Insulin and oral antidiabetic agents — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Which type(s) of diabetes may be treated with insulin therapy?_____

Answer: T1DM, T2DM, and GDM (exogenous therefore doesn't require beta cell activity)

Flashcard 2: Infection, pain, and sleep deprivation can precipitate _____glycemia in patients with insulin-treated diabetes

Answer: hyper

Flashcard 3: Type _____ diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin deficiency

Answer: 1

Flashcard 4: IV regular insulin is useful in the management of _____ (K+ levels)

Answer: hyperkalemia

Flashcard 5: Type _____ diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance

Answer: 2

Flashcard 6: Kallmann syndrome

Answer: defective migration of GnRH cells

Extra: anosmia, lack of secondary sex characteristicsdecreased: GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone, sperm count

Flashcard 7: Hormone profile in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (LH/FSH and Sex Steroids)

Answer: Decreased LH/FSH and decreased Testosterone/Estrogen

Extra: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (secondary hypogonadism) is characterized by low gonadotropins (LH, FSH) which leads to low sex steroid production. Contrast with Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (primary): High LH/FSH, low sex steroids.

Flashcard 8: Hormonal profile in primary hypogonadism:

Answer: Increased LH, Decreased Testosterone

Extra: In primary hypogonadism (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism), the problem is at the level of the testes. Loss of negative feedback from testosterone leads to a compensatory rise in LH (and FSH).

Flashcard 9: What is the basic defect in Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?

Answer: Defect in androgen receptor

Extra: • Genotype: 46, XY (Normal male) • Phenotype: Female external genitalia, rudimentary/blind-pouch vagina, absent uterus/tubes (due to MIF). • Gonads: Internal testes (often in labia/inguinal canal). • Labs: Increased Testosterone, LH, and Estrogen. • Clinical: Scant sexual hair (distinguishes from Mullerian agenesis).

Flashcard 10: What is the fundamental defect in 5α-reductase deficiency?

Answer: Inability to convert testosterone to DHT (Dihydrotestosterone)

Extra: - Presentation: Male internal genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia until puberty (when increased testosterone leads to virilization). - Lab findings: Normal testosterone and estrogen; LH normal or slightly increased. - Inheritance: Autosomal Recessive (AR).