotid sinus massage, cold-water immersion, Valsalva) increase parasympathetic tone at the _____, which helps terminate supraventricular tachycardias
Answer: AV node
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 559: The SA and AV nodes are usually supplied by the _____ artery
Answer: right coronary
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 560: ↓ Ejection fraction = _____ dysfunction
Answer: systolic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/heart-failure/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 561: Bradycardia and a decreased cardiac output is seen in _____ shock
Answer: neurogenic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 562: Decerebrate rigidity = _____ red nucleus Decorticate rigidity = _____ red nucleus
Answer: below
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 563: REM sleep is characterized by _____ in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate
Answer: ↑
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 564: Systolic murmur, s3 gallop and JVD during pregnancy is _____
Answer: normal
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obstetrics?ref=anki
Flashcard 565: Kallmann syndrome is characterized by a defective migration of _____ cells and defective formation of the olfactory bulb
Answer: GnRH
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 566: _____ VSD = Louder sound
Answer: Small
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 567: _____ is a sustained penile erection seen with spinal cord injury.
Answer: Priapism
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki
Flashcard 568: What is the effect of acute mitral regurgitation on left atrial size? _____
Answer: No effect
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 569: In cardiac tamponade, decreased cardiac ouput arises due to decreased left ventricular _____
Answer: preload
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiology/pericardial-disease/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 570: Why does lactation not occur during pregnancy, even though prolactin levels are increasing? _____
Answer: Progesterone and estrogen downregulate prolactin receptors on the breast
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 571: Primary hypothyroidism = _____ prolactin
Answer: ↑
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 572: Tetralogy of Fallot is a non-cyanotic heart disease _____
Answer: F - cyanotic
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-subspecialty/ct-surgery/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 573: Dawn phenomena in diabetes = _____glycemia in AM
Answer: hyper
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/endocrine?ref=anki
Flashcard 574: Androgen production during puberty comes from the adrenal glands in the form of _____
Answer: DHEA
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/puberty/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 575: Lactational amenorrhea occurs due to high levels of _____, which has an inhibitory effect on the production of GnRH
Answer: prolactin
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki
Flashcard 576: Post-menopausal ovaries continue to produce _____, which are converted in fat cells into estrogen
Answer: androgens
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gynecology/menopause/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 577: Will hemoglobin change in trauma patients who are bleeding and are hypotensive before giving fluids? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-trauma/shock/acquire?ref=anki
Flashcard 578: Will ulnar nerve compression at the wrist cause decreased grip strength? _____
Answer: No
Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki
Flashcard 579: What is the normal range of Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma (Female: premenopause)?
Answer: From 4 to 30 mIU/mL
Flashcard 580: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Red cell volume (Female)?
Answer: From 19 to 31 mL/kg
Flashcard 581: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Plasma volume (Female)?
Answer: From 28 to 45 mL/kg
Flashcard 582: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Leukocyte count: Eosinophils?
Answer: From 1 to 3 %
Flashcard 583: What is the normal range of Growth hormone - arginine stimulation (Fasting)?
Answer: From 0 to 5 ng/mL
Flashcard 584: What is the normal range of Cortisol, serum (8:00 hr)?
Answer: From 5 to 23 ug/dL
Flashcard 585: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Plasma volume (Male)?
Answer: From 25 to 43 mL/kg
Flashcard 586: What is the normal range of Luteninizing hormone, serum/plasma (Female: midcycle)?
Answer: From 75 to 150 mIU/mL
Flashcard 587: What is the normal range of Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma (Female: postmenopause)?
Answer: From 40 to 250 mIU/mL
Flashcard 588: What is the normal range of Growth hormone - arginine stimulation (provacative stimuli)?
Answer: From 7.0 to 10.0 ng/mL
Flashcard 589: What is the normal range of Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma (Male)?
Answer: From 4 to 25 mIU/mL
Flashcard 590: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Erythrocyte count (Female)?
Answer: From 3.5 to 5.5 million/mm3
Flashcard 591: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Leukocyte count: Basophils?
Answer: From 0.00 to 0.75 %
Flashcard 592: What is the normal range of Hematologic: Leukocyte count: Bands?
Answer: From 3 to 5 %
Flashcard 593: What is the normal range of CSF: Proteins, total?
Answer: From 0 to 40 mg/dL
Flashcard 594: What is the normal range of Luteninizing hormone, serum/plasma (Female: follicular phase)?
Answer: From 5 to 30 mIU/mL
Flashcard 595: What is the normal range of Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum/plasma (Female: midcycle peak)?
Answer: From 10 to 90 mIU/mL
Flashcard 596: 31 y/o male comes for a routine checkup. -He's a fitness trainer. -He has been consuming carb. rich food prior to his weightlifing sessions and claims that it increases muscle strength. -Literature review: Rate of glycogenolysis within myocytes increases several hundrefold during active skeletal muscle concentration. -What substance is the most likely responsible for increasing the reaction rate during active contraction?
Answer: Ca (calcium) because glycogenolysis requires glycogen phosphorylase enzyme in order to break down. Glycogen phosphorylase needs to get activated by phosphorylase kinase which requires a Ca from muscle concentration. cAMP from glucagon in the liver.
Flashcard 597: What is the effect of cryptorchidism on FSH and LH levels?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 598: What is the effect of bilateral cryptorchidism on testosterone levels?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 599: In _____ (cell cycle phase), DNA condenses to form chromosomes
Answer: mitosis
Flashcard 600: In which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) is microbial resistance not heritable?_____
Answer: Adaptive immunity
Flashcard 601: Which immune cell(s) secretes IL-6?_____
Answer: Macrophages
Flashcard 602: Platelet aggregation occurs via binding between the _____ receptor and fibrinogen
Answer: GPIIb/IIIa
Flashcard 603: What is the shortest phase of the cell cycle?_____
Answer: M phase (mitosis + cytokinesis)
Flashcard 604: The major factor that stimulates glucagon secretion is _____
Answer: hypoglycemia
Flashcard 605: Do plasma cells normally circulate in peripheral blood? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 606: Binding between vWF and platelets occurs via the _____ receptor
Answer: GPIb
Flashcard 607: Which immune cell(s) secretes IL-1?_____
Answer: Macrophages
Flashcard 608: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for stimulating T cells (all) and NK cells?_____
Answer: IL-2
Flashcard 609: Gap junctions contain channel proteins called _____, which allow communication between cells
Answer: connexons
Flashcard 610: Which two hormones are secreted in response to increased thyrotropin-releasing hormone?_____
Answer: Prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone
Flashcard 611: What is the effect of insulin on glucagon secretion?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 612: T-tubules allow for _____ contraction of muscles
Answer: coordinated
Flashcard 613: What direct action does growth hormone have on production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 614: Overall, the effects of thyroid hormones are _____ (anabolic, catabolic)
Answer: catabolic
Flashcard 615: What effect does increased TBG levels have on thyroid hormone secretion?_____
Answer: Increases secretion
Flashcard 616: Type _____ muscle fibers are also known as slow twitch muscle fibers
Answer: I
Flashcard 617: _____ stimulates milk production in the breast by inducing synthesis of milk components including casein and lactose
Answer: Prolactin
Flashcard 618: For each ATP consumed, the sodium-potassium pump transfers _____ out of the cell (pump phosphorylated)
Answer: 3 Na+
Flashcard 619: What EEG waveform is emitted during deep "slow wave" sleep (N3)? _____
Answer: Delta
Flashcard 620: Patients with optic tract lesions will have a slightly suppressed _____ reflex
Answer: pupillary light
Flashcard 621: Failure to grow, short stature, mild obesity, and delayed puberty is associated with what hormone deficiency?_____
Answer: Growth hormone deficiency
Flashcard 622: Which immune cell(s) secretes IL-8?_____
Answer: Macrophages
Flashcard 623: Which immune cells secrete IL-2?_____
Answer: T cells (both Th1 and Th2)
Flashcard 624: Thromboxane A2 is a vaso-_____
Answer: constrictor
Flashcard 625: Overall, the effect of cortisol is _____ (anabolic, catabolic)
Answer: catabolic
Flashcard 626: Which type of sensory receptor senses pressure, slippage of objects along skin, and joint angle change?_____
Answer: Ruffini corpuscles
Flashcard 627: Consumption of IgA in breast milk is an example of _____ immunization
Answer: passive
Flashcard 628: What is the predominant autonomic receptor on the pupillary dilator muscle? _____
Answer: 1
Flashcard 629: If the stereocilia are bent away from the kinocilium, the hair cell _____-polarizes
Answer: hyper
Flashcard 630: How does ICF volume change with isotonic NaCl infusion? _____
Answer: No change
Flashcard 631: Meissner corpuscles adapt _____
Answer: quickly
Flashcard 632: Which portion of the small intestine is responsible for absorption of bile salts? _____
Answer: Terminal ileum
Flashcard 633: What visual deficit results from complete lesion of the optic nerve (e.g. central retinal artery occlusion, central retinal vein occlusion)? _____
Answer: Ipsilateral anopia
Flashcard 634: _____ is the major regulator of insulin release
Answer: Glucose
Flashcard 635: What EEG waveform is characteristic of deeper sleep (N2), but also seen in light sleep (N1)? _____
Answer: Theta
Flashcard 636: _____ (blood or bile) flows from the central vein towards the portal triad
Answer: Bile
Flashcard 637: Extraocular movements during REM sleep are due to activity of the _____
Answer: paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
Flashcard 638: Lesions to CN IV (trochlear) result in _____ movement of the eye, particularly with contralateral gaze
Answer: upward
Flashcard 639: What part of the cell is the site of synthesis of secretory proteins? _____
Answer: Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Flashcard 640: Patients with lateral cerebellar lesions have propensity to fall _____ the lesioned side
Answer: toward
Flashcard 641: For each ATP consumed, the sodium-potassium pump transfers _____ into the cell (pump dephosphorylated)
Answer: 2 K+
Flashcard 642: Hypoxia and increased erythropoiesis act to _____ hepcidin levels
Answer: lower
Flashcard 643: Maternal IgG crossing the placenta is an example of _____ immunization
Answer: passive
Flashcard 644: Is the plug formed by primary hemostasis stable?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 645: One function of cholecystokinin is to increase _____ of the sphincter of Oddi
Answer: relaxation
Flashcard 646: What neurotransmitter is released by the motor cortex in the basal ganglia pathway (direct and indirect)? _____
Answer: Glutamate (excitatory)
Flashcard 647: What visual deficit results from lesion of the macula?_____
Answer: Central scotoma
Flashcard 648: Why are left-sided valvular lesions not seen in a patient with carcinoid heart disease?_____
Answer: blood passes through the lung, which contains MAO, thus converting 5-HT to 5-HIAA before reaching the left heart
Flashcard 649: Which region of the lymph node enlarges during an extreme cellular immune reponse (e.g. viral infection)?_____
Answer: Paracortex
Flashcard 650: Toxic megacolon describes the cessation of colonic contractions by way of transmural inflammation that results in significantly increased _____ release
Answer: nitric oxide
Flashcard 651: What form of thyroid hormone is predominately produced by the thyroid gland?_____
Answer: 90% T4
Flashcard 652: Hyperthyroidism _____ number and sensitivity of B-adrenergic receptors
Answer: increases
Flashcard 653: Which primary lymphoid organ is the site for immune cell production? _____*bonus: whats the survival signal?
Answer: Bone marrow
Flashcard 654: What is the effect of hypoxia (low O2) and hypercapnia (high CO2) on contractility (and SV)?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 655: Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) is associated with poor _____ healing
Answer: wound
Flashcard 656: What non-nucleated cell expresses MHC class I? _____
Answer: Platelets
Flashcard 657: Which epithelial cell junction permits electrical/chemical communication between cells? _____
Answer: Gap junctions
Flashcard 658: What type of calcium channels (2) exist in the SA node?_____
Answer: L-type (primary) and T-type
Flashcard 659: The luminal (epithelial) cell layer of breast tissue is responsible for _____ in the lobules
Answer: milk production
Flashcard 660: In the circulation, most of the T3 and T4 is bound to _____
Answer: thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
Flashcard 661: Mechanisms for dissipating heat are coordinated in the _____ hypothalamus
Answer: anterior
Flashcard 662: Hypoxia may be caused by a _____ cardiac output
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 663: Which androgen is responsible for differentiation of the external male genitalia (penis and scrotum)? _____
Answer: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Flashcard 664: Horner syndrome is a triad of ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis due to _____ denervation of the face
Answer: sympathetic
Flashcard 665: Pregnancy is characterized by steadily _____ levels of estrogen and progesterone
Answer: increasing
Flashcard 666: The _____ granules of platelets contain ADP and Ca2+
Answer: dense
Flashcard 667: What effect does 2 adrenergic activation have on serum K+ levels? _____
Answer: Decreased (hypokalemia)
Flashcard 668: Decreased activity of which dopaminergic pathway produces extrapyramidal symptoms? _____
Answer: Nigrostriatal pathway
Flashcard 669: Exercise causes the Starling curve to shift _____
Answer: upward
Flashcard 670: Increases in contractility cause the Starling curve to shift _____
Answer: upward
Flashcard 671: What organ synthesizes complement proteins? _____
Answer: Liver
Flashcard 672: What neurotransmitter is released by the globus pallidus internus in the basal ganglia pathway (direct and indirect)? _____
Answer: GABA (Inhibitory)
Flashcard 673: Which type of sensory receptor senses pressure, deep static touch, and position sense?_____
Answer: Merkel discs
Flashcard 674: _____ hemostasis forms a weak platelet plug
Answer: Primary
Flashcard 675: The bipolar cells of the retina synapse with _____ cells, which are the output cells of the retina
Answer: ganglion
Flashcard 676: Pulsus alternans refers to the beat-to-beat variation in pulse amplitude due to a change in _____ blood pressure
Answer: systolic
Flashcard 677: Decreased activity of which dopaminergic pathway produces prolactin excess? _____
Answer: Tuberoinfundibular pathway
Flashcard 678: Does biliary tract obstruction (obstructive jaundice) result in unconjugated or conjugated hyperbilirubinemia? _____
Answer: Conjugated
Flashcard 679: What cellular adhesion molecule aids in transmigration during leukocyte extravasation?_____
Answer: PECAM-1 (CD31) (... (CD#))
Flashcard 680: What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on salivary secretion? _____
Answer: Increased secretion
Flashcard 681: _____ are young RBCs released from the bone marrow
Answer: Reticulocytes
Flashcard 682: What effect does passive leg raising have on the intensity of MVP murmurs?_____
Answer: Decreased intensity
Flashcard 683: According to the law of Laplace, cardiac wall tension (T) = _____
Answer: P*r / 2H
Flashcard 684: What is the major source of energy during the first 2 seconds of exercise? _____
Answer: Stored ATP
Flashcard 685: Ninety-eight percent of circulating testosterone is bound to plasma proteins, such as _____
Answer: sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG)
Flashcard 686: What happens to most of the endocytosed LDL receptors? _____
Answer: Recycled to cell membrane
Flashcard 687: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for acute-phase reactant production?_____
Answer: IL-6
Flashcard 688: Which portion of the GI tract has the highest rate of slow waves?_____
Answer: Duodenum (12 waves/min)
Flashcard 689: Serotonin activates _____ receptors on the vagal afferents, which relay their impulse to the nucleus tractus solitarius
Answer: 5-HT3
Flashcard 690: The _____ nervous system is usually inhibitory on functions of the GI tract
Answer: sympathetic
Flashcard 691: What cell type remains in G0 and can only regenerate from stem cells?_____
Answer: Permanent
Flashcard 692: What unique antibodies in plasma do patients with the B blood type have?_____
Answer: (name and isotype)
Flashcard 693: Type _____ muscle fibers are increased in proportion after endurance training
Answer: I
Flashcard 694: What is the effect of increased temperature on testosterone production? _____
Answer: No effect
Flashcard 695: The connections between the hypothalamus and _____ pituitary are both neural and endocrine
Answer: anterior
Flashcard 696: Normal _____ removes a thrombus after a damaged vessel heals
Answer: fibrinolysis (process)
Flashcard 697: The blueberry muffin rash of CMV and Rubella is due to dermal _____
Answer: erythropoiesis
Flashcard 698: What is the major source of energy after a few minutes of exercise? _____
Answer: Aerobic metabolism
Flashcard 699: One function of cholecystokinin is to _____ gastric emptying
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 700: What is the effect of thyroid hormone on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems? _____
Answer: Increased activity
Flashcard 701: Which immunoglobulin is produced first in response to an infection?_____
Answer: IgM
Flashcard 702: The magnitude of the tension that develops during myocardial excitation-contraction coupling is proportional to levels of intracellular _____
Answer: Ca2+
Flashcard 703: _____, an endocrine hormone, is a member of a family of peptides that includes the GI hormones secretin and GIP
Answer: Glucagon
Flashcard 704: Do lower motoneuron lesions present with clasp knife spasticity? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 705: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy leads to _____ cardiac output due to decreased compliance of the left ventricle
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 706: Which anterior pituitary hormones are acidophilic on histological preparation?_____
Answer: GH, Prolactin
Flashcard 707: Irreversible damage due to cerebral ischemia begins after _____ minutes of hypoxia
Answer: 5
Flashcard 708: Glucocorticoids prevent production of neutrophil adhesion molecules, causing _____ and subsequent neutrophilia
Answer: demargination
Flashcard 709: Why are hypotonic saline solutions rarely used by themselves?_____
Answer: Can cause RBC lysis
Flashcard 710: The vestibular nuclei sends axons to ipsilateral antigravity muscles via the lateral _____ tract to maintain upright and balanced posture
Answer: vestibulospinal
Flashcard 711: Why does lactation not occur during pregnancy, even though prolactin levels are increasing? _____
Answer: Progesterone and estrogen downregulate prolactin receptors on the breast
Flashcard 712: Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) play a role in development of the _____
Answer: CNS
Flashcard 713: The effects of the autonomic nervous system on heart rate are called _____ effects
Answer: chronotropic
Flashcard 714: Which second messenger is released upon binding of gastrin to CCKB receptors?_____
Answer: IP3/Ca2+
Flashcard 715: Glucose and galactose are extruded from the intestinal cell into the blood by _____
Answer: GLUT-2 (facilitated diffusion)
Flashcard 716: The _____ phase of gastric HCl secretion accounts for 30% of total HCl secreted
Answer: cephalic
Flashcard 717: Post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons may utilize _____ as a neurotransmitter, which binds to 1, 2, and 1 receptors
Answer: norepinephrine
Flashcard 718: Intestinal peristalsis occurs in response to binding of _____ to intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs)
Answer: 5-HT (serotonin)
Flashcard 719: Which female sex steroid is responsible for spiral artery development?_____
Answer: Progesterone
Flashcard 720: Through what hormone does growth hormone exert its growth promoting effects?_____
Answer: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
Flashcard 721: What changes in potassium levels (hyper- or hypokalemia) can induce arrhythmias?_____
Answer: Both hyper- and hypokalemia
Flashcard 722: What effect does glucagon have on insulin secretion? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 723: What unique antibodies in plasma do patients with the O blood type have?_____
Answer: (name and isotype)
Flashcard 724: On average, REM sleep occurs every _____ minutes, with increasing duration through the night
Answer: 90
Flashcard 725: Which part of the brain initiates and provides gross control over skeletal muscle movement? _____
Answer: Basal ganglia
Flashcard 726: What neurotransmitters (2) are released by the striatum in the indirect basal ganglia pathway? _____
Answer: GABA and Enkephalin (Inhibitory)
Flashcard 727: What effect does inspiration have on venous return to the right atrium?_____
Answer: Increased venous return
Flashcard 728: A carotid massage temporarily inhibits the activity of the _____ node
Answer: SA
Flashcard 729: Which photoreceptor is sensitive to high-intensity light? _____
Answer: Cones
Flashcard 730: What is the effect of endocannabinoids on appetite?_____
Answer: Increased ("the munchies")
Flashcard 731: What is the first step of leukocyte extravasation? _____
Answer: Margination
Flashcard 732: In physiological neonatal jaundice, unconjugated bilirubin deposits in the brain, especially in the _____
Answer: basal ganglia
Flashcard 733: What type of nerve fibers (2) sense sharp pain & cold in the lateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord? _____
Answer: III and A-delta
Flashcard 734: Anterior spinal artery occlusion results in signs of bilateral _____ motoneuron lesion below the infarct
Answer: upper
Flashcard 735: What type of adrenergic receptor do veins have?_____
Answer: 1-adrenergic receptors
Flashcard 736: What is the effect of estrogen on levels of LDL? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 737: How does insulin cause K+ to shift into cells?_____
Answer: Increased Na+-K+ ATPase
Flashcard 738: The _____ system mediates consciousness, wakefulness, attentiveness
Answer: reticular activating
Flashcard 739: In general, leukotrienes cause vaso-_____
Answer: constriction
Flashcard 740: How does ECF volume change with isotonic NaCl infusion? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 741: Basophils mediate _____ reactions
Answer: allergic
Flashcard 742: Low vWF in von Willebrand disease impairs platelet _____
Answer: adhesion
Flashcard 743: Insulin results in _____ K+ uptake into cells
Answer: increased
Flashcard 744: Which immune cell has the cell surface protein CD34? _____
Answer: Hematopoietic stem cells
Flashcard 745: Is the vagal stimulation of G cells (gastrin secretion) inhibited by atropine? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 746: What are the three locations that insulin acts on? _____
Answer: Liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
Flashcard 747: Because prolonged CNS _____glycemia leads to irreversible neurological deficits and death, multiple counter-regulatory systems are activated in response
Answer: hypo
Flashcard 748: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion is decreased in response to _____
Answer: free T3/T4
Flashcard 749: What part of a myocardial cell is the site of storage and release of Ca2+ for excitation-contraction coupling?_____
Answer: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
Flashcard 750: The fraction of blood volume occupied by plasma = _____
Answer: 1 - hematocrit
Flashcard 751: Does tetrodotoxin cause or prevent depolarization? _____
Answer: Prevent
Flashcard 752: In _____, the HMP shunt provides a source of NADPH for NADPH oxidase activity, which is used for respiratory burst
Answer: neutrophils
Flashcard 753: Which type of sensory receptor senses dynamic, light touch, and position sense?_____
Answer: Meissner corpuscles
Flashcard 754: Ovarian follicular growth is fastest during the _____ week of the follicular phase
Answer: 2nd
Flashcard 755: Which female sex steroid causes increased myometrial (uterine) contractility/excitability?_____
Answer: Estrogen
Flashcard 756: The resting membrane potential of cardiac cells is determined primarily by _____ ions
Answer: potassium (K+)
Flashcard 757: Which androgen is responsible for closing of epiphyseal plates (cessation of pubertal growth)?_____
Answer: Testosterone
Flashcard 758: Thyroid hormone stimulates upregulation of _____ receptors in the heart
Answer: B1
Flashcard 759: Which androgen is responsible for libido?_____
Answer: Testosterone
Flashcard 760: What is the effect of ghrelin on appetite? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 761: The effects of the autonomic nervous system on conduction velocity are called _____ effects
Answer: dromotropic
Flashcard 762: What change in heart rate is expected during the valsalva maneuver if the patient's baroreceptor reflex is intact?_____
Answer: Increased HR
Flashcard 763: The remaining cells (non-alpha, beta, delta) of the islets of Langerhans secrete _____ or other peptides
Answer: pancreatic polypeptide
Flashcard 764: Ghrelin levels _____ after gastric bypass surgery
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 765: The left ventricle compensates for increased afterload by _____ in order to decrease wall tension
Answer: thickening (hypertrophy)
Flashcard 766: Which female sex steroid is responsible for increased body temperature?_____
Answer: Progesterone
Flashcard 767: The _____ nervous system can direct all functions of the GI tract, even in the absence of extrinsic innervation (e.g. PNS/SNS)
Answer: enteric
Flashcard 768: Merkel discs adapt _____
Answer: slowly
Flashcard 769: IFN-y _____ cytotoxic T cells
Answer: activates
Flashcard 770: The posterior hypothalamus is controlled by the _____ nervous system
Answer: sympathetic
Flashcard 771: In the brain, histamine may regulate sleep and arousal via its _____ receptor
Answer: H1
Flashcard 772: What type of hormone results in increased sebum production (and thus acne)?_____
Answer: Androgens (sebaceous glands have androgen receptors)
Flashcard 773: Where in the heart is conduction velocity the slowest?_____
Answer: AV node
Flashcard 774: Which female sex steroid is responsible for stimulation of endometrial glandular secretions?_____
Answer: Progesterone
Flashcard 775: What is the effect of somatostatin on insulin and glucagon secretion?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 776: Exposure to cold temperatures causes _____ sympathetic nervous system activity
Answer: increased
Flashcard 777: Lack of _____ after menopause is why FSH levels are very high
Answer: inhibin
Flashcard 778: What aging related condition can help improve mild myopia?_____
Answer: Presbyopia
Flashcard 779: What conditioned responses may stimulate oxytocin secretion?_____
Answer: Sight, sound, or smell of an infant
Flashcard 780: What is the effect of glucocorticoids on blood neutrophil levels?_____
Answer: Increased (neutrophilia)
Flashcard 781: What is the effect of estrogen on sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 782: Thyroid hormone increases _____ absorption from the GI tract to meet the metabolic demands of increased O2 consumption
Answer: glucose
Flashcard 783: Oxytocin causes contraction of _____ in the breast, forcing milk stored in the mammary alveoli into the ducts for ejection
Answer: myoepithelial cells
Flashcard 784: During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels are _____
Answer: low
Flashcard 785: _____ in the islets of Langerhan link -cells to each other, -cells to each other, and -cells to -cells, allowing for rapid communication
Answer: Gap junctions
Flashcard 786: Thyroid hormones stimulate bone _____ as a result of ossification and fusion of the growth plates
Answer: maturation
Flashcard 787: What effect does decreased stretch (e.g. hemorrhage) have on the afferent firing rate of a baroreceptor?_____
Answer: Decreased firing rate
Flashcard 788: In muscle contraction, the _____ occurs when myosin binds to actin after releasing ADP and Pi.
Answer: power stroke
Flashcard 789: Histamine functions as a neurotransmitter in the _____
Answer: brain
Flashcard 790: Patency of a patent ductus arteriosus is maintained by _____ synthesis and low O2 tension
Answer: PGE
Flashcard 791: _____ gland enzymes liberate vitamin B12 from animal-derived proteins
Answer: Gastric
Flashcard 792: Salivary glands, eccrine sweat glands, and apocrine sweat glands (except those in the axilla and groin) are all example of what type of exocrine gland?_____
Answer: Merocrine
Flashcard 793: Are headaches caused by irritation of the brain parenchyma? _____
Answer: No
Flashcard 794: The B12-IF complex from the duodenum is transported to the _____, where it binds to cubilin and is endocytosed
Answer: terminal ileum
Flashcard 795: _____ contractions are designed to propel the chyme along the small intestine towards the large intestine
Answer: Peristaltic
Flashcard 796: Which androgen is responsible for the differentiation of the internal male genitalia (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles)? _____
Answer: Testosterone
Flashcard 797: Lesions to the medial longitudinal fascisculus (MLF) cause _____
Answer: internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Flashcard 798: What step of leukocyte extravasation occurs directly after rolling?_____
Answer: Adhesion
Flashcard 799: Growth hormone has _____ effects in adipose tissue (anabolic/catabolic)
Answer: catabolic
Flashcard 800: Growth hormone/IGF-1 alters cartilage metabolism to increase _____ growth
Answer: linear
Flashcard 801: The major glucocorticoid produced in humans is _____
Answer: cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Flashcard 802: Which endocrine hormones use receptor-associated tyrosine kinases as their signaling pathway (4 +2 bonus)?_____
Answer: Prolactin, Growth hormone, Erythropoetin and Leptin (4)
Flashcard 803: Are toll-like receptors (TLRs) found on cells of the innate or adaptive immune system?_____
Answer: Both
Flashcard 804: In addition to VIP, what other GI regulatory substance causes relaxation of smooth muscle and sphincters?_____
Answer: Nitric oxide
Flashcard 805: Oxytocin is secreted in response to _____ during labor or orgasm
Answer: dilation of the cervix
Flashcard 806: Endothelial cells prevent thrombosis by secreting _____, which converts plasminogen to plasmin
Answer: tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Flashcard 807: The _____ hypothalamus senses elevated body temperatures and mediates responses to dissipate heat
Answer: anterior
Flashcard 808: How does the cardiac output of the left heart compare to the right heart?_____
Answer: Equal (in steady state)
Flashcard 809: Which cytokine increases MHC expression and antigen presentation on all cells?_____
Answer: IFN-
Flashcard 810: Interstitial fluid may enter, but not leave, the lymph vessels due to _____
Answer: one-way flap valves
Flashcard 811: Decreases in contractility (e.g. heart failure) cause the Starling curve to shift _____
Answer: downward
Flashcard 812: The largest secretory burst of growth hormone occurs within 1 hour of _____
Answer: falling asleep
Flashcard 813: Lymphoid stem cells may differentiate into _____, which mature into naive B cells and then plasma cells
Answer: B lymphoblasts
Flashcard 814: Stimulation of the lateral area of the hypothalamus is inhibited by _____
Answer: leptin
Flashcard 815: Hyperkalemic and hypokalemic periodic paralysis are examples of _____ myopathies
Answer: ion channel
Flashcard 816: Which type of free nerve ending (C or A) is fast and myelinated? _____
Answer: A
Flashcard 817: When total myocardial ischemia lasts less than 30 minutes, restoration of blood flow leads to _____ dysfunction
Answer: reversible contractile
Flashcard 818: Conduction velocity depends on the _____ of the inward current during the upstroke of an action potential
Answer: size (magnitude)
Flashcard 819: Does ciguatoxin cause or prevent depolarization? _____
Answer: Causes depolarization
Flashcard 820: Neurons of the _____ cortex are involved in integration of information processed in the primary somatosensory cortex
Answer: somatosensory association
Flashcard 821: What neurotransmitter is released by the subthalamic nucleus in the indirect basal ganglia pathway? _____
Answer: Glutamate (Excitatory)
Flashcard 822: The somatic nervous system reaches its target via _____ neuron(s)
Answer: one (#)
Flashcard 823: What effect does excessive I- intake have on thyroid hormone secretion?_____
Answer: Decreases secretion (Wolff-Chaikoff effect)
Flashcard 824: Due to the high degree of oxygen extraction by the myocardium, increases in myocardial oxygen demand can only be met by an increase in _____
Answer: coronary blood flow
Flashcard 825: The processing of different frequencies based on spatial arrangement is referred to as _____
Answer: tonotopy
Flashcard 826: Which cranial nerve monitors the aortic body and arch chemo- and baroreceptors? _____
Answer: Vagus nerve (CN X)
Flashcard 827: What hormone/chemical acts through a cytosolic guanylyl cyclase?_____
Answer: Nitric Oxide
Flashcard 828: Which CD marker(s) (CD4, CD8) does the T-cell express in the thymic medulla? _____
Answer: Either CD4 or CD8
Flashcard 829: What part of a myocardial cell is responsible for carrying action potentials into the cell interior?_____
Answer: T tubules
Flashcard 830: _____ is defined as the fraction of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected in each stroke volume
Answer: Ejection fraction
Flashcard 831: _____ is the ability of cardiac cells to initiate action potentials in response to inward, depolarizing current
Answer: Excitability
Flashcard 832: Lymphoid stem cells may differentiate into _____, which mature into naive T cells and then CD4+/CD8+ T cells
Answer: T lymphoblasts
Flashcard 833: Compared to the umbilical vein, the umbilical arteries have _____ O2 saturation
Answer: low
Flashcard 834: What type of receptor is found on the arterioles of skin, splanchnic, and renal circulation? _____
Answer: 1-adrenergic receptors
Flashcard 835: What is the effect of somatostatin on growth hormone secretion?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 836: All pre-ganglionic neurons utilize _____ as their neurotransmitter
Answer: acetylcholine
Flashcard 837: What effect does somatostatin have on insulin secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 838: The adrenal medulla is the main physiologic source of _____
Answer: catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
Flashcard 839: Which layer of the heart wall is most vulnerable to hypoxia/ischemia? _____
Answer: Subendocardium (LV)
Flashcard 840: Vestibular-evoked nystagmus is characterized by a fast corrective phase _____ the lesion (toward or away from)
Answer: away from
Flashcard 841: In the inverse muscle stretch reflex, increased tension increases afferent impulses via _____ nerve fibers
Answer: Ib
Flashcard 842: NO is produced in _____ cells, then diffuses into smooth muscle cells leading to relaxation.
Answer: endothelial
Flashcard 843: What ion is released from dense granules of platelets during degranulation? _____
Answer: Ca2+
Flashcard 844: What hormone is responsible for long bone growth (pubertal growth spurt)?_____
Answer: IGF-1
Flashcard 845: Changes associated with chromatolysis reflect increased _____ synthesis in effort to repair the damaged axon
Answer: protein
Flashcard 846: Six major hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary: _____
Answer: 1. FSH 2. LH 3. ACTH 4. TSH 5. Prolactin 6. Growth hormone
Flashcard 847: Cranial nerve III (oculomotor) contributes to pupillary _____ (dilation or constriction)
Answer: constriction
Flashcard 848: How do lymphocyte levels change post-splenectomy? _____
Answer: Increased (lymphocytosis)
Flashcard 849: The levels of free thyroid hormone are _____ in hepatic failure and steroid use
Answer: normal
Flashcard 850: Lesion of the _____ area of the hypothalamus results in anorexia and failure to thrive (infants)
Answer: lateral
Flashcard 851: In response to increased Na+ intake (and ECF volume), there is _____ sympathetic activity
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 852: What effect does prolactin have on ovulation and spermatogenesis?_____
Answer: Decreased / Inhibition
Flashcard 853: What is the major source of energy during the first minute of exercise? _____
Answer: Anaerobic metabolism
Flashcard 854: What type of nerve fibers (2) sense dull pain & warmth in the lateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord? _____
Answer: IV and C
Flashcard 855: Mucosal defenses include normal _____, which provides nutrients and picks up leaked acids
Answer: blood supply
Flashcard 856: What is the effect of aortic regurgitation on diastolic pressure? _____
Answer: Decreased pressure
Flashcard 857: Ejaculated sperm cannot immediately fertilize an ovum, but rather must reside in the female reproductive tract for _____ to occur
Answer: capacitation
Flashcard 858: The levels of free thyroid hormone are _____ in pregnancy and oral contraceptive use
Answer: normal
Flashcard 859: Which CD marker(s) (CD4, CD8) does the T-cell express in the thymic cortex? _____
Answer: Both CD4 and CD8
Flashcard 860: Which female sex steroid causes decreased myometrial (uterine) contractility/excitability?_____
Answer: Progesterone
Flashcard 861: Stimulation of the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus is stimulated by _____
Answer: leptin
Flashcard 862: What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation on pancreatic secretion? _____
Answer: Increased secretion
Flashcard 863: Does IgG cross the placenta? _____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 864: What direct action does growth hormone have on lipolysis?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 865: Which female sex steroid is responsible for watery cervical mucus, which facilitates sperm entry into the uterus?_____
Answer: Estrogen
Flashcard 866: Prolactin secretion is stimulated via _____ from the hypothalamus
Answer: thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Flashcard 867: What effect does vitamin A deficiency have on the immune system?_____
Answer: Immunosuppression
Flashcard 868: What three cell types are considered latent pacemakers?_____
Answer: cells of the AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers
Flashcard 869: Does thrombosis occur in arteries or veins? _____
Answer: Both
Flashcard 870: What is the effect of insulin on blood K+ and amino acid concentration?_____
Answer: Decreased (due to increased uptake into cells)
Flashcard 871: UMN lesions in the cerebral cortex cause _____-lateral spastic paralysis at levels below the lesion
Answer: contra
Flashcard 872: Which female sex steroid is responsible for thick cervical mucus, which inhibits sperm entry into the uterus?_____
Answer: Progesterone
Flashcard 873: ~ 18% of urobilinogen is returned to the liver via _____ circulation
Answer: enterohepatic
Flashcard 874: In the ovaries, cholesterol desmolase activity is stimulated by the hormone _____
Answer: LH
Flashcard 875: Which blood type does not have any group antigens on RBC surfaces?_____
Answer: O
Flashcard 876: Which thyroid hormone (T4 or T3) binds to nuclear receptor with greater affinity?_____
Answer: T3
Flashcard 877: Which type of UV light is the main cause of tanning and photoaging?_____
Answer: UV-A
Flashcard 878: What neurotransmitter is released upon stimulation of the globus pallidus externus (basal ganglia pathway)? _____
Answer: GABA (Inhibitory)
Flashcard 879: The neuroglycopenic symptoms of hypoglycemia include behavioral changes, confusion, visual disturbances, stupor, and _____
Answer: seizures
Flashcard 880: What is the only essential secretion of the stomach? _____
Answer: Intrinsic factor
Flashcard 881: Alpha granules of platelets contain _____ and fibrinogen
Answer: vWF
Flashcard 882: What is the effect of obesity, pregnancy, and hyperglycemia on growth hormone secretion?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 883: Phase 0 of the SA node action potential is caused by opening of voltage-gated _____ channels
Answer: Ca2+
Flashcard 884: The _____ basal ganglia pathway inhibits movement
Answer: indirect
Flashcard 885: Ghrelin is secreted by gastric cells and acts to _____ appetite
Answer: increase
Flashcard 886: The neurologic symptoms seen in vitamin B12 deficiency are due to abnormal _____
Answer: myelin
Flashcard 887: Which female sex steroid is responsible for growth of the ovarian follicle and endometrial proliferation?_____
Answer: Estrogen
Flashcard 888: Which two hormones (from the testes) are decisive in determining differences between male and female gonads?_____
Answer: Antimullerian hormone and testosterone (both synthesized in testes)
Flashcard 889: The injected influenza vaccine induces a _____ response (humoral and/or cell-mediated)
Answer: humoral
Flashcard 890: Lymphopenia may occur due to a high _____ state, which induces apoptosis of lymphocytes
Answer: cortisol
Flashcard 891: As the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes, the orad stomach also relaxes, a phenomenom known as _____
Answer: receptive relaxation
Flashcard 892: What is the effect of estrogen on production of coagulation factors? _____
Answer: Increased production
Flashcard 893: Contractility, or _____, is the intrinsic ability of myocardial cells to develop force at a given muscle length
Answer: inotropism
Flashcard 894: The anterior hypothalamus is controlled by the _____ nervous system
Answer: parasympathetic
Flashcard 895: Which type of filament is predominantly involved in muscle contraction and cytokinesis? _____
Answer: Microfilaments (e.g. actin, microvilli)
Flashcard 896: Ciguatoxin opens _____ channels, causing depolarization
Answer: Na+
Flashcard 897: What is the effect (up- or down-regulation) of estrogen on LH, estrogen, and progesterone receptors? _____
Answer: Upregulation
Flashcard 898: What eye movement disorder may be present in patients with Friedreich ataxia? _____
Answer: Nystagmus
Flashcard 899: After ~120 days, red blood cells are removed by macrophages of the _____ system
Answer: reticuloendothelial
Flashcard 900: Which androgen is responsible for the growth spurt, including growth of the penis, seminal vesicles, sperm, and muscle? _____
Answer: Testosterone
Flashcard 901: Hematopoiesis occurs via a stepwise maturation of CD-_____+ hematopoietic stem cells
Answer: 34
Flashcard 902: Which female sex steroid prevents endometrial hyperplasia?_____
Answer: Progesterone
Flashcard 903: Ferrous (Fe2+) iron within the duodenal cell is transported into the blood by the _____ transporter
Answer: ferroportin
Flashcard 904: Myelin wraps and insulates axons, thus _____ the time constant
Answer: decreasing
Flashcard 905: Platelets (thrombocytes) are small cytoplasmic fragments derived from _____
Answer: megakaryocytes
Flashcard 906: What type of nerve fibers (2) sense proprioception in the medial dorsal horn of the spinal cord? _____
Answer: Ia and Ib
Flashcard 907: Ovarian granulosa cells may produce _____, which stimulates FSH secretion from the anterior pituitary
Answer: activin
Flashcard 908: Norepinephrine (and dopamine) in the synapse is transported back into the nerve terminal via the _____ transporter
Answer: (NET) norepinephrine
Flashcard 909: Which interleukin is primarily responsible for fever and acute inflammation?_____
Answer: IL-1
Flashcard 910: The synthesis of growth hormone is inhibited by _____, its release-inhibiting hormone
Answer: somatostatin
Flashcard 911: Blood from the hypothalamus that contains high concentrations of hypothalamic hormones is delivered directly to the _____
Answer: anterior pituitary
Flashcard 912: Somatostatin decreases gastric acid secretion by decreasing levels of _____ (second messenger)
Answer: cAMP
Flashcard 913: How does plasma protein concentration change with isotonic NaCl infusion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 914: How does decreased efferent parasympathetic firing (e.g. baroreceptor reflex) affect heart rate?_____
Answer: Increased HR
Flashcard 915: In response to increased Na+ intake (and ECF volume), there is _____ ANP activity
Answer: increased
Flashcard 916: Sweat glands are part of the sympathetic pathway, but the innervating postganglionic sympathetic fibers release _____
Answer: acetylcholine
Flashcard 917: Increased intracellular [Na+] in cardiac myocytes causes decreased activity of the _____ exchanger
Answer: Ca2+-Na+
Flashcard 918: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is made by _____ cells of choroid plexus
Answer: ependymal
Flashcard 919: Normally, 95% of bile acids in the ileum are recycled back to the liver through _____ circulation
Answer: enterohepatic
Flashcard 920: Release of P-selectin from Weibel-Palade bodies is mediated by _____
Answer: histamine
Flashcard 921: Lesions to the paramedian pontine reticular formation result in eyes that look _____ the side of the lesion
Answer: away from
Flashcard 922: In heat stroke, the hypothalamic set point is _____
Answer: normal
Flashcard 923: The _____ reflex refers to an increase in mass movements due to the presence of food in the stomach
Answer: gastrocolic
Flashcard 924: Where does positive selection of T cells occur? _____
Answer: Thymic cortex
Flashcard 925: In puberty and throughout the reproductive years, FSH levels are _____ than LH levels
Answer: less
Flashcard 926: What effect does carotid massage have on AV node refractory period?_____
Answer: Prolongation
Flashcard 927: What sleep EEG waveform has the highest frequency and lowest amplitude? _____
Answer: Beta
Flashcard 928: Why is oral glucose a more powerful stimulant of insulin secretion than IV glucose? _____
Answer: Oral glucose stimulates secretion of GIP and GLP-1
Flashcard 929: Testosterone acts via an intratesticular _____ mechanism to reinforce the spermatogenic effects of FSH in Sertoli cells
Answer: paracrine
Flashcard 930: Ejection fraction is normally > _____%
Answer: 55
Flashcard 931: Which hormone provides the major stimulus for bile ejection? _____
Answer: Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Flashcard 932: _____ are oscillating membrane potentials inherent to the smooth muscle cells of some parts of the GI tract
Answer: Slow waves
Flashcard 933: What is the effect of exercise and stress on growth hormone secretion?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 934: How does cortisol affect secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary? _____
Answer: Inhibits secretion, directly
Flashcard 935: How does increased efferent sympathetic firing (e.g. baroreceptor reflex) affect contractility?_____
Answer: Increased contractility
Flashcard 936: Pacinian corpuscles adapt _____
Answer: quickly
Flashcard 937: One function of cholecystokinin is to increase _____ of the gallbladder
Answer: contraction
Flashcard 938: Leptin is secreted by fat cells and acts to _____ appetite
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 939: Through which secondary messenger(s) does GHRH initiate its action on somatotrophs?_____
Answer: Both cAMP (primarily) and IP3/Ca2+
Flashcard 940: What complement protein does the lectin pathway of activation begin with? _____
Answer: C1-like complex
Flashcard 941: What effect do prostaglandins have on gastric acid secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased secretion
Flashcard 942: What is the result of sympathetic stimulation on conduction velocity?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 943: The tissue-restricted self-antigens expressed in the thymus for negative selection are due to the action of _____
Answer: autoimmune regulator (AIRE)
Flashcard 944: Factor V of the coagulation cascade is activated by factor _____
Answer: IIa
Flashcard 945: In the middle of the menstrual cycle, estradiol _____ FSH and LH secretion
Answer: stimulates
Flashcard 946: What causes the midsystolic click in a murmur due to mitral valve prolapse?_____
Answer: Sudden tensing of chordae tendinae
Flashcard 947: The excess fluid filtered out of the capillaries is returned to the circulation via _____
Answer: lymph
Flashcard 948: Edema may be caused by _____ interstitial proteins (i)
Answer: increased
Flashcard 949: The oxidative burst also leads to an influx of _____, which releases lysosomal enzymes
Answer: K+
Flashcard 950: Cell-mediated immunity is used to attack _____-cellular bacteria
Answer: intra
Flashcard 951: How does hyperthyroidism cause an increased basal metabolic rate?_____
Answer: Via increased synthesis of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps
Flashcard 952: Ruffini corpuscles adapt _____
Answer: slowly
Flashcard 953: Exposure to cold temperatures causes increased activation of _____ hormone
Answer: thyroid
Flashcard 954: Circadian rhythm: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is regulated by _____ input
Answer: environmental (e.g. light)
Flashcard 955: What effect does carotid massage have on conduction through the AV node? _____
Answer: Slowed conduction
Flashcard 956: The vestibular system is responsible for _____ and motion sickness (vestibular nausea)
Answer: vertigo
Flashcard 957: Shedding of the endometrium occurs with loss of _____ support (menstrual phase)
Answer: progesterone
Flashcard 958: Gastrin secretion is _____ by somatostatin
Answer: inhibited
Flashcard 959: Merkel discs are large, _____ fibers (myelination)
Answer: myelinated
Flashcard 960: The myoepithelial cell layer of breast tissue is responsible for _____ towards the nipple
Answer: propelling milk
Flashcard 961: The _____ hypothalamus senses decreased body temperatures and mediates responses to conserve heat
Answer: posterior
Flashcard 962: Without _____ (gonadal females), the mullerian ducts are not suppressed and therefore develop into the female internal genitalia
Answer: anti-mullerian hormone
Flashcard 963: Gastrin secretion is most stimulated by stomach _____
Answer: distention
Flashcard 964: Twenty percent of the adult testis is composed of connective tissue interspersed with _____ cells, which synthesize and secrete testosterone
Answer: Leydig
Flashcard 965: In which direction does tetanus toxin migrate to the CNS?_____
Answer: Retrograde axonal transport
Flashcard 966: Type I Interferons increase cell surface expression of _____ proteins to facilitate recognition of infected cells
Answer: MHC
Flashcard 967: Peptide YY (PYY) is secreted by intestinal L cells and acts to _____ appetite
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 968: When the beta cell is stimulated, exocytosis of insulin and C peptide are released in _____ quantities
Answer: equimolar
Flashcard 969: How does libido change in elderly males?_____
Answer: No change
Flashcard 970: The superior colliculi help coordinate _____ gaze
Answer: conjugate vertical
Flashcard 971: Myeloid stem cells may differentiate into _____, which mature into granulocytes
Answer: myeloblasts
Flashcard 972: What is the effect of leptin on appetite? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 973: _____ are present on neurotransmitter vesicles, allowing the vesicles to dock and release the NT into the synaptic cleft
Answer: SNARE proteins
Flashcard 974: How do somatomedins affect the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?_____
Answer: Decrease, through both direct and indirect mechanisms
Flashcard 975: When viruses enter cells, they can trigger the host (via capsule / viral products) to produce Type I Interferons by activation of cytosolic _____
Answer: pattern recognition receptors
Flashcard 976: Growth hormone is released in a _____ pattern, with bursts of secretion occuring approximately every 2 hours
Answer: pulsatile
Flashcard 977: Which part of the limbic system is responsible for attaching an emotional significance to a stimulus? _____
Answer: Amygdala
Flashcard 978: One role of plasmin is inhibition of platelet _____
Answer: aggregation
Flashcard 979: What type of nerve fibers (2) sense touch in the medial dorsal horn of the spinal cord? _____
Answer: II and A-beta
Flashcard 980: Menopause is due to decreased _____ production due to age-linked decline in the number of ovarian follicles
Answer: estrogen
Flashcard 981: In general, prostaglandins cause _____ vascular permeability
Answer: increased
Flashcard 982: Glucocorticoids have a _____ effect on peripheral skeletal muscle (anabolic/catabolic)
Answer: catabolic
Flashcard 983: GI irritation, due to infection, chemotherapy, or distension, causes mucosal _____ release
Answer: serotonin
Flashcard 984: Increased intracellular Ca2+ in the pancreatic -cell causes _____ of insulin-containing granules
Answer: exocytosis
Flashcard 985: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) includes complement? _____
Answer: Innate immunity
Flashcard 986: How do blood sugar levels change in secondary adrenocortical deficiency? _____
Answer: Decreased (hypoglycemia)
Flashcard 987: Which cholecystokinin receptor is selective for CCK?_____
Answer: CCKA
Flashcard 988: Myeloid stem cells may differentiate into _____, which mature into RBCs
Answer: erythroblasts
Flashcard 989: _____ are glial cells that are capable of removing excess neurotransmitters
Answer: Astrocytes
Flashcard 990: Which type of sensory receptor is located on all skin, epidermis, and some viscera? _____
Answer: Free nerve endings
Flashcard 991: Hypothalamic control of spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion are regulated via the hormone _____
Answer: GnRH
Flashcard 992: Primary achalasia is due to an autoimmune destruction of ganglion cells in the _____ plexus
Answer: myenteric (Auerbach)
Flashcard 993: Is spermatogenesis possible in a patient with cystic fibrosis?_____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 994: The synthesis of growth hormone is stimulated by _____, its hypothalamic-releasing hormone
Answer: growth-hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Flashcard 995: Which type of sensory receptor senses vibration and pressure?_____
Answer: Pacinian corpuscles
Flashcard 996: How does increased efferent sympathetic firing (e.g. baroreceptor reflex) affect heart rate?_____
Answer: Increased HR
Flashcard 997: What is the difference between the binding sites of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and nitric oxide (NO) to guanylyl cyclase receptors? _____
Answer: - ANP binds to a receptor guanylyl cyclase - NO binds to a cytoplasmic guanylyl cyclase
Flashcard 998: Which electrolyte disturbances (2) cause arrhythmias, muscle cramps, spasm, and weakness? _____
Answer: Low and high K+
Flashcard 999: How do -adrenergic agonists cause K+ to shift into cells?_____
Answer: Increased Na+-K+ ATPase activity
Flashcard 1000: Which androgen is associated with male hair patterns and balding?_____
Answer: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Flashcard 1001: Conduction velocity is increased when the time constant is _____
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 1002: Epinephrine causes _____ HR and cardiac contractility
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1003: T3/T4 hormones bind to _____ (cellular location) receptors
Answer: intracellular
Flashcard 1004: Cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cells kill virus infected, neoplastic, and donor graft cells by inducing _____
Answer: apoptosis
Flashcard 1005: Which type of leukocyte is able to synthesize and release leukotrienes on demand? _____
Answer: Basophil
Flashcard 1006: In total myocardial ischemia, loss of cardiomyocyte contractility occurs within _____ after onset
Answer: 60 seconds
Flashcard 1007: What is the effect of cardiogenic shock on pulse pressure?_____
Answer: Decreased pulse pressure
Flashcard 1008: Which two endocrine hormones act to increase bone growth? _____
Answer: Growth hormone & Thyroid hormone
Flashcard 1009: The _____ is the contractile unit of the myocardial cell
Answer: sarcomere
Flashcard 1010: _____ is the aqueous component of blood in which the blood cells are suspended
Answer: Plasma
Flashcard 1011: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) secretion is _____ in response to distention and vagal stimulation
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1012: Why is much more T4 produced compared to T3?_____
Answer: The coupling reaction for T4 is much faster
Flashcard 1013: Growth of endometrium is _____ driven (proliferative phase)
Answer: estrogen
Flashcard 1014: The foramen ovale usually closes shortly after birth because of increased _____ pressure
Answer: left atrial
Flashcard 1015: What type of filament is used by axons for axonal transport (retrograde and anterograde)? _____
Answer: Microtubules
Flashcard 1016: The crypts of Lieberkhn contain _____ cells, which secrete defensins, lysozyme, and TNF
Answer: Paneth
Flashcard 1017: In the skeletal muscle, stimulation of B3 receptors results in _____
Answer: increased thermogenesis
Flashcard 1018: Which female sex steroid is responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy?_____
Answer: progesterone
Flashcard 1019: Following transient vasoconstriction (primary hemostasis), there is platelet _____ to the surface of the disrupted vessel
Answer: adhesion
Flashcard 1020: What step of leukocyte extravasation occurs directly after margination?_____
Answer: Rolling
Flashcard 1021: How does hematocrit change with isotonic NaCl infusion? _____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 1022: Very elevated levels of _____ is specific for menopause
Answer: FSH
Flashcard 1023: Which cell type of the seminiferous tubule regulates spermatogenesis?_____
Answer: Sertoli cells
Flashcard 1024: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) secretion is _____ in response to adrenergic input
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 1025: Na+ channels in rapidly depolarizing tissue (e.g. tachycardia) spend the _____ time in open or inactivated states
Answer: most
Flashcard 1026: Why does hypocalcemia cause symptoms such as tingling/numbness and twitching/cramping?_____
Answer: Decreased extracellular Ca2+ decreases the threshold potential (makes it less negative)
Flashcard 1027: What is the effect of sympathetic innervation on pancreatic secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased secretion
Flashcard 1028: Coronary steal syndrome occurs because distal to coronary stenosis, vessels are maximally _____ at baseline
Answer: dilated
Flashcard 1029: Pancreatic insufficiency causes malabsorption of fat, fat-soluble vitamins, and vitamin _____
Answer: B12
Flashcard 1030: Which type of leukocyte differentiates into macrophages in tissue?_____
Answer: Monocytes
Flashcard 1031: What two steps of leukocyte extravasation occurs directly after adhesion?_____
Answer: Transmigration and chemotaxis
Flashcard 1032: In response to sleep deprivation, leptin secretion is _____
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 1033: At _____, there is an enormous secretory burst of growth hormone induced by estrogen (females) or testosterone (males)
Answer: puberty
Flashcard 1034: Where in the heart is conduction velocity the fastest?_____
Answer: Purkinje fibers
Flashcard 1035: Which type of free nerve ending (C or A) is slow and unmyelinated? _____
Answer: C
Flashcard 1036: Growth hormone inhibits its own secretion by stimulating the secretion of _____ from the hypothalamus
Answer: somatostatin
Flashcard 1037: Where does leukocyte extravasation predominantly occur? _____
Answer: Postcapillary venules
Flashcard 1038: Which female sex steroid is responsible for the development of breasts?_____
Answer: Estrogen
Flashcard 1039: What is the effect of hypoglycemia and starvation on growth hormone secretion?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 1040: Preparation of endometrium for implantation is _____ driven (secretory phase)
Answer: progesterone
Flashcard 1041: Glycogenolysis and skeletal muscle contraction are synchronized via intracellular accumulation of _____ following neuromuscular stimulation
Answer: Ca2+
Flashcard 1042: The _____ plexus of the gut wall primary controls secretion and blood flow
Answer: submucosal (Meissner's)
Flashcard 1043: Normally there is ~_____ g/dL of hemoglobin in blood
Answer: 15
Flashcard 1044: The _____ colliculi directs eye movements to stimuli (noise / movements) or objects of interest
Answer: superior
Flashcard 1045: Activation of which sympathetic receptor leads to increased lipolysis, increased thermogenesis in skeletal muscle, and increased bladder relaxation?_____
Answer: 3
Flashcard 1046: How does serum iron/ferritin change with pregnancy or OCP use? _____
Answer: No change
Flashcard 1047: Anti-mullerian hormone, from the Sertoli cells, is also referred to as _____
Answer: mullerian inhibitory factor
Flashcard 1048: Are headaches caused by irritation of dura, cranial nerves, and extracranial structures? _____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 1049: Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B-cell maturation? _____
Answer: Bone marrow
Flashcard 1050: T-cells and B-cells become _____ when exposed to their antigen without a costimulatory signal
Answer: anergic
Flashcard 1051: Testosterone may promote _____ of epiphyseal plates
Answer: premature closure
Flashcard 1052: Human placental lactogen increases maternal _____
Answer: lipolysis and proteolysis
Flashcard 1053: How does growth hormone affect protein synthesis and lean body mass?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 1054: What part of an antigen should be preserved to elicit an immune response when given as an inactivated/killed vaccine? _____
Answer: Epitope
Flashcard 1055: Activation of 1 adrenergic receptors results in _____ cardiac output
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1056: Activation of which adrenergic receptor increases production of insulin?_____
Answer: 2
Flashcard 1057: Which immunoglobulin isotypes are expressed by mature, naive B-cells?_____
Answer: IgM and IgD
Flashcard 1058: Which phase of the cell cycle are secondary oocytes arrested in until fertilization?_____
Answer: Metaphase II (of meiosis II)
Flashcard 1059: What is the major stimulus for oxytocin secretion?_____
Answer: Suckling of the breast
Flashcard 1060: Is the T-cell antigen receptor mobile or rigid?_____
Answer: Rigid (no hinge region)
Flashcard 1061: COX-_____ is expressed in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells
Answer: 2
Flashcard 1062: Where in the spleen do Splenic Macrophages capture blood-borne antigens for recognition by lymphocytes? _____
Answer: Marginal zone
Flashcard 1063: What unique antibodies in plasma do patients with the Rh- blood type have?_____
Answer:
Flashcard 1064: In the _____, the T cell differentiates into a CD4+ or CD8+ T cell
Answer: thymic medulla
Flashcard 1065: In the ovaries, aromatase activity is stimulated by the hormone _____
Answer: FSH
Flashcard 1066: Decreased activity of the Ca2+-Na+ exchanger (e.g. due to cardiac glycosides) causes _____ intracellular Ca2+ concentration
Answer: increased
Flashcard 1067: How does hyperthyroidism cause increased sympathetic nervous system activity?_____
Answer: Increased expression of beta1-adrenergic receptors
Flashcard 1068: What is the effect of estrogen on levels of HDL? _____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 1069: Which immune cell has the cell surface protein CD19, CD20, and CD21? _____
Answer: B cells
Flashcard 1070: In a cardiac cell, the conductance to K+ at rest is _____ (high/low)
Answer: high
Flashcard 1071: What phases of the myocardial action potential are not present in an SA node action potential?_____
Answer: Phase 1 & 2 (initial repolarization & plateau)
Flashcard 1072: The changes of the myocardium in myocardial hibernation lead to decreased _____
Answer: contractility
Flashcard 1073: Myelin wraps and insulates axons, thus _____ the space (length) constant
Answer: increasing
Flashcard 1074: The rate at which blood is pumped from either ventricle is called the _____
Answer: cardiac output
Flashcard 1075: _____ is the single most important hormone for normal growth to adult size
Answer: Growth hormone
Flashcard 1076: What is the orientation of an image when it hits the primary visual cortex? _____
Answer: Upside down with left-right reversed
Flashcard 1077: B cells stimulated in germinal centers of Peyer patches differentiate into _____-secreting plasma cells, which reside in the lamina propria
Answer: IgA
Flashcard 1078: Secondary hemostasis is mediated by the _____
Answer: coagulation cascade
Flashcard 1079: Oxytocin causes powerful rhythmic contractions of _____ muscle
Answer: uterine smooth
Flashcard 1080: Type _____ muscle fibers are increased in proportion after weight/resistance training and sprinting
Answer: II
Flashcard 1081: _____ is a mechanism in which a hormone decreases the number or affinity of its receptors in a target tissue
Answer: Down-regulation
Flashcard 1082: What is the effect of sleep on growth hormone secretion?_____
Answer: Increased
Flashcard 1083: At the nodes of Ranvier, there is a high concentration of _____ channels
Answer: Na+
Flashcard 1084: How does cardiac output change during pregnancy?_____
Answer: Increase (~50%)
Flashcard 1085: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is secreted from _____ neurons in the gallbladder, small intestine, and sphincters
Answer: parasympathetic
Flashcard 1086: What is the effect of somatostatin and opioids on ACTH secretion?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 1087: Which class of helper T cell promotes humoral immunity?_____
Answer: Th2
Flashcard 1088: Congenital long QT syndrome is an inherited disorder of myocardial repolarization, typically due to _____ defects
Answer: ion channel
Flashcard 1089: Ristocetin induces platelet aggregation by causing _____ to bind platelet GPIb
Answer: vWF
Flashcard 1090: _____ stimulates breast development in a supportive role with estrogen
Answer: Prolactin
Flashcard 1091: The GABAA receptor is a ligand-gated _____ channel
Answer: Cl-
Flashcard 1092: The _____ system is a collection of neural structures involved in emotion, long-term memory, olfaction, behavior modulation, and ANS function
Answer: limbic
Flashcard 1093: Prolactin is synthesized by _____, which represent approximately 15% of the tissue in the anterior pituitary
Answer: lactotrophs
Flashcard 1094: Which immune cell(s) secretes IL-12?_____
Answer: Macrophages
Flashcard 1095: How does Thyroxine-Binding Globulin change in pregnancy and with OCPs?_____
Answer: Increase
Flashcard 1096: Which female sex steroid is responsible for the development of female genitalia (fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina)?_____
Answer: Estrogen
Flashcard 1097: Myeloid stem cells may differentiate into _____, which mature into megakaryocytes
Answer: megakaryoblasts
Flashcard 1098: Which coagulation factor is a mediator of acute inflammation?_____
Answer: Factor XII (Hageman factor)
Flashcard 1099: Cardiac contractility increases with _____ extracellular Na+
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 1100: Thyroid hormone increases basal metabolic rate (BMR) via increased activity of _____
Answer: Na/K-ATPase
Flashcard 1101: _____ hemostasis stabilizes the platelet plug
Answer: Secondary
Flashcard 1102: Norepinephrine causes reflex _____ (HR)
Answer: bradycardia
Flashcard 1103: If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum regresses and estradiol and progesterone levels _____ abruptly
Answer: decrease
Flashcard 1104: What effect does somatostatin have on insulin and glucagon secretion? _____
Answer: Decreased secretion
Flashcard 1105: The velocity of shortening of cardiac muscle _____ as afterload increases
Answer: decreases
Flashcard 1106: What is the result of parasympathetic stimulation on conduction velocity?_____
Answer: Decreased
Flashcard 1107: Lesions of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract in the spinal cord present on the _____-lateral side below the lesion
Answer: ipsi
Flashcard 1108: Lesions at or above superior olivary nucleus result in diminished hearing loss _____-laterally (uni- or bilaterally) and decreased ability to localize sound
Answer: bi
Flashcard 1109: One example of a thymus-independent antigen is _____ from gram negative bacteria
Answer: lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
Flashcard 1110: During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, estradiol _____ FSH and LH secretion
Answer: inhibits
Flashcard 1111: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) causes _____ of GI smooth muscle and sphincters (including LES)
Answer: relaxation
Flashcard 1112: What type of signaling mechanism (endocrine or paracrine) does gastrin use to reach parietal cells?_____
Answer: Endocrine (enters systemic circulation)
Flashcard 1113: As long as lactation continues, _____ is suppressed, due to inhibitory effects of prolactin on GnRH, FSH, and LH
Answer: ovulation
Flashcard 1114: What is the effect of glucocorticoids on insulin resistance?_____
Answer: Increases resistance
Flashcard 1115: Growth hormone has _____ effects in muscle (anabolic/catabolic)
Answer: anabolic
Flashcard 1116: The _____ nucleus of the hypothalamus primarily secretes oxytocin
Answer: paraventricular
Flashcard 1117: Loss of which hormones/neurotransmitters (2) are implicated in the pathogenesis of achalasia? _____
Answer: NO and VIP
Flashcard 1118: Hypoxia may be caused by _____, due to decreased levels of hematocrit and Hb
Answer: anemia
Flashcard 1119: Lesion of the _____ hypothalamus results in poikilothermy (cold-blooded)
Answer: posterior
Flashcard 1120: Following upregulation of GpIIb/IIIa, platelets aggregate at the site of injury via crosslinking of GpIIb/IIIa receptors with _____ to make a temporary platelet plug
Answer: fibrinogen
Flashcard 1121: How do thyroid hormones cause an increase in oxygen consumption? _____
Answer: Via increased synthesis and activity of the Na+-K+-ATPase pump
Flashcard 1122: In the third stage (rapid) of ovarian follicle development, a single graafian follicle achieves dominance and ruptures, releasing its oocyte into the peritoneal cavity via the process of _____
Answer: ovulation
Flashcard 1123: _____ is the speed at which action potentials are propagated within the tissue
Answer: Conduction velocity
Flashcard 1124: Chronically elevated levels of ACTH cause _____ of the adrenal cortex
Answer: hypertrophy/hyperplasia
Flashcard 1125: What is the major factor determing autoregulation of blood flow to the brain?_____
Answer: Local metabolites
Flashcard 1126: Following platelet adhesion (primary hemostasis), there is platelet _____
Answer: degranulation (not aggregation)
Flashcard 1127: Increased body temperature causes _____ sympathetic nervous system activity
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 1128: The seminal vesicles secretes a fluid rich in _____, citrate, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen, which are nutritive for the ejaculated sperm
Answer: fructose
Flashcard 1129: Which nutrient (glucose, fat, protein) stimulates glucose-insulinotropic peptide secretion? _____
Answer: All three
Flashcard 1130: Post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons may utilize _____ as a neurotransmitter, which binds to 1, 2, 1, and 2 receptors
Answer: epinephrine
Flashcard 1131: Some ependymal cells differentiate into choroid epithelial cells, which produce _____
Answer: CSF
Keywords: Cardiovascular flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
Study by Chapter
Cardiac output determinants
Flashcards
Starling's law of the heart
Flashcards
Preload and afterload concepts
Flashcards
Contractility determinants
Flashcards
Regulation of blood pressure
Flashcards
Baroreceptor reflexes
Flashcards
Neural control of cardiovascular function
Flashcards
Endothelial function and dysfunction
Flashcards
Coronary blood flow regulation
Flashcards
Regional blood flow distribution
Flashcards
Exercise cardiovascular physiology
Flashcards
Aging effects on cardiovascular system
Flashcards
Integrated cardiovascular responses
Flashcards
Want unlimited flashcards?
Get full access to all flashcards, spaced repetition, and progress tracking.
Start For Free