Bacteria — Flashcards

Bacteria US Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards

Master Bacteria with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.

Bacteria Flashcard Deck - 887 Cards

Flashcard 1: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Answer: Ricketsia rickettsii

Extra: headache; fever; rash beginning in wrists and ankles, progresses to trunk, palms, and solesdoxycycline

Flashcard 2: epidemic typhus

Answer: Rickettsia prowazeckii

Extra: rash that begins centrally and spreads but spares palms and solesdoxycycline

Flashcard 3: Erlichiosis

Answer: Erlichia chaffeensis

Extra: monocytes with morula inclusions

Flashcard 4: Anaplasmosis

Answer: Anaplasma spp.

Extra: granulocytes with morula inclusions

Flashcard 5: Q fever

Answer: Coxiella burnetti

Extra: pneumonia

Flashcard 6: chlamydia

Answer: Chlamydia trachomatis

Extra: cytoplasmic inclusions on Geimsa stainazithromycin or doxycycline

Flashcard 7: Chlamydia trachomatis has a two-part life cycle: the infectious _ body and the replicative _ body.

Answer: elementary

Flashcard 8: Gardnerella vaginalis

Answer: variable

Extra: bacillibacterial vaginosismetronidazole

Flashcard 9: Rickettsia rickettsii

Answer:

Extra: Rocky Mountain spotted feverDermacentor tick

Flashcard 10: Rickettsi prowazekii

Answer:

Extra: epidemic typhuslouse

Flashcard 11: Pastuerella multocida

Answer:

Extra: cellulitis, osteomyelitisanimal bites, cats, dogs

Flashcard 12: Erlichia chaffeensis

Answer:

Extra: erlichiosisLone Star tick

Flashcard 13: Chlamydophila psittaci

Answer:

Extra: psittacosis (atypical pneumonia)birds, especially parrots

Flashcard 14: Borrelia recurrentis

Answer:

Extra: recurrent feverlouse

Flashcard 15: Bartonella spp.

Answer:

Extra: cat scratch diseasecat scratch

Flashcard 16: Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

Answer: dying bacteria release pyrogens following abx administration

Extra: flu-like symptoms shortly after beginning antibiotic regimen

Flashcard 17: syphilis

Answer: Treponema pallidum

Extra: painless chancre on genitalsRPR or VDRLpenicillin G

Flashcard 18: Treponema pallidum

Answer: - (not readily stainable through)

Extra: spirochetedark-field microscopysyphylispenicillin G

Flashcard 19: Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer: - (not readily stainable)

Extra: spirocheteWright's stain, Geimsa stainLyme diseasedoxycycline or ceftriaxonemouseIxodes tick

Flashcard 20: bacterial vaginosis

Answer: Gardnerella vaginalis

Extra: gray vaginal discharge, fishy smellclue cells (bacteria covering edges of vaginal epithelial cell) sexual activity (but not an STI!)

Flashcard 21: Lyme disease

Answer: Borellia burgdorferi

Extra: flu-like symptoms, erythema migransdoxycycline or ceftriaxone

Flashcard 22: Weil's disease

Answer: Leptospira interrogans

Extra: jaundice, azotemia, fever, hemorrhage, anemiaaka icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis

Flashcard 23: leptospirosis

Answer: Leptospira interrogans

Extra: flu-like symptoms, jaundice, conjunctivitis with photophobiaexposure to water contaminated with animal urinesurfers in tropics, farmers in rice paddies

Flashcard 24: Leptospira interrogans

Answer: - (impossible to visualize though)

Extra: spirochetedark-field microscopyleptospirosis, Weil's diseaseanimal urine

Flashcard 25: Of the common spirochetes, which can be visualized with standard stain methods?

Answer: Borellia - it's big enough

Flashcard 26: H. pylori expresses the enzyme _____ which allows it to turn its local environment alkaline and thereby survive in the acidic gastric environment.

Answer: urease

Flashcard 27: Helicobacter pylori

Answer: -

Extra: bacillinon-fermenter+gastritis, duodenal ulcerstriple therapy: proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin, amoxicillin or metronidazole

Flashcard 28: pathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

Answer:

Extra: diarrhea, usually pediatric

Flashcard 29: Escherichia coli

Answer: -

Extra: bacilli+, fastdiarrhea of various terrible types

Flashcard 30: babesoisis

Answer:

Extra: fever and hemolytic anemiaatovoquone + azithromycin

Flashcard 31: floppy baby syndrome

Answer: Clostridium botulinum; ingestion of spores in food, classically honey

Extra: flaccid paralysis in infant

Flashcard 32: botulism

Answer: Clostridium botulinum; ingestion of pre-formed botulinum toxin

Extra: flaccid paralysis

Flashcard 33: tetanus

Answer: Clostridium tetani

Extra: tetanospasmin toxin causes spastic paralysisspastic paralysis, risus sardonicus

Flashcard 34: What do Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, and Coxiella burnetti have in common?

Answer: capable of forming spores

Flashcard 35: Bacterial spores are very hardy and resist sterilization by ___ and _. Instead, they must be ___.

Answer: heat

Flashcard 36: On blood agar α-hemolysis is ___ and _ a green ring; β-hemolysis is _ and forms a ___ ring.

Answer: incomplete

Flashcard 37: What bacteria is most associated with CF pneumonia and burn infections?

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 38: Pontiac fever

Answer: Legionella pneumophilia

Extra: mild flu-like symptoms

Flashcard 39: Haemophilus influenzae

Answer: -

Extra: coccobacillichocolate agar with factor NAD+ and hematinmeningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, conjunctivitisceftriaxone, rifampin prophylaxis for contacts

Flashcard 40: How is N. mengitidis transmitted?

Answer: respiratory and oral secretions

Flashcard 41: pseudomembraneous colitis

Answer: Clostridium difficile

Extra: metronidazole or oral vancomycinrecent antibiotic use, especially clindamycin or ampicillin

Flashcard 42: Bacillus anthracis

Answer: +

Extra: bacillusaerobeyes, only bacteria to have a polypetide capsulecutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax

Flashcard 43: B. anthracis is unique in that it is the only bacteria known to make a _____.

Answer: polypeptide capsule

Flashcard 44: cutaneous anthrax

Answer: Bacillus anthracis

Extra: painless black cutaneous eschar surrounded by edematous ring, progressing to bacteremia and death

Flashcard 45: pulmonary anthrax

Answer: Bacillus anthracis

Extra: inhallation of B. anthracis sporesflu-like symptoms rapidly progressing to pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitus, shock

Flashcard 46: reheated rice syndrome

Answer: Bacillus cereus; food poisoning

Extra: nausea and vomiting OR pain and watery diarrhea following consumption of leftover rice or pasta

Flashcard 47: Listeria monocytogenes

Answer: +

Extra: bacillifacultative anerobeamnionitis, septicemia, spontaneous abortion; granulomatosis infantiseptica, meningitis in infants or immunocompromisedampicillin for meningitis

Flashcard 48: What foods are most commonly associated with Listeria monocytogenes infection?

Answer: unpasteuried dairy, deli meats

Flashcard 49: Listeria monocytogenes polymerizes host _, and demonstrates characteristic _ motility.

Answer: actin

Flashcard 50: What is standard prophylaxis for contacts of patients with N. meningitidis?

Answer: rifampin, ciproflaxacin, or ceftriaxone

Flashcard 51: Tuberculoid leprosy is characterized by a _____ immune response.

Answer: Th1

Flashcard 52: Lepromatous leprosy is characterized by a _____ immune response.

Answer: Th2

Flashcard 53: lepromatous leprosy

Answer: Mycobacterium leprae

Extra: diffuse cutaneous lesions on hands and feet with loss of sensation, loss of eyebrows, nasal collapse, lumpy earlobe, "leonine facies"2-5 years of dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine

Flashcard 54: With respect to TB, what does a negative PPD indicate?

Answer: no infection, no previous exposure, OR anergy

Flashcard 55: Secondary TB can result from _ or _.

Answer: reinfection

Flashcard 56: Primary tuberculosis is defined by presence of a pulmonary _____.

Answer: Ghon complex

Flashcard 57: tuberculosis

Answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Extra: fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysiscaseating granulomas with multi-nucleated giant cells and acid-fast bacilliforeign travelimmunocompromised

Flashcard 58: What is the chemical composition of bacterial exotoxins?

Answer: polypeptides

Flashcard 59: Are exotoxins secreted from the bacterial cell?

Answer: yes

Flashcard 60: Which types of bacteria produce exotoxins?

Answer: both G+ and G-

Flashcard 61: What organisms express the bacterial virulence factor: IgA protease?

Answer: S. pneumoniae, H influenzae B, Neisseria mnemonic: SHiN

Flashcard 62: What organisms express the bacterial virulence factor: protein A?

Answer: S. aureus

Flashcard 63: What is the function of the bacterial virulence factor: M protein?

Answer: helps prevent phagocytosis

Flashcard 64: What is the function of the bacterial virulence factor: IgA protease?

Answer: enzyme that cleaves IgA

Flashcard 65: What is the function of the bacterial virulence factor: protein A?

Answer: binds Fc region of Ig; prevents opsonization and phagocytosis

Flashcard 66: What pigment is produced by Serratia marcescens?

Answer: red mnemonic: red maraschino cherry

Flashcard 67: What pigment is produced by P. aeruginosa?

Answer: blue-green mnemonic: aerugula is green

Flashcard 68: What pigment is produced by Actinomyces israeli?

Answer: yellow granules mnemonic: Isreal has yellow sand.

Flashcard 69: List some important pigment-producing bacteria.

Answer: Actinomyces israeli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens

Flashcard 70: List some important urease-positive organisms.

Answer: Cryptococcus, H. pylori, Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus mnemonic: CHuck norris hates PUNKSS

Flashcard 71: List some important catalase-positive organisms.

Answer: Pseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E. coli, S. aureus, Serratia mnemonic: You need PLACESS for your cats.

Flashcard 72: List five bacterial toxins transferred by specialized transduction (lysogenic phage).

Answer: shiga-like toxin botulinum toxin cholera toxin diptheria toxin erythrogenic toxin of Strep. pyogenes mnemonic: ABCDE

Flashcard 73: List some important encapsulated bacteria.

Answer: Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B, N. meningitidis, E. coli, Salmonella, K. pneumoniae, Strep. agalactiae (aka Group B) mnemonic: SHiNE SKiS

Flashcard 74: List some important facultative intracellular bacteria.

Answer: Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Y. Pestis mnemonic: Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

Flashcard 75: List some important obligate intracellular bacteria.

Answer: Rickettsia, Chlamydia mnemonic: Stay inside when it's Really Cold

Flashcard 76: List some important obligate anaerobic bacteria.

Answer: Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces mnemonic: Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air

Flashcard 77: List some important obligate aerobic bacteria.

Answer: Nocardia, P. aeruginosa, M. tuberculosis, Bacillus mnemonic: Nagging Pests Must Breathe

Flashcard 78: What culture medium is used to isolate M tuberculosis?

Answer: Lowenstein-Jensen agar

Flashcard 79: What culture medium is used to isolate B. pertussis?

Answer: Bordet-Gengou (aka potato) agar mnemonic: Bordet for Bordetella

Flashcard 80: periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)

Answer: Tropheryma whipplei

Flashcard 81: What culture medium is used to isolate H. influenzae?

Answer: chocolate agar with NAD+ and hematin

Flashcard 82: stationary

Answer: nutrient depletion slows growth; spore formation by relevant bacteria

Extra: C

Flashcard 83: What cytokines are released by activated macrophages?

Answer: IL-1, TNF, NO

Flashcard 84: botulinum toxin

Answer: Clostridium botulinum

Extra: inhibits release of neurotransmittercleaves SNARE protein required for stimulatory NT releaseflaccid paralysis

Flashcard 85: tetanospasmin

Answer: Clostridium tetani

Extra: inhibits release of neurotransmittercleaves SNARE protein required for inhibitory NT releasemuscle tetany

Flashcard 86: pertussis toxin

Answer: Bordatella pertussis

Extra: inhibits phagocytosis by hostoveractivates adenylate cyclasecharacteristic "whooping" cough

Flashcard 87: edema factor

Answer: Bacillus anthracis

Extra: increases fluid secretionsmimics activity of adenylate cyclaseedematous border of black eschar

Flashcard 88: shiga-like toxin (SLT)

Answer: enterohemorrhagic E. coli (esp. 0157:H7 strain)

Extra: protein synthesis inhibitorinactivates 60S ribosomeHUS

Flashcard 89: shiga toxin (ST)

Answer: Shigella spp.

Extra: protein synthesis inhibitorinactivates 60S ribosomeGI mucosal damage, HUS

Flashcard 90: Compare the heat stability of exotoxins and endotoxins.

Answer: exo - low, destroyed at 60° C endo - high, stable to 100° C

Flashcard 91: Compare the antigenicity of exotoxins and endotoxins.

Answer: exo - high antigen response endo - low antigen response

Flashcard 92: Whate are the modes of action of bacterial exotoxins?

Answer: too many to list, wide variation

Flashcard 93: Whate are the clinical effects of bacterial exotoxins?

Answer: too many to list, wide variation

Flashcard 94: Compare the toxicity of exotoxins and endotoxins.

Answer: exo - higher toxicity endo - lower toxicity

Flashcard 95: Where do the genes for bacterial endotoxins reside?

Answer: bacterial chromosome

Flashcard 96: How can Treponema be visualized microscopically?

Answer: dark field microscopy with flourescent antibody stain

Flashcard 97: spore

Answer: resistance to dehydration, heat, chemicals

Extra: keratin, dipicolinic acid, peptidoglycan

Flashcard 98: flagellum

Answer: motility

Extra: protein

Flashcard 99: pilus/fimbria

Answer: mediate adherence to host cells, formation of sex pilus

Extra: glycoprotein

Flashcard 100: capsule

Answer: protects against phagocytosis

Extra: polysaccharide

Flashcard 101: peptidoglycan

Answer: rigid support, protects against osmotic pressure

Extra: sugar backbone with cross-linked peptide side chains

Flashcard 102: chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

Answer:

Extra: recurrent infection with catalase-positive bacteriaNADPH oxidase

Flashcard 103: What are the weights of the prokaryotic ribosomal subunits?

Answer: Eukaryotic - 40S + 60S = 80S Prokaryotic - 30S + 50S = 70S mnemonic: Eukaryotes - Even, prOkaryotes - Odd

Flashcard 104: Salmonella spp. is _ intracellular within _

Answer: facultative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 105: Mycobacterium avium complex grows best at _____°C

Answer: 41

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 106: What is the oxygen dependency of Klebsiella? _____

Answer: Facultative anaerobe

Extra: Watch Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-klebsiella-pneumoniae-enterobacter-spp-serratia-marcescens?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki Klebsiella pneumoniae Photomicrograph of a sputum specimen (Gram stain and Safranin counterstain; 100x) Short, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria (B; pink appearance due to the Safranin counterstain) can be seen. Some of them have formed short chains. Several neutrophil granulocytes (NG) are also visible.

Flashcard 107: Which commonly used disinfectants are sporocidal? _____

Answer: H2O2, Iodine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 108: H. pylori produces _____, which alkalinizes the local environment, enabling bacterial survival

Answer: urease

Extra: Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-esophageal-and-gastric-disorders-acute-and-chronic-gastritis-and-peptic-ulcer-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 109: Which immunoglobulin is the most produced antibody overall? _____

Answer: IgA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 110: Can bacterial spores be killed via autoclaving? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 111: _____ use fermentation to generate ATP

Answer: Obligate Anaerobes

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 112: Yersinia pestis (plague) first spreads to the _, forming characteristic _

Answer: lymph nodes

Extra: Watch Yersinia enterocolitica & pestis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-yersinia-enterocolitica-and-pestis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 113: Is Shigella motile? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch Shigella spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-shigella-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 114: What are the two types of bacterial transduction? _____

Answer: Generalized and Specialized

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 115: What exotoxin is secreted by Vibrio Cholerae? _____

Answer: Cholera toxin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 116: _____ are one of the leading causes of nosocomial (hospital) infections in the U.S. due to high antibiotic resistance

Answer: Enterococci spp.

Extra: Watch Enterococcus faecium & faecalis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-cocci-enterococcus-faecium-and-faecalis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 117: Direct transmission of Brucella spp. results from contact with _____

Answer: farm animals (cows, pigs, goats, sheep are the reservoirs)

Extra: Watch Brucella spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-brucella-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 118: _____ can live without oxygen but use it if available

Answer: Facultative Anaerobes

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 119: Does Vibrio cholerae produce an inflammatory diarrhea? _____

Answer: No (no WBCs present)

Extra: Watch Vibrio spp. [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-vibrio-spp?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 120: Burkholderia cepacia causes _____ in patients with cystic fibrosis

Answer: pneumonia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 121: Which complement proteins can activate mast cells (anaphylatoxins)? _____

Answer: C3a, C4a, and C5a

Extra: Watch Complement System Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-immunology/videos/medical-pathophysiology-immunology-immunodeficiency-complement-system-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/immunodeficiency/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 122: Which type of Bacillus cereus food poisoning has the shortest incubation period? _____

Answer: Emetic type

Extra: Watch Bacillus anthracis & cereus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-bacillus-anthracis-and-cereus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 123: The process of decreasing pathogenic organism counts to safe levels is known as _____

Answer: disinfection

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 124: Which strain of Salmonella can be acquired from turtles and other reptiles? _____

Answer: Salmonella enteritidis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 125: The process of inactivation of self-propagating biological entities is known as _____

Answer: sterilization

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 126: Clostridium _____ results in floppy muscles

Answer: botulinum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 127: What is the vector for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)? _____

Answer: Dermacentor ticks

Extra: Watch Rickettsia rickettsii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-rickettsia-rickettsii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 128: What methods of disinfection/sterilization are definitively sporicidal? _____

Answer: Hydrogen peroxide and Chlorine

Extra: #REF! https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 129: Patients with C5b-C9 deficiency (complement) are unable to form the MAC (membrane attack complex) leading to increased _____ infections

Answer: Neisseria

Extra: Watch Neisseria overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-cocci-neisseria-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 130: _____ vaginalis presents with clue cells on wet mount microscopy

Answer: Gardnerella

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 131: _____ can cause strep throat, rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis

Answer: Streptococcus Pyogenes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 132: Chlamydia spp. are _____ intracellular bacteria

Answer: obligate

Extra: Watch Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae & Chlamydophila psittaci [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-chlamydia-trachomatis-chlamydophila-pneumoniae-and-chlamydophila-psittaci?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 133: What demographic is associated with Staphylococcus saprophyticus? _____

Answer: Young, sexually active women

Extra: * however, remember E. coli is still the most common cause of UTI overall https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 134: Nocardia dissemination commonly occurs to the _____

Answer: CNS

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 135: Enterotoxin is a pre-formed heat stable exotoxin found in _____ that causes food poisoning from eating meat, cream-based foods

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 136: What is the shape of Legionella? _____

Answer: Rod

Extra: Watch Legionella pneumophila [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-legionella-pneumophila?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 137: Nocardia is _____ positive, thus patients with chronic granulomatous disease are susceptible to infection

Answer: catalase

Extra: Watch Nocardia asteroides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-branching-filamentous-rods-nocardia-asteroides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 138: What food source is associated with Bacillus cereus food poisoning? _____

Answer: Reheated rice

Flashcard 139: What two stains can be used to visualize Borrelia burgdorferi? _____

Answer: Wright stain; Giemsa stain

Extra: Watch Borrelia burgdorferi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-borrelia-burgdorferi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 140: _____'s primary MOA is secretion of shiga toxin causing disease

Answer: EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 141: What urease positive, pneumonia-causing bacteria is a common cause of UTI? _____

Answer: Klebsiella pneumoniae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 142: Systemic release of Streptococcus pyogenes exotoxins A, B, and C results in _____

Answer: scarlet fever

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 143: What is the etiology of Epidemic Typhus? _____

Answer: Rickettsia prowazekii

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 144: What bacterial spores can get into wool and animal hide, thus predisposing workers to infection? _____

Answer: Bacillus anthracis

Flashcard 145: Gardnerella vaginalis is said to have a(n) _____ odor

Answer: fishy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 146: _____ is a common cause of UTIs in sexually active females

Answer: Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Extra: Watch Staph epidermidis & saprophyticus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-cocci-staphylococcus-epidermidis-and-saprophyticus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 147: Which bacteria has a protein capsule made with D-glutamate? _____

Answer: Bacillus anthracis

Flashcard 148: β-lactamases are synthesized by _____ genes

Answer: plasmid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 149: What protein is associated with MHC II? _____

Answer: Invariant chain

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/t-cells?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 150: Which stain is used to best visualize Borrelia? _____

Answer: Giemsa

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 151: Cord factor of Mycobacteria tuberculosis activates _ via induction of _, which then form granulomas

Answer: macrophages

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 152: What type of microorganism typically causes osteomyelitis? _____

Answer: Bacteria

Extra: From microbiology section: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 153: Shigella spp. is a bacteria that invades via _____ of the Peyer's patches

Answer: M cells

Flashcard 154: Clostridium perfringens produces the exotoxin _, which is a(n) _ enzyme

Answer: Alpha toxin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 155: Yersinia spp. is _____ intracellular

Answer: facultative

Extra: Watch Yersinia enterocolitica & pestis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-yersinia-enterocolitica-and-pestis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 156: Regan-Lowe medium is made of charcoal, blood and antibiotic and used to grow _____

Answer: Bordetella pertussis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 157: The E. coli _____ antigen is present on its flagella

Answer: H

Extra: Watch Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-escherichia-coli-etec-ehec?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 158: _____ causes "gas gangrene" when it enters wounds

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 159: _ of Treponema pallidum can be visualized within condyloma lata/latum of _ syphilis via darkfield microscopy

Answer: Spirochetes

Extra: Watch Treponema pallidum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-treponema-pallidum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 160: Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Bacteroides fragilis are associated with _____ ulcers

Answer: decubitus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 161: What is the shape of Haemophilus influenzae? _____

Answer: Coccobacillus

Extra: Watch Haemophilus influenzae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-haemophilus-influenzae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 162: _____ bacterial DNA transduction occurs when a(n) lysogenic phage infects the bacterium

Answer: Specialized

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 163: _____ produces the exotoxin Tetanospasmin

Answer: Clostridium tetani

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 164: Whooping cough is caused by _____

Answer: Bordetella pertussis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 165: Does Salmonella have a capsule? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 166: _____ inhibits NaCl absorption and stimulates Cl- secretion, which results in more water in the gut and diarrhea

Answer: Heat stable toxin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 167: Enterotoxigenic E. coli is transmitted by _____ sources

Answer: water

Flashcard 168: What complement protein does the alternative pathway of activation begin with? _____

Answer: C3

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 169: What is the most common cause of blindness worldwide? _____

Answer: Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes A, B, C (aka trachoma)

Extra: Watch Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae & Chlamydophila psittaci [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-chlamydia-trachomatis-chlamydophila-pneumoniae-and-chlamydophila-psittaci?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 170: Both Staphylococcus aureus and _____ can cause impetigo

Answer: Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 171: The required infective dose of Salmonella is _____

Answer: large

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 172: The _____ type of Bacillus cereus food poisoning presents with nausea and vomiting within 1-5 hrs of consumption

Answer: Emetic

Flashcard 173: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is _____-hemolytic

Answer: β

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 174: _____ is the transfer of DNA between bacteria using "sex pili"

Answer: Conjugation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 175: Because Vibrio vulnificus, Yersinia spp, and Listeria are _____, they more commonly infect patients with Hemochromatosis

Answer: siderophilic

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 176: How does MRSA obtain methicillin resistance? Alters _____

Answer: PBP (penicillin-binding proteins)

Extra: Watch Staph aureus [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-cocci-staphylococcus-aureus?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 177: Bordet-Gengou Agar is a potato extract used to grow _____

Answer: Bordetella pertussis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 178: Which commonly used disinfectants (2) cause disruption of cell membranes? _____

Answer: Alcohols; Chlorhexidine

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 179: The two ribosomal subunits in bacteria/prokaryotes are ___S and _S making ___S

Answer: 50

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 180: A positive screening test for Treponema pallidum (via VDRL or RPR) is confirmed via _____

Answer: FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption)

Flashcard 181: What is the etiology of Lyme Disease? _____

Answer: Borrelia burgdorferi

Extra: Watch Borrelia burgdorferi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-borrelia-burgdorferi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 182: What is the most common cause of acute epiglottitis? _____

Answer: H. influenzae type B

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/upper-airway/acquire?ref=anki incidence has decreased with vaccination; bacteria that are now typically involved include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, or Staphylococcus aureus

Flashcard 183: _____ is the direct uptake of naked DNA by bacteria

Answer: Transformation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 184: SpeB of Streptococcus pyogenes is associated with _____

Answer: necrotizing fasciitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 185: _____ E. coli produces no toxin and adheres to intestinal epithelium

Answer: Enteropathogenic

Flashcard 186: What organism causes Relapsing Fever? _____

Answer: Borrelia recurrentis

Extra: Watch Borrelia burgdorferi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-borrelia-burgdorferi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 187: What are the two most common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis? _____

Answer: Strep pneumo; H. influenzae

Extra: Watch Adenovirus (Adenoviridae) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-viruses/videos/medical-microbiology-viruses-dna-viruses-adenovirus-adenoviridae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/dna-viruses/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 188: Clostridium perfringens breaks down phospholipids, resulting in a(n) _____ on blood agar

Answer: double zone of hemolysis

Extra: Watch Clostridium perfringens [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-clostridium-perfringens?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 189: Which bacteria has a characteristic "tumbling motility" extracellularly? _____

Answer: Listeria monocytogenes

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Flashcard 190: A bacteria's _____ wall can be a target for the immune system and antibiotics

Answer: cell

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 191: In normal conjugation, is there transfer of bacterial chromosomal DNA? _____

Answer: No - Normal conjugation involves transfer of plasmids only

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 192: The CAMP test will show a increasing zone of _ when Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) or Listeria monocytogenes is plated with _

Answer: hemolysis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 193: What is the urease expression of Nocardia spp? _____

Answer: Positive

Extra: Watch Nocardia asteroides [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-branching-filamentous-rods-nocardia-asteroides?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 194: _____ from Staphylococcus aureus causes rapid-onset food poisoning

Answer: Preformed enterotoxins

Flashcard 195: Mycobacteria tuberculosis grows _, requiring _ wks to grow

Answer: slow

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 196: The required infective dose of Shigella is _____

Answer: small

Flashcard 197: _____ cell walls contain mycolic acid, therefore a special Ziehl-Neelsen (acid-fast) stain is used to visualize them

Answer: Mycobacteria

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 198: Enteroccoci species grows on _% _ and 40% bile culture media

Answer: 6.5

Flashcard 199: _____ E. coli uses aggregative adherence fimbriae (AAF) to make a biofilm on the intestinal wall

Answer: Enteroaggregative

Flashcard 200: Which bacteria is associated with military combat wounds and motorcycle accidents? _____

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Flashcard 201: Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is caused by _____

Answer: Chlamydia trachomatis (L1-L3)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 202: Some bacteria can enter a dormant state called a(n) _____

Answer: spore

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 203: Streptococcus gallolyticus is pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) _____

Answer: negative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 204: Is Salmonella spp. motile? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 205: Does Coxiella burnetti cause a rash? _____

Answer: No!

Extra: Watch Coxiella burnetii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-coxiella-burnetii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 206: Which gram-negative enteric bacteria causes rice water stools? _____

Answer: Vibrio cholerae

Flashcard 207: How is Relapsing Fever (Borrelia recurrentis) transmitted? _____

Answer: Louse

Extra: Watch Borrelia burgdorferi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-borrelia-burgdorferi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 208: _____ are antigens that cross-link the β region of T-cell receptors to MHC II on APCs outside the normal peptide-binding groove

Answer: Superantigens

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 209: Rickettsia rickettsia is transmitted through _____ from the dermacentor tick

Answer: direct biting

Flashcard 210: Yersinia pestis is _____, protecting the bacteria from phagocytosis

Answer: encapsulated

Flashcard 211: Does administration of the Toxoid vaccine itself have any potential for causing disease? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 212: Lung abscesses are commonly due to _____ bacteria such as Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, and Prevotella

Answer: anaerobic

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-fundamentals?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 213: Neisseria meningitidis is transmitted via _ and _ secretions

Answer: Respiratory

Extra: Watch Neisseria meningitidis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-cocci-neisseria-meningitidis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 214: _____ produces the exotoxin Streptolysin O (cytolysin)

Answer: Streptococcus pyogenes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 215: Campylobacter jejuni grows best at _____

Answer: 42°C

Extra: Watch Campylobacter jejuni [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-campylobacter-jejuni?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 216: Which bacteria is associated with endocarditis, biliary tree infection, and UTI? _____

Answer: Enterococcus faecalis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 217: _____ is a way that bacteria uptake DNA from their surrounding environment

Answer: Transformation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 218: Tetanospasmin is an exotoxin from Clostridium tetani that cleaves _ proteins required for _ release

Answer: SNARE

Extra: Watch Clostridium tetani [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-clostridium-tetani?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/invasive-spinal-cord-disease?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 219: _____ is the most common cause of secondary pneumonia 2nd and 3rd are...

Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 220: Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Bacteroides are all associated with _____ infections

Answer: surgical drainage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 221: Superantigens result in _____ syndrome

Answer: toxic shock

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 222: In the intestine, NH3 may be produced by intestinal _____

Answer: bacteria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/metabolism?ref=anki

Flashcard 223: What is the oxygen dependency of Bordetella pertussis? _____

Answer: Aerobic

Extra: Watch Bordetella pertussis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-bordetella-pertussis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 224: _____ is often found intracellularly in neutrophils (PMNs)

Answer: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Extra: Watch Neisseria gonorrhoeae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-cocci-neisseria-gonorrhoeae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 225: The diphtheria toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae is encoded by a(n) _____

Answer: β-prophage

Extra: Watch Corynebacterium diphtheriae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-corynebacterium-diphtheriae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 226: What is the oxygen dependency of Mycobacteria tuberculosis? _____

Answer: Obligate aerobe

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 227: _____ lack the enzymes Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase

Answer: Obligate Anaerobes

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 228: A type _____ secretion system detects eukaryotic cells and secretes a protein to help with infectivity

Answer: III

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 229: Which two bacteria can synthesize superantigens? _____, Streptococcus pyogenes

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 230: Which bacteria releases a toxin which inhibits chemokine receptors on lymphocytes, ultimately resulting in lymphocytosis? _____

Answer: Bordetella pertussis

Flashcard 231: Spores of Clostridium perfringens are commonly found in _____

Answer: soil

Flashcard 232: B cells stimulated in germinal centers of Peyer patches differentiate into _____-secreting plasma cells, which reside in the lamina propria

Answer: IgA

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki Atlas: Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Colon

Flashcard 233: Which branching, filamentous bacteria is associated with dental caries and resultant aspiration pneumonia? _____

Answer: Actinomyces

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 234: Which bacteria is commonly transmitted via improper canning of food? _____

Answer: Clostridium botulinum

Extra: Watch Clostridium botulinum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-clostridium-botulinum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/neurology/videos/neuromuscular-junction-nmj?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 235: Gardnerella vaginalis is a bacterial infection that occurs at a pH _____

Answer: > 4.5

Flashcard 236: Which spp. of Streptococcus viridans causes endocarditis? (non-subacute) _____

Answer: Streptococcus mitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 237: _____ is a bacteria that grows flat, yellow colonies on TCBS agar

Answer: Vibrio cholerae

Flashcard 238: Vibrio cholerae is acid-_____

Answer: labile

Flashcard 239: Moraxella catarrhalis is associated with causing _____ exacerbations, otitis media in children, and sinusitis

Answer: COPD

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 240: Which bacteria is the most common cause of meningitis? _____

Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 241: _____ is a facultative intracellular bacterium that can live in intestinal cells

Answer: Salmonella

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 242: Clostridium perfringens binds _____, resulting in watery diarrhea due to destruction of tight junctions

Answer: claudins

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 243: _____ is a major structural component of bacterial cell walls, consisting of the two sugars N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

Answer: Peptidoglycan

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 244: Rickettsia are described as having a(n) _____

Answer: coccobacilliary shape

Extra: Watch Rickettsia overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-rickettsia-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 245: What food source is associated with Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning? _____

Answer: Meats; Mayonnaise; Custard (meats and cream based food)

Flashcard 246: IgA exists as a(n) _____ held by a J chain when secreted

Answer: dimer

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 247: Yersinia spp. secretes _____, which cause macrophage/neutrophil dysfunction by inhibiting phagocytosis and cytokine production

Answer: YOPS

Flashcard 248: Which component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is present in virulent strains? _____

Answer: Cord-factor

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 249: Toxin B from Clostridioides difficile causes _____ (cytoskeleton disruption), thereby causing pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea

Answer: actin depolymerization

Extra: Watch Clostridium difficile [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-clostridioides-difficile?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 250: Which toxin of Listeria monocytogenes lyses vacuolar membranes within host cells? _____

Answer: Listeriolysin O

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 251: Yersinia pestis (plague) often escapes the lymph nodes to produce _____ and widespread necrosis of the organs

Answer: septicemia

Flashcard 252: Which form of E. coli does not ferment sorbitol? _____

Answer: Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

Extra: Watch Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-escherichia-coli-etec-ehec?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 253: Which type of antibody digestion results in 2 monovalent Fab regions and 1 Fc region? _____

Answer: Papain cleavage

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 254: Which bacteria produces Blue-green pigments? Due to? _____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pyocyanin + Pyoverdin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 255: Mycobacteria leprae grows extensively in _____, which have a cooler core body temperature

Answer: armadillos

Extra: Watch Leprae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-mycobacteria-mycobacterium-leprae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 256: Group B Strep (S. agalactiae) hydrolyzes sodium _____

Answer: hippurate

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 257: Which organism can produce gas under tissue (gas gangrene)? _____

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 258: Which bacteria produces yellow-orange pigments? _____

Answer: Actinomyces

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 259: What is the etiology of Endemic Typhus? _____

Answer: Rickettsia typhi

Extra: Watch Rickettsia prowazekii [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-rickettsia-prowazekii?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 260: Which bacteria is normal flora of the vagina? _____

Answer: Lactobacillus

Extra: Watch Gardnerella vaginalis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-gardnerella-vaginalis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Cervical Neoplasia [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-gardnerella-vaginalis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 261: Which strain of Salmonella causes typhoid fever? _____

Answer: Salmonella typhi

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 262: _____ is the transfer of random DNA between bacteria using bacteriophages

Answer: Generalized transduction

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/bacterial-genetics?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 263: The alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens breaks down phospholipids, resulting in myonecrosis ("_____")

Answer: gas gangrene

Flashcard 264: Furuncles and carbuncles are associated with what coagulase + organism? _____

Answer: Staph aureus

Flashcard 265: Do thymus-independent antigens result in immunologic memory? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 266: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of C-MOPS: - C_____ (redness and discharge) - Meningitis (fever, chills, headache, neck stiffness) - Otitis media (ear pain) - Pneumonia (fever, cough, chills) - Sinusitis (nasal discharge, sinus tenderness)

Answer: onjunctivitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 267: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation occur on the _____ of Bacteria

Answer: Cell membrane

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 268: Is Helicobacter pylori motile? _____

Answer: Yes

Extra: Watch Helicobacter pylori [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-helicobacter-pylori?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 269: _____ of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibit phagolysosome fusion

Answer: Sulfatides (surface glycolipids)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/musculoskeletal?ref=anki

Flashcard 270: What is the most common bacterial cause (90%) of acute pyelonephritis? _____

Answer: E. coli

Extra: * #1 infection cup = E. coli #1 cause of UTI; fimbriae allow adherence to urinary tract https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 271: _____ have a toxic A component and a(n) B component that binds to cell surfaces

Answer: Exotoxins

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 272: _____ contains a capsule made of hyaluronic acid

Answer: Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 273: _____ vaginalis presents with a fishy smell

Answer: Gardnerella

Extra: Watch Trichomonas vaginalis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-parasites/videos/medical-microbiology-parasites-protozoa-other-tissue-trichomonas-vaginalis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 274: Exo-toxin genes are typically not part of a chromosome, and instead are encoded by plasmids and _____

Answer: bacteriophages

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 275: Which cause(s) of painless genital ulceration present with intracytoplasmic inclusions? _____

Answer: Klebsiella granulomatis; Chlamydia L1-L3 (LGV)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 276: Common infectious causes of acute prostatitis in young adults include _ and _

Answer: Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 277: _____ media favors the growth of particular microbial organism while inhibiting growth of all other organisms

Answer: Selective

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 278: 2 common pleomorphic bacteria are _____ and Chlamydia

Answer: Rickettsia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 279: Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae and _____ are all curved rods that are oxidase positive

Answer: Helicobacter pylori

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 280: Where does Staphylococcus aureus normally colonize? _____

Answer: Nares

Flashcard 281: Chains of cocci bacteria are known as _____

Answer: Streptococci

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 282: _____ is the most common cause of osteomyelitis

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 283: _____ include Bacteria

Answer: Prokaryotes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 284: Which bacteria's spores are commonly found in honey? _____

Answer: Clostridium botulinum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 285: Treatment of tuberculosis with isoniazid can result in mycobacteria losing their "_____", which will be visible on culture

Answer: acid-fastness

Extra: Watch Tuberculosis Drugs [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-antimycobacterials-tuberculosis-drugs?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/antimycobacterials/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 286: Which bacteria produces Shiga-like toxin (verotoxin)? _____

Answer: Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

Extra: Watch Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-escherichia-coli-etec-ehec?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 287: Serum Ig_____ may be elevated in a Helicobacter pylori infection

Answer: G

Extra: Watch Helicobacter pylori [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-helicobacter-pylori?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 288: Streptococcus pyogenes is also known as _____

Answer: group A strep (GAS)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 289: What four bacterial infections are most commonly associated with myocarditis? (Some Bacteria Cause Myocarditis) _____

Answer: - Streptococcus Pyogenes - Borrelia burgdorferi - Corynebacterium Diphtheriae - Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Extra: Watch Myocarditis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac/videos/medical-pathophysiology-cardiac-myocardial-and-pericardial-disorders-myocarditis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki Mycobacteria Photomicrograph of a skin tissue specimen (H&E stain) Purple-colored and rod-shaped bacilli (arrowheads) can be seen dispersed throughout the specimen. This appearance is characteristic of mycobacterial species, such as M. tuberculosis.

Flashcard 290: Both Mycobacteria tuberculosis and leprae stain acid-fast due to the high concentration of _____ in their cell walls

Answer: mycolic acids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 291: What type of hypersensitivity reaction is tuberculin skin test (PPD)? _____

Answer: Type IV HSR (Th1 Mediated*)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/dermatology/hypersensitivity/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 292: The clinical manifestations of Enteroinvasive E. coli are similar to _____

Answer: shigella

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 293: Neisseria meningitidis colonizes the _____ first

Answer: nasopharynx

Flashcard 294: Mycobacterium leprae thrives in _ temperatures, explaining its predilection for _ of the body

Answer: cool

Flashcard 295: Which bacteria is the 3rd-most common cause of neonatal meningitis? _____

Answer: Listeria monocytogenes

Flashcard 296: Bunches/Clusters of cocci bacteria are known as _____

Answer: Staphylococci

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 297: Is Treponema pallidum visible with staining? _____

Answer: No*

Extra: Watch Treponema pallidum [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-treponema-pallidum?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 298: _____ is a bacteria that cements together, forming "yellow sulfur granules"

Answer: Actinomyces

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 299: _____ is an exotoxin from Bacillus anthracis that mimics Adenylate Cyclase, thereby increasing cAMP levels

Answer: Edema Factor

Flashcard 300: Strep pneumoniae shares the same virulence factor as _ and _

Answer: H. influenzae type b

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 301: Which spirochete is described as having hook-shaped ends? _____

Answer: Leptospira interrogans

Extra: Watch Leptospira interrogans [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-leptospira-interrogans?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 302: Which zoonotic bacteria is encapsulated? _____

Answer: Pasteurella multocida

Extra: Watch Pasteurella multocida [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-pasteurella-multocida?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 303: Moraxella catarrhalis is transmitted through _____

Answer: respiratory droplets

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 304: What is the vector of Ehrlichiosis? _____

Answer: Lone star tick

Flashcard 305: Shigella is acid-_____

Answer: stable

Flashcard 306: _____ lacks muramic acid in its cell wall, resulting in poor gram staining

Answer: Chlamydia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 307: Increased cAMP via Pertussis Toxin results in impaired recruitment of _____

Answer: neutrophils

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 308: Actinomyces is commonly transmitted in the setting of _____ procedures

Answer: dental

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Flashcard 309: The _____ stain is used to visualize Bartonella henselae

Answer: Warthin-Starry

Extra: Watch Bartonella henselae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-bartonella-henselae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/dermatology/videos/additional-dermatologic-disorders?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 310: Which bacteria produces a toxin that ADP-ribosylates and disables Gi receptors? _____

Answer: Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis toxin)

Flashcard 311: Tuberculoid leprosy is able to be contained within _____

Answer: macrophages

Flashcard 312: What culture media contains RBCs that are lysed via heating? _____

Answer: Chocolate Agar

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 313: _____ bacterial DNA transduction occurs when bacterial chromosomal DNA is packaged in the phage, resulting in transfer of bacterial DNA with lysis of the bacteria

Answer: Generalized

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 314: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor during cellular respiration in _____ (bacteria type)

Answer: obligate aerobes

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 315: How is Bubonic Plague (Yersinia pestis) transmitted? _____

Answer: Fleas

Flashcard 316: The _____ is an agglutination test used to diagnose rickettsial infection

Answer: Weil-Felix test

Flashcard 317: Enterococci spp. are _____ anaerobes

Answer: facultative

Flashcard 318: Staphylococcus saprophyticus infections spread via _____

Answer: bodily fluids

Flashcard 319: Which form of C3 convertase is produced via the alternative complement pathway? _____

Answer: C3bBb

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 320: Which 5 bacterial toxins depend on lysogeny in order to be secreted by their corresponding bacteria? ___ _ _ _ ___

Answer: Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 321: Does Shigella have a capsule? _____

Answer: no

Flashcard 322: In Transposition of bacterial DNA, a(n) _____ can move to a(n) plasmid, allowing transfer to another bacterium via conjugation

Answer: transposon

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 323: Is Streptococcus viridans encapsulated? _____

Answer: No

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 324: Streptococcus pyogenes contains the enzyme _____, which breaks down connective tissue, allowing for the spread of cellulitis

Answer: hyaluronidase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 325: _____ leprosy is associated with a strong Th2-cell response, allowing for humoral immunity

Answer: Lepromatous

Flashcard 326: What class of helper T cell promotes immunity against extracellular microbes _____

Answer: Th17

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/t-cell-activation/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 327: During the _____ phase of bacterial growth bacteria are continuing to grow but also starting to die

Answer: stationary

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 328: Due to Streptococcus pneumoniae having a polysaccharide capsule virulence factor, patients who have _ disease or a-_ patients are particularly susceptible

Answer: sickle cell

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 329: _____ is used to amplify DNA

Answer: Transformation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 330: Why doesn't Rickettsia spp. gram stain well? _____

Answer: Obligate intracellular bacteria

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 331: Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus are associated with consumption of _____

Answer: contaminated seafood

Flashcard 332: Which bacteria produces red pigments? _____

Answer: Serratia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 333: Indirect transmission of Francisella tularensis results from bite by _____ or deerfly

Answer: dermacentor tick

Extra: Watch Francisella tularensis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-zoonotics-francisella-tularensis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 334: Vibrio cholerae grows on _ media, as it prefers _ environments

Answer: alkaline

Flashcard 335: _____ describes the transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another via a bacteriophage

Answer: Transduction

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki Transduction (bacterial genetics) Bacterial transduction is the process of gene transfer between bacteria via bacteriophages. Top panel: generalized transduction (lytic cycle via virulent phages) A bacteriophage attaches itself to the bacterial cell wall and injects its DNA into the bacterium. The viral DNA replicates within the infected bacterium and is incorporated into protein shells (phage capsids) to form numerous bacteriophages. The new bacteriophages lyse the bacterial cell wall and are released to infect other bacteria in the surrounding environment. A section of the bacterial genome may be incorporated into a viral capsid and be transferred to another bacterium, forming a recombinant bacterium. As any portion of the bacterial genome may be transferred, in a process known as generalized transduction. Bottom panel: specialized transduction (lysogenic and lytic cycle via temperate phages) Once the bacteriophage has injected its DNA into the bacterium, the viral DNA is incorporated into the bacterial genome at a specific location and remains inactive as a prophage (lysogenic phase). Upon activation (e.g. with heat or UV radiation), the viral DNA replicates, is incorporated into phage capsids, and is released into the surrounding environment through lysing of the host bacterial cell wall (lytic phase). During this process, the bacterial DNA flanking the viral DNA is also incorporated into the viral capsid and transferred to another bacterium, forming a recombinant bacterium. Because a specific portion of the bacterial genome is being transferred, the process is known as specialized transduction. The panel on the right summarizes the major difference between generalized and specialized transduction.

Flashcard 336: Bacillus anthracis and cereus are gram-_____ bacilli (rods)

Answer: positive

Flashcard 337: The _____ hemolysis pattern on blood agar is present with full lysis of RBCs

Answer: beta

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 338: Chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi carry the infection in their _____

Answer: gallbladder

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 339: Rickettsia prowazekii can cause _____, characterized by dizziness and confusion

Answer: encephalitis

Flashcard 340: The _____ hemolysis pattern on blood agar is present with lack of lysis of RBCs

Answer: gamma

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 341: In which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) does microbial resistance persist through generations? _____

Answer: Innate immunity

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/innate-vs-adaptive-immunity?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 342: Conjugation of normal bacteria involves transfer of _____ only

Answer: plasmids

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 343: _____ is responsible for two exotoxins, Heat labile toxin (LT) and Heat stable toxin (ST)

Answer: Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 344: Which bacteria is commonly described as club-shaped in a V or Y formation? _____

Answer: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Extra: Watch Corynebacterium diphtheriae [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-positive-bacilli-corynebacterium-diphtheriae?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 345: Clostridium difficile; botulinum; perfringens; tetani are all _____

Answer: obligate anaerobes

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 346: Intracellular bacterial proliferation of M. tuberculosis is most likely to occur _____ week(s) after exposure

Answer: 1

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 347: Actinomyces is a(n) _____ that is typically found in the gums and causes dental abscesses

Answer: obligate anaerobe

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 348: What type of diarrhea is caused by Yersinia enterocolitica? _____

Answer: Bloody

Flashcard 349: What is the reservoir for Francisella tularensis? _____

Answer: Rabbits

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 350: What bacteria causes lymphocytosis via production of lymphocytosis-promoting factor? _____

Answer: Bordetella pertussis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/hematology-oncology/leukemia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 351: IgA is transported through the mucosa via binding between the _____ of IgA and the polymeric Ig receptor on epithelial cells

Answer: J chain

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 352: Lysis of the cell results in _____ spp. returning back to the elementary body from the reticular body

Answer: Chlamydia

Extra: Watch Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae & Chlamydophila psittaci [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-indeterminate-bacteria-chlamydia-trachomatis-chlamydophila-pneumoniae-and-chlamydophila-psittaci?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 353: Legionella pneumophila is a bacterium grown on _____ with iron and cysteine

Answer: buffered charcoal yeast extract

Flashcard 354: What are two examples of fastidious bacteria? _____ Legionella

Answer: H. influenzae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 355: Which bacteria produces an alpha toxin that functions as a phospholipase (lecithinase)? _____

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 356: _____ describes a(n) transposon of bacterial DNA that can "jump" from one location to another (e.g. bacterial DNA or even a plasmid)

Answer: Transposition

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 357: Vibrio cholerae also produces _____ to digest the protective mucous coat around intestinal cells

Answer: mucinase

Flashcard 358: What is the oxygen dependency of Bacillus anthracis? _____

Answer: obligate aerobe

Flashcard 359: Enterococci spp. are gram-_____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 360: The exotoxin Diphtheria toxin causes _ of _

Answer: ADP-ribosylation (and therefore inhibition)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 361: Which exotoxin from Clostridioides difficile functions to bind to the brush border of the gut? _____

Answer: Toxin A (enterotoxin)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 362: What is the route of transmission of Vibrio cholerae? _____

Answer: Fecal-oral

Flashcard 363: Which bacteria is associated with a fruity, grape-like odor? _____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Extra: Watch Pseudomonas aeruginosa [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-pseudomonas-aeruginosa?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 364: Clostridium perfringens produces a(n) _____ that functions as a(n) phospholipase (lecithinase)

Answer: alpha toxin

Flashcard 365: What proteins cross-link peptidoglycan on bacterial cell walls? _____

Answer: Penicillin binding protein transpeptidases (PBPs)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 366: Bordetella pertussis secretes the exotoxin _____

Answer: Pertussis Toxin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 367: _____ is a cause of pneumonia that is transmitted from water sources

Answer: Legionella pneumophila

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/pulmonology/videos/lung-pathology-fundamentals?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 368: _____ is an anaerobe that can enter abdominal abscesses and is resistant to many antibiotics

Answer: Bacteroides fragilis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 369: Exotoxin is heat _____

Answer: labile

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 370: Which bacteria is commonly found in cattle/sheep amniotic fluid? _____

Answer: Coxiella burnetti

Flashcard 371: _____ is an obligate intracellular bacteria that causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Answer: Rickettsia rickettsi

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 372: Actinomyces is a bacteria that causes oral/facial abscesses that drain through the _____

Answer: sinus tracts

Flashcard 373: What is the most important virulence factor of Pasteurella multocida? _____

Answer: Capsule

Flashcard 374: Bacteria sometimes secrete a(n) _____, which is a sticky, gelatinous layer that assists the bacteria in attaching to host cells

Answer: capsule

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 375: Which 5 bacterial toxins depend on lysogeny in order to be secreted by their corresponding bacteria? _____ Botulinum Toxin Cholera Toxin Diphtheria Toxin Shiga Toxin

Answer: Group A strep Erythrogenic toxin (causes scarlet fever)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 376: Which exotoxin of Clostridioides difficile is a brush border toxin that causes watery diarrhea? _____

Answer: Toxin A (enterotoxin)

Flashcard 377: Which vector transmits Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)? _____

Answer: Ixodes tick

Extra: Watch Borrelia burgdorferi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-borrelia-burgdorferi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 378: Clostridium perfringens' spores produce heat-_____ enterotoxin

Answer: labile

Flashcard 379: What bacteria is a common cause of secondary infection in calculous cholecystitis? _____

Answer: E. coli

Extra: Watch Gallbladder & Biliary Tract Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pediatrics-hepatobiliary/videos/medical-pathophysiology-hepatobiliary-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease-gallbladder-and-biliary-tract-disease?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/hepatoduodenal-ligament-celiac-trunk-stomach-spleen-liver-and-gallbladder?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 380: Boiling temperatures (100* C) are unable to kill _____-forming bacteria

Answer: spore

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 381: Sialadenitis most commonly occurs due to _____, which often leads to Staphylococcus aureus mediated sialadenitis / parotitis

Answer: sialolithiasis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 382: What is the shape of Leptospira interrogans? _____

Answer: Spirochete

Flashcard 383: Some killed vaccines are conjugated to a(n) _____ to elicit a stronger immune response (e.g. immunologic memory)

Answer: protein

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/vaccinations?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 384: Staphylococcus saprophyticus is nitrate reductase _____

Answer: negative

Flashcard 385: Bacteria with irregular, fuzz layer have a(n) _____

Answer: glycocalyx

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 386: What phase of bacterial growth do antibiotics have their greatest effect? _____

Answer: Growth

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 387: Which bacteria (2) present with WBCs in urine but NO bacteria (sterile pyuria)? _____

Answer: N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 388: Does E. coli have a capsule? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 389: Nocardia stains _____ due to the mycolic acids found in its cell wall

Answer: weakly acid fast

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 390: What cytotoxin released by H. pylori breaks down the protective mucus barrier? _____

Answer: CagA toxin

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas:

Flashcard 391: Brucella spp. is a(n) _____ intracellular zoonotic bacteria found within macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system

Answer: facultative

Extra: *Note- this image is "Brucella" from first aid (you can copy a screenshot in yourself) https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 392: Does Klebsiella have a capsule? _____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 393: _____ has a polysaccharide capsule, which inhibits phagocytosis

Answer: Neisseria meningitidis

Flashcard 394: _____ is found in abundance within a bacterial spore and is thought to provide heat resistance

Answer: Dipicolinic acid

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 395: Name 2 catalase-positive organisms not included in SketchyMicro (1) _ (2) _

Answer: Burkholderia cepacia

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 396: IgA protease cleaves _ and allows for colonization of _ surfaces

Answer: IgA

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 397: When a bacteria is in a(n) _____ form, it can survive long periods in extreme conditions

Answer: spore

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 398: What animals are the reservoir for Yersinia pestis? _____

Answer: Rats; Prairie Dogs

Flashcard 399: Bacterial _____ polysaccharides are the basis for many vaccines

Answer: capsular

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/pediatrics/vaccinations/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 400: _____ culture media have special nutrients added so that many bugs will grow

Answer: Enriched

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 401: 4 common _____: Nocardia Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus (anthracis and cereus)

Answer: obligate aerobes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 402: _____ microscopy is needed for direct visualization of Treponema pallidum

Answer: Darkfield

Flashcard 403: Which commonly used disinfectant causes denaturation of proteins? _____

Answer: Alcohols

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 404: Which form of E. coli presents with a watery, 'traveler's diarrhea'? _____

Answer: Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

Flashcard 405: What is the most commonly used non-selective culture media? _____

Answer: Blood agar

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 406: Bacillus Anthracis makes three exotoxic proteins; _____, lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF)

Answer: protective antigen (PA)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 407: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is hippurate _____

Answer: positive

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 408: Which Rickettsia spp. can result in pneumonia? _____

Answer: Rickettsia prowazekii

Flashcard 409: Which bacteria has spores found in rusty nails or in soil? _____

Answer: Clostridium tetani

Flashcard 410: Streptococcus pyogenes results in _____, which is a superficial infection of the skin

Answer: erysipelas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 411: Bacillary angiomatosis is a complication of Bartonella henselae transmitted via _____

Answer: cat scratches

Flashcard 412: Streptococcus viridans is bile-_____

Answer: insoluble

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 413: 3 phases of bacterial growth curve: _____ phase, growth/log phase, stationary phase

Answer: lag

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 414: 4 Bacterial Growth Environments _____ - environment w/ O2 Obligate Anaerobes - environment w/o O2 Facultative Anaerobes - either w/ or w/o O2 Intracellular bacteria

Answer: Obligate Aerobes

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 415: Pulmonary Anthrax is due to inhalation of Bacillus anthracis _____

Answer: spores

Flashcard 416: Which bacteria has gram-variable staining? _____

Answer: Gardnerella vaginalis

Flashcard 417: The reservoir of Campylobacter jejuni is _____, cattle, and dogs

Answer: poultry

Flashcard 418: Serratia produces a(n) _____ pigment

Answer: red

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 419: _____ is a complication of Bartonella henselae in immunocompetent patients

Answer: Cat scratch fever

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 420: Group B Strep is known as _____

Answer: Streptococcus agalactiae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 421: _____ bacteria do not grow on standard media

Answer: Fastidious

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 422: What is the etiology of Syphilis? _____

Answer: Treponema pallidum

Flashcard 423: _____ is the transfer of specific DNA between bacteria using bacteriophages

Answer: Specialized transduction

Flashcard 424: _____ degrades phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, resulting in myonecrosis (muscle breakdown)

Answer: Alpha toxin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 425: The three major causes of nosocomial infections are _____, Enterobacter, and Serratia

Answer: Klebsiella

Flashcard 426: Which spirochete is described as question mark shaped? _____

Answer: Leptospira interrogans

Flashcard 427: Which special culture media/agar is used to isolate Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Neisseria meningitidis? _____

Answer: Thayer-Martin (VPN) media

Extra: Watch Neisseria overview [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-cocci-neisseria-overview?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 428: _____ infection is a cause of atypical pneumonia with high fever (Q fever)

Answer: Coxiella burnetii

Flashcard 429: _____ is an obligate intracellular bacteria that is a common cause of STDs

Answer: Chlamydia

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 430: The _____ phase of bacterial growth is dependent on the generation/doubling time

Answer: growth

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 431: _____ is an enterotoxin that causes the Emetic type of Bacillus cereus food poisoning

Answer: Cereulide

Flashcard 432: Toxic Shock Like Syndrome is caused by what organism? _____

Answer: GAS (S. pyogenes)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 433: _____ involves bacteria extending a sex pilus, allowing exchange of DNA between two different strains

Answer: Conjugation

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 434: Which comma-shaped bacteria is endemic to developing countries? _____

Answer: Vibrio spp.

Flashcard 435: _____ requires selective media such as Middlebrook medium and rapid automated broth cultures

Answer: M. tuberculosis

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 436: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is catalase _____

Answer: negative

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 437: H. influenzae is considered a fastidious bacteria because it needs _____ and hematin (factor X) to grow

Answer: NAD+ (factor V)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 438: Exotoxin generates a(n) _____ antibody response

Answer: strong

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 439: Streptococcus pneumoniae is bile-_____

Answer: soluble

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 440: Peptidoglycan cell walls have repeating _____ oligopeptides

Answer: D-alanyl-D-alanine

Extra: Watch Penicillin [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pharmacology/units/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials/videos/medical-pharmacology-antimicrobials-cell-wall-and-membrane-active-antibiotics-penicillin?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 441: What organism(s) produce a toxin that ADP-ribosylates EF-2, inhibiting protein synthesis? _____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Flashcard 442: What is the most important bacterial factor of Shigella in regards to causing Shigellosis? _____

Answer: Mucosal invasion

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 443: Direct transmission of Francisella tularensis results from contact with _____

Answer: rabbits

Flashcard 444: Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever) is recurrent due to variable _____

Answer: surface antigens

Extra: Watch Borrelia burgdorferi [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-spirochetes-borrelia-burgdorferi?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 445: _____ shares properties with myosin, which may result in its causing of Rheumatic heart disease

Answer: M protein

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 446: Which form of E. coli presents with dysentery (bloody, mucousy diarrhea)? _____

Answer: Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

Extra: Watch Escherichia coli (ETEC, EHEC) [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-escherichia-coli-etec-ehec?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/hematology-and-oncology/videos/platelets?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 447: Which bug is the most common cause of osteomyelitis? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Flashcard 448: Enterococcus spp. can result in UTIs, subacute endocarditis, and _____ infections

Answer: biliary tree

Flashcard 449: A positive _____ skin test demonstrates a good cell-mediated response in Tuberculoid leprosy

Answer: Lepromin

Flashcard 450: Which protein found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa functions to generate ROS that kill competing microbes? _____

Answer: Pyocyanin

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 451: Acute rheumatic fever is a consequence of pharyngeal infection with _____

Answer: group A β-hemolytic streptococci

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac?ref=anki

Flashcard 452: Does IgA fix complement? _____

Answer: No

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/immunology/videos/antibodies?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology?ref=anki

Flashcard 453: Both Mycobacteria tuberculosis and leprae stain _____, taking up the carbol fuchsin stain

Answer: acid-fast

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 454: The _____ hemolysis pattern on blood agar is present with partial lysis of RBCs

Answer: alpha

Extra: Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/microbiology/videos/fundamentals-of-bacteriology?index=8] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 455: Loeffler’s Media/Tellurite Plate is used to identify _____

Answer: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 456: What is the shape of Rickettsia spp.? _____

Answer: Coccobacillus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 457: Which toxin of Bordetella pertussis is an ADP-ribosylating toxin? _____

Answer: Pertussis toxin

Extra: Watch Bordetella pertussis [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-respiratory-tract-bordetella-pertussis?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 458: SpeA and C of Streptococcus pyogenes cause _____ syndrome

Answer: toxic shock like

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 459: Resistance to Fluoroquinolones is primarily encoded by chromosome-encoded mutations in _____

Answer: DNA Gyrase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 460: Addition of _____ will degrade any naked DNA present in a culture medium, inhibiting any bacterial transformation

Answer: DNAase

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/microbiology/bacterial-genetics/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 461: All clostridium species are _____-forming, anaerobic, and produce toxins

Answer: spore

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 462: Otitis externa is most commonly caused by infection with _____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 463: Corynebacterium diphtheria will produce a(n) _____ pseudomembrane on the posterior pharynx and upper airways

Answer: gray

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/immunology/vaccines/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 464: Etiology of Otitis Externa - Water/swimming → _ - Digital trauma → _

Answer: Pseudomonas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 465: FTA-ABS test = _____

Answer: treponema pallidum (specific)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 466: In addition to ingesting undercooked poultry, interacting with _____ can predipose to Campylobacter

Answer: household pets

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 467: The two most common causes of urethritis is in men are _ and _

Answer: Chlamydia trachomatis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 468: Which pathogen responsible for acute bacterial bloody diarrhea is transmitted from raw chicken or eggs? _____

Answer: Salmonella

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 469: What is the preferred test to diagnose Haemophilus ducreyi infection (chancroid)? _____

Answer: Bacterial culture

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 470: S. sanguinis belongs to what bacterial group? _____

Answer: Viridans streptococci

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 471: Enzyme immunoassay for _____ antigen is one of the screening tests for C. difficile infection

Answer: glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 472: What bacteria is the most common cause of acute bacterial parotitis? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 473: The top three causes of UTIs are: ___ _ ___

Answer: E. coli

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/uti/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 474: What is the most common predisposing factor to developing pneumonia due to S. aureus? _____

Answer: Viral URI

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/pneumonia/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 475: Rapid onset food poisoning causing vomiting (< 6 hr) = _ or _

Answer: staph. aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 476: What is the most common cause of UTI? _____

Answer: Escherichia coli

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/obgyn?ref=anki

Flashcard 477: Darkfield microscopy = _, most useful during _ syphilis

Answer: treponema pallidum

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/genital-ulcers/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 478: _____ is found in contaminated water/shellfish and results in rapidly progressive necrotizing fascitis, bullous lesions, and septic shock, especially in those with liver disease

Answer: Vibrio vulnificus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease/skin-infections/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 479: _____ = traveler's diarrhea (watery)

Answer: ETEC

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 480: The most common cause of osteomyelitis is _____

Answer: staph. aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 481: Rapid diagnosis of group B strep in a woman in labor can be done by _____

Answer: NAAT

Extra:

Flashcard 482: _____ = bovine natural flora / transmitted through undercooked meat

Answer: EHEC

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 483: Which microorganism is the most frequent precipitant of Guillain-Barré syndrome? _____

Answer: Campylobacter jejuni

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/neurology/weakness/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 484: What are the common bacterial causes of sinusitis? (3) _____

Answer: S. pneumoniae H. influenza M. catarrhalis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 485: Corneal abrasions 2° to contact lens use = _____ treated with ciprofloxacin eye drops

Answer: Pseudomonas

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 486: What is the likely causative microorganism in a patient with infective endocarditis after having a tooth extraction one month ago? _____

Answer: Viridans group streptococci

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/cardiac/endocarditis/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 487: Vibrio cholerae is acquired via _____

Answer: contaminated drinking water

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/acute-diarrhea/acquire?ref=anki

Flashcard 488: Francisella tularensis is a zoonotic bacteria that forms caseating granulomas with regional _____

Answer: lymphadenopathy

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 489: What are the three most common bacterial causes of acute otitis media (AOM)? _____

Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 490: What is the reservoir for Salmonella enteritidis? _____

Answer: Undercooked chicken

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 491: Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common cause of C-MOPS: ___ (redness and discharge) _ (fever, chills, headache, neck stiffness) _ (ear pain) _ (fever, cough, chills) ___ (nasal discharge, sinus tenderness)

Answer: Conjunctivitis

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki

Flashcard 492: Lyme disease is caused by the _____ Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer: spirochete

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki

Flashcard 493: _ and _ are responsible for most deep infections following puncture wounds

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Extra: https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery?ref=anki

Flashcard 494: C5b complexes with C6-C9 to form the _____

Answer: membrane attack complex (MAC)

Flashcard 495: The _____ lymphoid organs allow immune cells to react with antigen

Answer: secondary

Flashcard 496: Which class of helper T cell promotes immunity against extracellular microbes_____

Answer: Th17

Flashcard 497: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) includes circulating antibodies? _____

Answer: Adaptive immunity

Flashcard 498: IFN-y is important for activating the _____ in phagocytes

Answer: respiratory burst

Flashcard 499: Immunodeficiencies with decreased B cells are susceptible to infection by _____ bacteria

Answer: encapsulated

Flashcard 500: Which component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is present in virulent strains?_____

Answer: Cord-factor

Flashcard 501: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is synthesized only by _____

Answer: microorganisms

Flashcard 502: What bacteria typically causes septic arthritis in older children and adults? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Flashcard 503: Both Mycobacteria tuberculosis and leprae stain acid-fast due to the high concentration of _____ in their cell walls

Answer: mycolic acids

Flashcard 504: Cord factor of Mycobacteria tuberculosis is only present in _____ strains of bacteria

Answer: virulent

Flashcard 505: Which commonly used disinfectant causes halogenation of proteins and nucleic acids?_____

Answer: Iodine

Flashcard 506: In the intestine, NH3 may be produced by intestinal _____

Answer: bacteria

Flashcard 507: Which serotype of Neisseria meningitidis lacks a vaccine?_____

Answer: Type B

Flashcard 508: Intracellular bacterial proliferation of M. tuberculosis is most likely to occur _____ week(s) after exposure

Answer: 1

Flashcard 509: Which component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis allows the bug to survive in macrophages?_____

Answer: Sulfatides

Flashcard 510: Peyer patches contain specialized _____ that sample and present antigens to immune cells

Answer: M cells

Flashcard 511: What is the primary method of transmission of Haemophilus influenzae?_____

Answer: Aerosol

Flashcard 512: Which commonly used disinfectants (2) are sporocidal?_____

Answer: H2O2, Iodine

Flashcard 513: Which form of C3 convertase is produced via the lectin and classic complement pathways? _____

Answer: C4b2a

Flashcard 514: Exotoxin is heat _____

Answer: labile

Flashcard 515: Bunches/Clusters of cocci bacteria are known as _____

Answer: Staphylococci

Flashcard 516: Does Salmonella have a capsule?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 517: Clostridium botulinum in adults causes botulism via ingestion of _____

Answer: preformed toxin

Flashcard 518: The required infective dose of Salmonella is _____ (large or small)

Answer: large

Flashcard 519: The name of the illness caused by Rickettsia prowazekii is known as _____

Answer: epidemic typhus (specific)

Flashcard 520: What is the shape of Brucella?_____

Answer: Coccobacillus

Flashcard 521: Which bacteria classically causes epiglottitis?_____

Answer: Haemophilus influenzae

Flashcard 522: What is the cause of bacterial vaginosis?_____

Answer: Gardnerella vaginalis

Flashcard 523: Does innate immunity have a memory response?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 524: In addition to S. pneumoniae infection, meningitis in the elderly is also commonly caused by infection with gram negative rods and _____

Answer: Listeria monocytogenes

Flashcard 525: Bacillary angiomatosis is a complication of Bartonella henselae transmitted via _____

Answer: cat scratches

Flashcard 526: A _____ is a small antigen that may conjugate with larger proteins to elicit an immune response

Answer: hapten

Flashcard 527: Loefflers Media/Tellurite Plate is used to identify _____

Answer: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Flashcard 528: Which bacteria is commonly found in cattle/sheep amniotic fluid?_____

Answer: Coxiella burnetti

Flashcard 529: Which Rickettsia spp. causes encephalitis (with dizziness and confusion)?_____

Answer: Rickettsia prowazekii

Flashcard 530: A bacteria's _____ wall can be a target for the immune system and antibiotics

Answer: cell

Flashcard 531: Is Vibrio cholerae motile?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 532: Which bacteria is associated with surfers in the tropics?_____

Answer: Leptospira interrogans

Flashcard 533: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor during cellular respiration in _____ (bacteria type)

Answer: obligate aerobes

Flashcard 534: Which test is used to differentiate between toxic and nontoxic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?_____

Answer: Elek's test

Flashcard 535: Yersinia pestis is _____ intracellular.

Answer: facultative

Flashcard 536: Which bug is the most common cause of osteomyelitis? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Flashcard 537: The Weil-Felix test tests the cross reactivity of rickettsia and _____ OX19 and OX2

Answer: proteus vulgaris

Flashcard 538: What type of vaccine are the Meningococcal vaccines? _____

Answer: Subunit

Flashcard 539: Which bacteria releases a toxin which inhibits chemokine receptors on lymphocytes, ultimately resulting in lymphocytosis?_____

Answer: Bordetella pertussis

Flashcard 540: Does E. coli have a capsule?_____

Answer: yes

Flashcard 541: What type of diarrhea is caused by Clostridium perfringens?_____

Answer: Watery

Flashcard 542: What bacterial spores can get into wool and animal hide, thus predisposing workers to infection?_____

Answer: Bacillus anthracis

Flashcard 543: What is the reservior for Francisella tularensis?_____

Answer: Rabbits

Flashcard 544: What two exotoxins are produced by Clostridium difficile?_____

Answer: Toxin A (enterotoxin) and Toxin B (cytotoxin)

Flashcard 545: What organism is formed on dental plaques?_____

Answer: S. viridans (mutans and sanguinis)

Flashcard 546: M. tuberculosis is transmitted via _____ of droplet nuclei (airborne particles).

Answer: inhalation

Flashcard 547: What is the shape of Borrelia burgdorferi?_____

Answer: Spirochete

Flashcard 548: Mycobacteria tuberculosis grows on the _____ agar

Answer: Lowenstein-Jensen

Flashcard 549: What are the two exotoxins released by Bacillus anthracis?_____

Answer: Edema factor (EF) and Lethal factor (LF)

Flashcard 550: Which bacteria often causes acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?_____

Answer: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Flashcard 551: What bug commonly infects dog bite wounds?_____

Answer: Pasteurella multocida

Flashcard 552: What cytotoxin released by H. pylori breaks down the protective mucus barrier? _____

Answer: CagA toxin

Flashcard 553: Which toxin of Bordetella pertussis is an ADP-ribosylating toxin?_____

Answer: Pertussis toxin

Flashcard 554: Which zoonotic bacteria is oxidase positive?_____

Answer: Pasteurella multocida

Flashcard 555: Coxiella burnetti is _____ intracellular

Answer: obligate

Flashcard 556: Administration of toxoid is an example of _____ immunization

Answer: active

Flashcard 557: Which bacteria is commonly associated with jaw trauma?_____

Answer: Actinomyces

Flashcard 558: _____ is a coagulase-negative Staph that has the ability to synthesize extracellular polysaccharide matrix (biofilm).

Answer: Staph epidermidis

Flashcard 559: What is the only Spirochete that can be visualized using aniline dyes (Wright or Giemsa) in light microscopy?_____

Answer: Borrelia

Flashcard 560: What antibodies are elevated following a strep infection?_____

Answer: Anti-streptolysin O (ASO) antibodies

Flashcard 561: What is the route of transmission of Bordetella pertussis?_____

Answer: Respiratory droplets

Flashcard 562: Which form of Leprosy (Mycobacteria leprae) is communicable (human to human)?_____

Answer: Lepromatous leprosy

Flashcard 563: What are the two types of bacterial transduction?_____

Answer: Lytic and Lysogenic

Flashcard 564: Which cytokine is primarily responsible for stimulating monocytes / macrophages to kill the microbes they ingest (macrophage-lymphocyte interaction)?_____

Answer: IFN-

Flashcard 565: _____ is the transfer of DNA between bacteria using 'sex pili'

Answer: Conjugation

Flashcard 566: Which type of cells on wet mount signify Gardnerella vaginalis?_____

Answer: Clue cells

Flashcard 567: Scalded skin syndrome is caused by what organism? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Flashcard 568: Some bacteria secrete a _____, allowing the bacteria to stick to a surface

Answer: biofilm (not glycocalyx)

Flashcard 569: What is the shape of Yersinia?_____

Answer: Rod

Flashcard 570: Which bacteria produces an alpha toxin that functions as a phospholipase (lecithinase)?_____

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Flashcard 571: Direct transmission of Brucella spp. results from contact with _____

Answer: farm animals (cows, pigs, goats, sheep are the reservoirs)

Flashcard 572: Yersinia enterocolitica is _____, protecting the bacteria from phagocytosis

Answer: encapsulated

Flashcard 573: Which bacteria has gram-variable staining?_____

Answer: Gardnerella vaginalis

Flashcard 574: Which bacteria is a common cause of STI and is facultative intracellular in PMNs?_____

Answer: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Flashcard 575: Serum Ig_____ may be elevated in a Helicobacter pylori infection

Answer: G

Flashcard 576: Enterococci spp. are _____ anaerobes

Answer: facultative

Flashcard 577: Which spp. of Streptococcus viridans causes endocarditis? (non-subacute)_____

Answer: Streptococcus mitis

Flashcard 578: Listeria monocytogenes is _____-hemolytic

Answer: beta

Flashcard 579: What is the urease expression of Nocardia spp?_____

Answer: Positive

Flashcard 580: What phase of bacterial growth do antibiotics have their greatest effect?_____

Answer: Growth

Flashcard 581: The process of inactivation of self-propagating biological entities is known as _____

Answer: Sterilization

Flashcard 582: Does Vibrio cholerae invade the intestinal wall?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 583: The Quellung Reaction is used to test for bacteria who have a _____

Answer: capsule

Flashcard 584: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) occurs rapidly, over minutes to hours?_____

Answer: Innate immunity

Flashcard 585: All Clostridium spp. are _____-forming

Answer: spore

Flashcard 586: Which complement proteins are part of the membrane attack complex (MAC)?_____

Answer: C5b-C9

Flashcard 587: Which toxin of Listeria monocytogenes lyses vacuolar membranes within host cells?_____

Answer: Listeriolysin O

Flashcard 588: _____ culture media have special nutrients added so that many bugs will grow

Answer: Enriched

Flashcard 589: The process of decreasing pathogenic organism counts to safe levels is known as _____

Answer: Disinfection

Flashcard 590: Actinomyces is commonly transmitted in the setting of _____ procedures

Answer: dental

Flashcard 591: In normal conjugation, is there transfer of bacterial chromosomal DNA?_____

Answer: No - Normal conjugation involves transfer of plasmids only

Flashcard 592: Direct transmission of Francisella tularensis results from contact with _____

Answer: rabbits

Flashcard 593: Which bacteria is associated with military combat wounds and motorcycle accidents?_____

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Flashcard 594: Which bacteria is associated with yellow sulfur granules?_____

Answer: Actinomyces

Flashcard 595: The second most common infectious cause of cystitis is _____

Answer: Staphyloccocus saprophyticus

Flashcard 596: The _____ of a bacterium is a long protein arm used for motility

Answer: flagellum

Flashcard 597: H. pylori produces _____, which alkalinizes the local environment, enabling bacterial survival

Answer: urease

Flashcard 598: Epithelial cells coated with bacteria are classically seen in _____

Answer: Gardnerella vaginalis

Flashcard 599: Which bacterial infection can result in risus sardonicus and lock jaw?_____

Answer: Clostridium tetani

Flashcard 600: _____ bacterial DNA transduction occurs when bacterial chromosomal DNA is packaged in the phage, resulting in transfer of bacterial DNA with lysis of the bacteria

Answer: Generalized (Generalized or Specialized)

Flashcard 601: Which type of Bacillus cereus food poisoning has the shortest incubation period?_____

Answer: Emetic type

Flashcard 602: Chains of cocci bacteria are known as _____

Answer: Streptococci

Flashcard 603: Which type of immunity (innate or adaptive) includes physiologic barriers, such as temperature and pH? _____

Answer: Innate immunity

Flashcard 604: What is the most important virulence factor of Pasteurella multocida?_____

Answer: Capsule

Flashcard 605: Bacteria with irregular, slimy fuzz layer have a _____

Answer: glycocalyx

Flashcard 606: Bacteria with distinct, firmly attached gelatinous layerhave a _____

Answer: capsule

Flashcard 607: Leptospira interrogans is endemic to _____ regions

Answer: tropical

Flashcard 608: Leptospira interrogans is characterized via a(n) _____ spread through the body

Answer: hematogenous

Flashcard 609: Which toxin of Bordetella pertussis mimics the activity of adenylate cyclase?_____

Answer: Adenylate cyclase toxin

Flashcard 610: Staphylococcus epidermidis forms a protective _____ that allows it to colonize prosthetic devices

Answer: biofilm

Flashcard 611: _____ is an anaerobe that can enter abdominal abscesses and is resistant to many antibiotics

Answer: Bacteroides fragilis

Flashcard 612: Which bacterium has no cell wall?_____

Answer: Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Flashcard 613: Which complement proteins are decreased in C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency? _____

Answer: C4 and C2

Flashcard 614: Which complement protein is a neutrophil chemotactic?_____

Answer: C5a

Flashcard 615: One function of bile is _____ activity via membrane disruption

Answer: anti-microbrial

Flashcard 616: Pulmonary Anthrax is due to inhalation of Bacillus anthracis _____

Answer: spores

Flashcard 617: Where does Staphylococcus aureus normally colonize?_____

Answer: Nares

Flashcard 618: Which bacteria (2) present with WBCs in urine but NO bacteria (sterile pyruria)?_____

Answer: N. gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis

Flashcard 619: Which spirochete is described as question mark shaped?_____

Answer: Leptospira interrogans

Flashcard 620: Which bacteria is normal flora of the vagina?_____

Answer: Lactobacillus

Flashcard 621: Mycobacterium leprae is an obligate _____ bacteria

Answer: intracellular

Flashcard 622: Which immunoglobulin(s) fix complement? _____

Answer: IgM and IgG

Flashcard 623: Can bacterial spores be killed via autoclaving?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 624: What urease positive, pneumonia-causing bacteria is a common cause of UTI? _____

Answer: Klebsiella pneumoniae

Flashcard 625: Is Borrelia burgdorferi visible with staining?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 626: Humans are the only reservoir for Salmonella _____

Answer: typhi

Flashcard 627: What organism is responsible for recurrent pulmonary infections in an infant cystic fibrosis patient? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Flashcard 628: What cause of osteomyelitis is more common in prosthetic joint replacement? _____

Answer: Staphylococcus epidermidis

Flashcard 629: Which bacteria can cause bacillary peliosis?_____

Answer: Bartonella henselae

Flashcard 630: Where in the body are Group D Streptococci (Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium) normally found?_____

Answer: Colon (GI) and urogenital (GU)

Flashcard 631: Yersinia pestis secretes _____, which cause macrophage/neutrophil dysfunction by inhibiting phagocytosis and cytokine production

Answer: YOPS

Flashcard 632: Which immunoglobulin is produced in the GI tract and protects against gut infections? _____

Answer: IgA

Flashcard 633: Complement may be activated via the _____ pathway, which occurs spontaneously or when microbial products activate complement

Answer: alternative

Flashcard 634: What is the oxygen dependency of Actinomyces?_____

Answer: Obligate anaerobe

Flashcard 635: Which Staphylococcus species is the 2nd most common cause of uncomplicated UTI in young women?_____

Answer: Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Flashcard 636: Nocardia is _____ positive, thus patients with chronic granulomatous disease are susceptible to infection

Answer: catalase

Flashcard 637: What bacteria causes lymphocytosis via production of lymphocytosis-promoting factor? _____

Answer: Bordetella pertussis

Flashcard 638: What are the reservoirs of the Brucella spp. strains?_____

Answer: Farm animals (cows, pigs, goats, sheep)

Flashcard 639: What pilus proteins allow Bordetella pertussis to attach to the respiratory epithelium?_____

Answer: Filamentous hemagglutinin

Flashcard 640: Beta-lactamases are synthesized by _____ genes

Answer: plasmid

Flashcard 641: Reheating rice can result in food poisoning from _____

Answer: Bacillus cereus

Flashcard 642: Which bacteria has characteristic "actin rockets" for intracellular movement?_____

Answer: Listeria monocytogenes

Flashcard 643: Which S. aureus toxin nonspecifically binds MHC-II (on APCs) and the T-cell receptorproducing cytokine storm and toxic shock: _____

Answer: TSST-1 superantigen

Flashcard 644: Spores of Clostridium perfringens are commonly found in _____

Answer: soil

Flashcard 645: Lack of B-cells, antibodies, or complement can result in recurrent _____ bacterial infections

Answer: encapsulated

Flashcard 646: Which Bacillus anthracis exotoxin is responsible for the black eschars seen in cutaneous anthrax?_____

Answer: Lethal factor

Flashcard 647: The diphtheria toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae is encoded by a _____

Answer: -prophage

Flashcard 648: Which species of Neisseria ferments glucose only?_____

Answer: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Flashcard 649: What organism produces a similar toxin that has the same MOA as C. diphtheriae toxin? _____

Answer: Pseudomonas

Flashcard 650: The required infective dose of Shigella is _____ (large or small)

Answer: small

Flashcard 651: Nocardia stains _____ due to the mycolic acids found in its cell wall

Answer: weakly acid fast

Flashcard 652: _____ vaginalis presents with clue cells on wet mount microscopy

Answer: Gardnerella

Flashcard 653: What food source is associated with Clostridium perfringens food poisoning?_____

Answer: Reheated meat dishes

Flashcard 654: The _____ hemolysis pattern on blood agar is present with partial lysis of RBCs

Answer: alpha

Flashcard 655: Streptococcus pneumoniae is bile-_____

Answer: soluble

Flashcard 656: Which chemical found in the core of bacterial spores provides heat resistance?_____

Answer: Dipicolinic Acid

Flashcard 657: Vibrio cholerae also produces _____ to digest the protective mucous coat around intestinal cells

Answer: mucinase

Flashcard 658: Superantigens result in _____ syndrome

Answer: toxic shock

Flashcard 659: LPS, bacterial flagellin, and viral nucleic acids are detected by the innate immune system via _____ Receptors

Answer: Pattern-Recognition

Flashcard 660: What is the end product of oxidative burst that destroys phagocytosed microbes? _____

Answer: Hypochlorite (HClO-)

Flashcard 661: Which bacteria turns bright yellow on mannitol salt agar: _____

Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

Flashcard 662: Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus are associated with consumption of _____

Answer: contaminated seafood

Flashcard 663: What is the route of transmission of Vibrio cholerae?_____

Answer: Fecal-oral

Flashcard 664: Which form of C5 convertase is produced via the alternative complement pathway? _____

Answer: C3bBb3b

Flashcard 665: How is Pasteurella multocida most commonly transmitted?_____

Answer: Dog or Cat bites

Flashcard 666: Which spirochete is described as having hook-shaped ends?_____

Answer: Leptospira interrogans

Flashcard 667: Which disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is associated with high fever and NO respiratory symptoms (pneumonia)?_____

Answer: Pontiac fever

Flashcard 668: Clostridium _____ results in floppy muscles

Answer: botulinum

Flashcard 669: Does Shigella have a capsule?_____

Answer: no

Flashcard 670: _____ is a way that bacteria uptake DNA from their surrounding environment

Answer: Transformation

Flashcard 671: Staphylococcus saprophyticus infections spread via _____

Answer: bodily fluids

Flashcard 672: Small DNA within the cells of bacteria that replicate independently are known as _____

Answer: plasmids

Flashcard 673: Streptococcus viridans is optochin-_____

Answer: resistant

Flashcard 674: A positive screening test for Treponema pallidum (via VDRL or RPR) is confirmed via _____

Answer: FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption)

Flashcard 675: What is the cause of Bubonic Plague?_____

Answer: Yersinia pestis

Flashcard 676: Boiling temperatures (100* C) are unable to kill _____-forming bacteria

Answer: spore

Flashcard 677: Beta-lactamases are expressed by _____ genes

Answer: plasmid

Flashcard 678: When a bacteria is in a _____ form, it can survive long periods in extreme conditions

Answer: spore

Flashcard 679: Which bacteria is associated with traumatic open wound infection?_____

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Flashcard 680: Actinomyces is normal flora of the _____, GI and GU tracts

Answer: oral cavity

Flashcard 681: A type _____ secretion system detects eukaryotic cells and secretes a protein to help with infectivity

Answer: III

Flashcard 682: Which bacteria produces yellow-orange pigments?_____

Answer: Actinomyces

Flashcard 683: Which cause of pharyngitis is more commonly seen in children and adolescents?_____

Answer: Strep pyogenes (GAS)

Flashcard 684: _____ are a two component "A-B" polypeptide

Answer: Exotoxins (Exo or Endotoxins)

Flashcard 685: Does Vibrio cholera produce an inflammatory diarrhea?_____

Answer: No (no WBCs present)

Flashcard 686: Which branching, filamentous bacteria is associated with dental carries and resultant aspiration pneumonia?_____

Answer: Actinomyces

Flashcard 687: Which bacteria has a characteristic "tumbling motility" extracellularly?_____

Answer: Listeria monocytogenes

Flashcard 688: _____ bacteria do not grow on standard media

Answer: Fastidious

Flashcard 689: All pathways of complement activation result in the production of _____, which converts C3 to C3a and C3b

Answer: C3 convertase

Flashcard 690: M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes is similar in structure to _____

Answer: myosin

Flashcard 691: Streptococcus gallolyticus is pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) _____

Answer: negative

Flashcard 692: Which bacteria produces a characteristic "bull's neck" due to lymphadenopathy?_____

Answer: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Flashcard 693: What is used to differentiate between different strains of Streptococcus?_____

Answer: Hemolysis pattern

Flashcard 694: Streptococcus pneumoniae is _____-hemolytic

Answer: alpha

Flashcard 695: What is the only immunoglobulin that can be secreted in response to thymus-independent antigens? _____

Answer: IgM

Flashcard 696: How is Coxiella burnetti transmitted?_____

Answer: Aerosol (inhalation of spores)

Flashcard 697: What bacteria is a common cause of secondary infection in calculous cholecystitis? _____

Answer: E. coli

Flashcard 698: Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholera and _____ are all curved rods that are oxidase positive

Answer: Helicobacter pylori

Flashcard 699: Yersinia enterocolitica can be transmitted through _____ feces.

Answer: puppy

Flashcard 700: Which bacteria produces a toxin that ADP-ribosylates and disables Gi receptors?_____

Answer: Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis toxin)

Flashcard 701: Indicator (differential) media can also yield color changes due to differences in _____ of certain organisms

Answer: metabolism

Flashcard 702: _____ is a species of Neisseria that is encapsulated.

Answer: Neisseria meningitidis

Flashcard 703: _____ can live without oxygen but use it if available

Answer: Facultative Anaerobes (which type of bacteria)

Flashcard 704: What is the oxygen dependency of Nocardia spp.?_____

Answer: Obligate aerobe

Flashcard 705: Group B Strep (S. agalactiae) hydrolyzes sodium _____.

Answer: hippurate

Flashcard 706: Which complement protein helps clear immune complexes? _____

Answer: C3b

Flashcard 707: Which commonly used disinfectant causes coagulation of cytoplasm?_____

Answer: Chlorhexidine

Flashcard 708: _____ use fermentation to generate ATP

Answer: Obligate Anaerobes (Obligate Aerobes or Anaerobes)

Flashcard 709: Which immunoglobulin is the most produced antibody overall? _____

Answer: IgA

Flashcard 710: The _____, or innermost layer of the bacterial spore, contains DNA, ribosomes and glycolytic enzymes

Answer: core

Flashcard 711: What is the shape of Haemophilus influenzae?_____

Answer: Coccobacillus

Flashcard 712: Is Helicobacter pylori motile?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 713: The _____ type of Bacillus cereus food poisoning presents with nausea and vomiting within 1-5 hrs of consumption.

Answer: Emetic

Flashcard 714: Which bacteria produces Golden/Yellow pigments?_____

Answer: Staph Aureus

Flashcard 715: What bacteria is the most common cause of subacute endocarditis? _____

Answer: Viridans streptococci

Flashcard 716: What is the reservoir of Coxiella burnetti?_____

Answer: Farm animals (cattle, sheep, goats)

Flashcard 717: Transposition of bacterial DNA allows for transfer of bacterial DNA amongst different strains, such as resistance to _____

Answer: antibiotics

Flashcard 718: Does H. pylori invade the stomach mucosa? _____

Answer: No (sits on top of mucosa)

Flashcard 719: Colonies of _____ show a halo of projections, sometimes referred to as "medusa head" appearance

Answer: Bacillus anthracis

Flashcard 720: During the _____ phase of bacterial growth bacteria are continuing to grow but also starting to die

Answer: stationary

Flashcard 721: O2-independent killing in phagocytes is _____ effective than O2-dependent killing

Answer: less

Flashcard 722: Which bacteria's spores are commonly found in honey?_____

Answer: Clostridium botulinum

Flashcard 723: How do phagocytes in CGD patients kill catalase-negative organisms? _____

Answer: Use H2O2 produced by invading organisms to produce HClO-

Flashcard 724: _____ can generate lots of energy through cellular respiration using O2

Answer: Obligate Aerobes (Obligate Aerobes or Anaerobes)

Flashcard 725: Which bacteria produces red pigments?_____

Answer: Serratia

Flashcard 726: What is the shape of Legionella?_____

Answer: Rod

Flashcard 727: Exotoxin generates a _____ (strength) antibody response

Answer: strong

Flashcard 728: How is Bubonic Plague (Yersinia pestis) transmitted?_____

Answer: Fleas

Flashcard 729: _____ bacterial DNA transduction stems from incorporation of viral DNA into bacterial DNA; excision of viral DNA results in excision of bacterial DNA as well

Answer: Specialized (Generalized or Specialized)

Flashcard 730: Clostridium perfringens' spores produce heat-_____ enterotoxin

Answer: labile

Flashcard 731: IgA deficiency may present with increased infections in _____ sites

Answer: mucosal

Flashcard 732: Salmonella _____ causes paratyphoid fever

Answer: paratyphi

Flashcard 733: Staphylococcus saprophyticus is nitrate reductase _____

Answer: negative

Flashcard 734: Which bacteria is seen cultured from the vagina below?_____

Answer: Gardnerella vaginalisepithelial cell covered with bacteria (clue cell)

Flashcard 735: _____ is used to amplify DNA

Answer: Transformation (which bacterial genetics phenomenon)

Flashcard 736: What proteins cross-link peptidoglycan on bacterial cell walls?_____

Answer: Penicillin binding protein transpeptidases (PBPs)

Flashcard 737: Which gram-variable bacteria has a fishy odor?_____

Answer: Gardnerella vaginalis

Flashcard 738: What is the etiology of Relapsing Fever?_____

Answer: Borrelia recurrentis

Flashcard 739: Which toxin of Bordetella pertussis inhibits DNA synthesis in ciliated epithelial cells?_____

Answer: Tracheal toxin

Flashcard 740: _____ of High Frequency bacterial strains allows us to perform genetic mapping

Answer: Conjugation

Flashcard 741: What is the etiology of Lyme Disease?_____

Answer: Borrelia burgdorferi

Flashcard 742: Shigella spp. uses host cell _____ to spread from cell to cell

Answer: actin filaments

Flashcard 743: Clostridium perfringens binds _____, resulting in watery diarrhea due to destruction of tight junctions

Answer: claudins

Flashcard 744: _____ is normal flora of the skin and thus can contaminate blood cultures.

Answer: Staph epidermidis

Flashcard 745: IgA protease is a virulence factor used by Neisseria that allows bacteria to colonize and adhere to _____.

Answer: mucous membranes

Flashcard 746: Staphylococcus aureus is catalase _____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 747: Which form of E. coli presents with dysentery (bloody, mucousy diarrhea)?_____

Answer: Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

Flashcard 748: During the _____ phase of bacterial growth, there is no increase in number of cells since you added them to the culture

Answer: lag

Flashcard 749: What bacteria releases a toxin that cleaves SNARE proteins in Renshaw cells? _____

Answer: Clostridium tetani

Flashcard 750: What food source is associated with Bacillus cereus food poisoning?_____

Answer: Reheated rice

Flashcard 751: _____ microscopy is needed for direct visualization of Treponema pallidum

Answer: Darkfield

Flashcard 752: In the Jarish-Herxheimer reaction, rapid lysis of _____ triggers a strong immunologic response (results in fever, chills after abx administration)

Answer: spirochetes

Flashcard 753: Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is bacitracin _____

Answer: resistant

Flashcard 754: What is the most important bacterial factor of Shigella in regards to causing Shigellosis?_____

Answer: Mucosal invasion

Flashcard 755: E. coli causes neonatal meningitis only if it is positive for _____

Answer: K (capsular) antigen

Flashcard 756: Scarlet fever is associated with what toxin? _____

Answer: Erythrogenic exotoxin (SPE) (specific)

Flashcard 757: The reservoir for Salmonella _____ is chicken

Answer: enteritidis

Flashcard 758: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation occur on the _____ of Bacteria

Answer: Cell membrane

Flashcard 759: Streptococcus _____ can cause bacteremia and subacute endocarditis; is associated with colon cancer

Answer: gallolyticus

Flashcard 760: What four bacterial infections are most commonly associated with myocarditis? (Some Bacteria Cause Myocarditis)_____

Answer: - Streptococcus Pyogenes- Borrelia burgdorferi- Corynebacterium Diphtheriae- Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Flashcard 761: Which complement deficiencies result in increased risk for Neisseria infection? _____

Answer: Terminal Complement (C5-C9) Deficiencies

Flashcard 762: Which zoonotic bacteria is encapsulated?_____

Answer: Pasteurella multocida

Flashcard 763: What is the most common bacterial cause (90%) of acute pyelonephritis? _____

Answer: E. coli

Flashcard 764: Asplenia can result in an increased risk of sepsis from _____ bacteria due to loss of splenic phagocytes

Answer: encapsulated

Flashcard 765: _____ can activate any CD4+ T-cell, resulting in massive release of cytokines

Answer: Superantigens

Flashcard 766: Which bacteria has spores found in rusty nails or in soil?_____

Answer: Clostridium tetani

Flashcard 767: Salmonella _____ causes inflammatory diarrhea

Answer: enteritidis

Flashcard 768: _____ is the transfer of specific DNA between bacteria using bacteriophages

Answer: Specialized transduction

Flashcard 769: Campylobacter jejuni is _____, meaning it grows best at lower O2 than atmosphere

Answer: microaerophilic

Flashcard 770: Rickettsia are described as having a _____

Answer: coccobacilliary shape (shape)

Flashcard 771: Mycobacteria _____ causes a hand-infection in aquarium handlers

Answer: marinum

Flashcard 772: Terminal Complement (C5-C9) Deficiencies increase susceptibility to recurrent _____ bacteremia

Answer: Neisseria

Flashcard 773: Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella pneumophila is associated with _____

Answer: confusion (head symptom)

Flashcard 774: All pathways of complement activation result in the production of _____, which converts C5 to C5a and C5b

Answer: C5 convertase

Flashcard 775: Indirect transmission of Francisella tularensis results from inhalation of _____

Answer: aerosol

Flashcard 776: Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation results in upregulation of _____, a nuclear transcription factor that activates immune response genes

Answer: NF-B

Flashcard 777: What is the most commonly used non-selective culture media?_____

Answer: Blood agar

Flashcard 778: Which Clostridium difficile exotoxin results in depolymerization of actin leading to enterocyte death and necrosis?_____

Answer: Toxin B (cytotoxin)

Flashcard 779: Which spp. of Streptococcus viridans causes dental caries?_____

Answer: Streptococcus mutans

Flashcard 780: Is innate immunity specific or nonspecific? _____

Answer: Non-specific

Flashcard 781: Streptococcus bovis biotype 1 is known as _____

Answer: Streptococcus gallolyticus

Flashcard 782: Which bacteria can produce slow-onset diarrhea via spore ingestion?_____

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Flashcard 783: Is Shigella motile?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 784: The pili in _____ allow for antigenic variation

Answer: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (which bacteria)

Flashcard 785: Humoral immunity is used to defend against _____-cellular agents

Answer: extra

Flashcard 786: The incubation period for Rickettsia rickettsii is somewhere between _____ days

Answer: 2-14

Flashcard 787: Conjugation of normal bacteria involves transfer of _____ only

Answer: plasmids

Flashcard 788: What is the etiology of Syphilis?_____

Answer: Treponema pallidum

Flashcard 789: _____ is the transfer of random DNA between bacteria using bacteriophages

Answer: Generalized transduction

Flashcard 790: _____ is a anaerobic spore former that can produce a double zone of hemolysis.

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Flashcard 791: Which form of E. coli presents with watery diarrhea?_____

Answer: Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

Flashcard 792: Is Leptospira interrogans visible with staining?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 793: What type of vaccine is the Hib vaccine? _____

Answer: Subunit

Flashcard 794: The flaccid paralysis in Clostridium botulinum is a _____ paralysis (ascending or descending)

Answer: descending

Flashcard 795: Vancomycin-intermediate staphylococcus aureus (VISA) has an unusually thickened _____

Answer: cell wall

Flashcard 796: _____ mRNA can be polycistronic, meaning one mRNA codes for several proteins

Answer: bacterial

Flashcard 797: Which type of immunization has a slow onset? _____

Answer: Active immunization

Flashcard 798: Why doesn't Rickettsia spp. gram stain well?_____

Answer: Obligate Intracellular bacteria

Flashcard 799: What is the oxygen dependency of Bordetella pertussis?_____

Answer: Aerobic

Flashcard 800: Shigella is acid-_____ (stable or labile)

Answer: stable

Flashcard 801: The reservoir of Campylobacter jejuni is _____, cattle, and dogs

Answer: poultry

Flashcard 802: Which exotoxin of Clostridium difficile is a brush border toxin that causes watery diarrhea?_____

Answer: Toxin A (enterotoxin)

Flashcard 803: Which toxin from Clostridium tetani causes Tetanus?_____

Answer: Tetanospasmin

Flashcard 804: Anthracycline antitumor antibiotics were first isolated from a species of _____ bacteria

Answer: Actinomyces

Flashcard 805: Because Vibrio vulnificus, Yersinia spp, and Listeria are _____, they more commonly infect patients with Hemochromatosis

Answer: siderophillic

Flashcard 806: What complement protein does the alternative pathway of activation begin with? _____

Answer: C3

Flashcard 807: The shiga-like toxin (SLT) of Enterohemorrhagic E. coli kills _____ (cell type)

Answer: enterocytes

Flashcard 808: What is the diagnostic test of choice for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis?_____

Answer: Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)

Flashcard 809: Which bacteria demonstrates 'swarming motility' when plated? (4)_____

Answer: Proteus

Flashcard 810: What exotoxin is secreted by Vibrio Cholera?_____

Answer: Cholera toxin

Flashcard 811: Which strain of Salmonella causes typhoid fever?_____

Answer: Salmonella typhi

Flashcard 812: Staphylococcus saprophyticus is catalase _____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 813: Is Streptococcus viridans encapsulated?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 814: Francisella tularensis is _____ intracellular

Answer: facultative

Flashcard 815: The _____ hemolysis pattern on blood agar is present with lack of lysis of RBCs

Answer: gamma

Flashcard 816: Humoral immunity is used to attack _____-cellular bacteria

Answer: extra

Flashcard 817: Which MHC class has a larger peptide binding groove (13 - 17 AA)? _____

Answer: MHC II

Flashcard 818: Which form of E. coli presents with a watery, 'traveler's diarrhea'?_____

Answer: Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

Flashcard 819: Salmonella spp. is acid-_____ (stable or labile)

Answer: labile

Flashcard 820: Which bacteria is commonly transmitted via improper canning of food?_____

Answer: Clostridium botulinum

Flashcard 821: What culture media contains RBCs that are lysed via heating?_____

Answer: Chocolate Agar

Flashcard 822: Due to Chlamydia spp. being obligate intracellular bacteria, they gram stain _____

Answer: poorly (well or poorly)

Flashcard 823: The _____ hemolysis pattern on blood agar is present with full lysis of RBCs

Answer: beta

Flashcard 824: _____ is the direct uptake of naked DNA by bacteria

Answer: Transformation

Flashcard 825: Streptococcus viridans is _____-hemolytic

Answer: alpha

Flashcard 826: Serratia produces a _____ pigment

Answer: red

Flashcard 827: What is the oxygen dependency of Bacillus anthracis?_____

Answer: obligate aerobe

Flashcard 828: _____ involves DNA extending a sex pilus, allowing exchange of DNA between two different strains

Answer: Conjugation

Flashcard 829: What bacteria causes acne by producing lipases that break down sebum, releasing proinflammatory fatty acids? _____

Answer: Propionibacterium acnes

Flashcard 830: Which cause of vaginosis is non-painful?_____

Answer: Gardnerella vaginalis

Flashcard 831: Which virulence factors (2) of Streptococcus pyogenes(GAS) allows for lysis of RBC and WBCs?_____

Answer: Streptolysin O and Streptolysin S

Flashcard 832: In alpha-hemolysis, there is a green hue due to the oxidation of _____

Answer: hemoglobin

Flashcard 833: How is Relapsing Fever (Borrelia recurrentis) transmitted?_____

Answer: Louse

Flashcard 834: What complement protein does the classical pathway of activation begin with? _____

Answer: C1

Flashcard 835: Which species of Neisseria ferments glucose and maltose?_____

Answer: Neisseria meningitidis

Flashcard 836: _____ lack the enzymes Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase

Answer: Obligate Anaerobes (Obligate Aerobes or Anaerobes)

Flashcard 837: Which serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis are associated with Neonatal Conjunctivitis?_____

Answer: D-K

Flashcard 838: _____ causes "gas gangrene" when it enters wounds

Answer: Clostridium perfringens

Flashcard 839: Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes _____ cause a STI

Answer: D-K

Flashcard 840: What type of paralysis is seen with Clostridium botulinum?_____

Answer: Flaccid paralysis ("botulism")

Flashcard 841: Which zoonotic bacteria is catalase positive?_____

Answer: Pasteurella multocida

Flashcard 842: Bacteria sometimes secrete a _____, which is a sticky, gelatinous layer that assists the bacteria in attaching to host cells

Answer: capsule

Flashcard 843: Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever) is recurrent due to variable _____

Answer: surface antigens

Flashcard 844: What methods of disinfection/sterilization are definitively sporicidal?_____

Answer: Hydrogen peroxide and Chlorine

Flashcard 845: Which comma-shaped bacteria is endemic to developing countries?_____

Answer: Vibrio spp.

Flashcard 846: What feature of Pseudomonas is anti-phagocytic?_____

Answer: Bacterial capsule

Flashcard 847: Autoclaves work to sterilize equipment by using _____

Answer: pressurized steam

Flashcard 848: Which bacteria has a protein capsule made with D-glutamate?_____

Answer: Bacillus anthracis

Flashcard 849: Which type of vaccine protects against bacterial toxins?_____

Answer: Toxoid

Flashcard 850: Campylobacter jejuni grows best at _____ (temperature)

Answer: 42C

Flashcard 851: Which bacteria is commonly described as club-shaped in a V or Y formation?_____

Answer: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Flashcard 852: Blood agar is a _____ culture media because it allows us to identify bacteria based on their hemolytic pattern

Answer: differential

Flashcard 853: Which bacteria is associated with a fruity, grape-like odor?_____

Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Flashcard 854: _____ describes the transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another via a bacteriophage

Answer: Transduction

Flashcard 855: What is the bacteria that is most often the culprit in post basilar skull fracture meningitis?_____

Answer: Strep pneumoniae

Flashcard 856: Which form of E. coli does not ferment sorbitol?_____

Answer: Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

Flashcard 857: What is the oxygen dependency of Klebsiella?_____

Answer: facultative anaerobe

Flashcard 858: What is the vector of Ehrlichiosis?_____

Answer: Lone star tick

Flashcard 859: Is Treponema pallidum visible with staining?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 860: Which complement protein is an opsonin for phagocytosis?_____

Answer: C3b

Flashcard 861: Which spirochete is described as having ice-tong ends?_____

Answer: Leptospira interrogans

Flashcard 862: Peptigoglycan cell walls have repeating _____ oligopeptides.

Answer: D-alanyl-D-alanine

Flashcard 863: What is the oxygen dependency of Mycobacteria tuberculosis?_____

Answer: Obligate aerobe

Flashcard 864: _____ is a disinfectant that acts as an alkylating agent and is sporicidal.

Answer: Ethylene oxide

Flashcard 865: Does Shigella produce H2S?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 866: Is Salmonella spp. motile?_____

Answer: yes

Flashcard 867: Which bacteria is the 3rd-most common cause of neonatal meningitis?_____

Answer: Listeria monocytogenes

Flashcard 868: The alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens breaks down phospholipids, resulting in a _____ on blood agar

Answer: double zone of hemolysis

Flashcard 869: _____ is the most common cause of secondary pneumonia 2nd and 3rd are...

Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Flashcard 870: Which bacteria is the most common cause of meningitis?_____

Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae

Flashcard 871: Encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae will display a positive _____ reaction

Answer: Quellung

Flashcard 872: Which bacteria produces Shiga-like toxin (verotoxin)?_____

Answer: Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

Flashcard 873: CD4+ Th cell response to M. tuberculosis is most likely to occur _____ week(s) after exposure

Answer: 2-4

Flashcard 874: What microbe can increase the risk of gastric MALT lymphoma?_____

Answer: H pylori

Flashcard 875: Is Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) encapsulated?_____

Answer: Yes (polysaccharide capsule)

Flashcard 876: Bacterial features that allow evasion of host defenses are known as _____ factors

Answer: Virulence

Flashcard 877: Does Salmonella produce H2S?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 878: Which vector transmits Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)?_____

Answer: Ixodes tick

Flashcard 879: Rickettsia is a _____ organism.

Answer: obligate intracellular (intracellular/extracellular obligate/facultative)

Flashcard 880: Which strain of Salmonella can be acquired from turtles and other reptiles?_____

Answer: Salmonella enteritidis

Flashcard 881: Pseudomonas is known to thrive in _____ environments

Answer: aquatic

Flashcard 882: Which immunoglobulin opsonizes bacteria? _____

Answer: IgG

Flashcard 883: What is the gram stain of Gardnerella vaginosis?_____

Answer: Gram-variable

Flashcard 884: The _____ of an antibody refers to the binding strength for an epitope

Answer: affinity

Flashcard 885: _____ is a bacteria that can present with right upper lobe cavitation, which is commonly confused with secondary TB

Answer: Klebsiella pneumonia

Flashcard 886: Which facultative intracellular zoonotic bacteria presents with hepatosplenomegaly?_____

Answer: Brucella spp.

Flashcard 887: Salmonella spp. contains a _____ secretion system that acts as a virulence factor

Answer: type III

Keywords: Bacteria flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards

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Zoonotic bacterial infections

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