GI development — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Meckel's diverticulum

Answer: failure of vitelline duct to close

Extra: in newborn: melena, periumbilical pain, ulcer

Flashcard 2: gut tube epithelium

Answer: endoderm

Flashcard 3: liver

Answer: endoderm

Flashcard 4: gallbladder

Answer: endoderm

Flashcard 5: pancreas

Answer: endoderm

Flashcard 6: wall of gut tube

Answer: mesoderm

Flashcard 7: annular pancreas

Answer:

Extra: ventral pancreatic bud encircles and constricts the duodenum

Flashcard 8: pancreas divisum

Answer:

Extra: dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds fail to fuse

Flashcard 9: The hindgut gives rise to what region of the GI tract?

Answer: transverse colon to rectum

Flashcard 10: The midgut gives rise to what region of the GI tract?

Answer: duodenum to transverse colon

Flashcard 11: The foregut gives rise to what region of the GI tract?

Answer: pharynx to duodenum

Flashcard 12: Malrotation is a congenital anomaly of _____ rotation during fetal development

Answer: midgut

Extra:   Watch Congenital GI Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-congenital-gi-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=9] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 13: Meckel diverticulum is typically two _____ long

Answer: inches

Extra:   Watch Congenital GI Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-congenital-gi-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=5] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: 

Flashcard 14: _____ is a congenital malformation characterized by extrusion of abdominal contents through the anterior abdominal wall

Answer: Gastroschisis

Extra:   * vs. omphalocele which herniates through umbilicus * gastroschisis is exposed to amniotic fluid in the uterus Watch Congenital GI Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-congenital-gi-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki  Atlas: 

Flashcard 15: What is the embryonic gut region of the blood supply to the spleen (e.g. foregut, midgut, hindgut)? _____

Answer: Foregut (celiac trunk gives rise to the splenic artery)

Extra:  Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 16: The accessory pancreatic duct drains into the _____ duodenal papilla

Answer: minor

Extra:  Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gross-anatomy/videos/superior-mesenteric-artery-inferior-mesenteric-artery-small-intestine-pancreas-large-intestine?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 17: The ganglion cells that fail to descend in Hirschsprung disease are derived from _____

Answer: neural crest

Extra:   Watch Congenital GI Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-congenital-gi-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=4] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas: 

Flashcard 18: What congenital anomaly is caused by only partial closure of the vitelline duct? _____

Answer: Meckel diverticulum

Extra:   Watch Congenital GI Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-congenital-gi-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/embryology/videos/abdominopelvic-systems-digestive-urinary-and-reproductive?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/small-bowel/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: 

Flashcard 19: _____ is caused by failure of the herniated intestines to return to the body cavity during embryologic development

Answer: Omphalocele

Extra:   Watch Congenital GI Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-congenital-gi-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki  Atlas: 

Flashcard 20: Helicobacter pylori most commonly colonizes the gastric _____ but does not invade

Answer: antrum

Extra:  Watch Helicobacter pylori [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-helicobacter-pylori?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical] Watch Acute & Chronic Gastritis & Peptic Ulcer Disease [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-microbiology/units/medical-microbiology-bacteria/videos/medical-microbiology-bacteria-gram-negative-bacilli-enteric-tract-helicobacter-pylori?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/esophageal-and-gastric-pathology?index=12] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/infectious-disease?ref=anki 

Flashcard 21: Which embryological pancreatic bud(s) contribute to the accessory pancreatic duct? _____

Answer: Dorsal pancreatic buds

Extra:   https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 22: Which embryological structure develops into the liver and gallbladder? _____

Answer: Foregut

Extra:  Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 23: Which GI ligament is a derivative of ventral mesentery? _____

Answer: Falciform ligament

Extra:   https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 24: Which gut wall layers are involved in a true diverticulum? _____

Answer: All three (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa)

Extra:  Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=6] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas: 

Flashcard 25: Celiac disease primarily affects the distal _____ or proximal _____

Answer: duodenum

Extra:  Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/intestinal-pathology?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/malabsorption/acquire?ref=anki  Celiac disease Endoscopic image of the duodenum (identifiable by the circular folds). Smooth and atrophic mucous membrane with a villous structure. The finding is characteristic of advanced celiac disease. Villous atrophy in celiac disease Atlas: 

Flashcard 26: The _____ duct and main pancreatic duct join at the ampulla of Vater

Answer: common bile

Extra:  Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=16] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/gallbladder/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 27: GI tract diverticula classically arise where the _____ perforates the muscularis externa (weak point in colonic wall)

Answer: vasa recta

Extra:  Watch Large Bowel & Appendiceal Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-colorectal-and-anal-disorders-large-bowel-and-appendiceal-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/colorectal-pathology?index=10] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki  Diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon Coronal, abdominal CT scan with contrast medium: Clear thickening of the sigmoid wall with visible traces of fluid in the pericolic fat (green area). The lumen of the sigmoid colon is narrowed due to the inflammation (shaded area). Intramural gas (arrows) in the region of the inflammation may suggest perforated diverticulitis without free communication with the peritoneum. Atlas: 

Flashcard 28: If the vitelline duct only closes partially, a(n) _____ diverticulum develops, with the patent portion attached to the ileum

Answer: Meckel

Extra:  Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/anatomy/embryology/videos/abdominopelvic-systems-digestive-urinary-and-reproductive?index=3] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 29: Gastroschisis and omphalocele occur due to failure of _____ fold closure of the anterior abdominal wall

Answer: lateral

Extra:  Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 30: Which tracheoesophageal anomaly resembles the letter H? _____

Answer: Pure TEF ("H-type")

Extra:   Watch Congenital GI Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-congenital-gi-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/gastroenterology/esophagus/acquire?ref=anki Atlas: 

Flashcard 31: During the 6th week of gestation, the _____ herniates through the umbilical ring

Answer: midgut

Extra:   https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 32: Which embryological structure develops into the GI tract from the distal duodenum to the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon? _____

Answer: Midgut

Extra:   https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 33: During the 10th week of gestation, the midgut returns to the abdominal cavity and rotates 270° counterclockwise around the _____ artery

Answer: superior mesenteric

Extra:   https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki 

Flashcard 34: Which embryological structure develops into the pancreas? _____

Answer: Foregut

Extra:  Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org/spa/surgery-general/pancreas/acquire?ref=anki 

Flashcard 35: Omphalocele is a persistent _____ of bowel into umbilical cord

Answer: herniation

Extra:  Watch Congenital GI Disorders [https://dashboard.sketchy.com/study/medical/courses/medical-pathophysiology/units/medical-pathophysiology-gi/videos/medical-pathophysiology-gi-small-bowel-disorders-congenital-gi-disorders?utm_source=anki&utm_medium=partnership&utm_campaign=february_update&utm_content=medical]Watch associated Bootcamp video [https://app.bootcamp.com/med-school/gastroenterology/videos/visceral-anatomy?index=2] https://onlinemeded.org?ref=anki Atlas: 

Flashcard 36: Which embryological structure develops into the GI tract from the lower esophagus to the proximal duodenum? _____

Answer: Foregut

Flashcard 37: Which parasympathetics innervate the regions of the foregut and midgut? _____

Answer: Vagus nerve

Flashcard 38: Which embryological structure develops into the GI tract from the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon to the anal canal above the pectinate line? _____

Answer: Hindgut

Flashcard 39: Which embryological pancreatic bud(s) contribute to the body, tail, and isthmus of the pancreas?_____

Answer: Dorsal pancreatic buds

Flashcard 40: Which congenital abdominal wall defect IS covered by peritoneum?_____

Answer: Omphalocele

Flashcard 41: Which embryological pancreatic bud(s) contribute to the head of the pancreas?_____

Answer: Both ventral AND dorsal pancreatic buds

Flashcard 42: The _____ plexus of the gut wall primarily controls motility

Answer: myenteric (Auerbach)

Flashcard 43: Which embryological structure develops into the liver and gallbladder? _____

Answer: Foregut

Flashcard 44: Mucus is secreted into the GI tract via _____ glands in the duodenum

Answer: Brunner

Flashcard 45: Which embryological structure develops into the GI tract from the distal duodenum to the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon? _____

Answer: Midgut

Flashcard 46: Which embryological pancreatic bud(s) contribute to the accessory pancreatic duct?_____

Answer: Dorsal pancreatic buds

Flashcard 47: Hirschsprung disease is characterized by massive dilation of the bowel _____ to the aganglionic segment (proximal or distal), resulting in a "transition zone"

Answer: proximal

Flashcard 48: Which embryological pancreatic bud(s) contribute to the uncinate process?_____

Answer: Ventral pancreatic buds

Flashcard 49: Meckel diverticulum is typically located in the small bowel, two _____ from the ileocecal valve

Answer: feet

Flashcard 50: _____ diverticulum is an outpouching of all three layers of the bowel wall (true diverticulum)

Answer: Meckel

Flashcard 51: Meckel diverticulum arises due to persistence of the _____

Answer: vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct

Flashcard 52: Which gut wall layers are involved in a true diverticulum?_____

Answer: All three (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa)

Flashcard 53: What is the embryonic gut region of the blood supply to the spleen (e.g. foregut, midgut, hindgut)? _____

Answer: Foregut (celiac trunk gives rise to the splenic artery)

Flashcard 54: Which GI ligament is a derivative of ventral mesentery?_____

Answer: Falciform ligament

Flashcard 55: The _____ line is formed where anal endoderm (hindgut) meets ectoderm

Answer: pectinate (dentate)

Flashcard 56: Which embryological pancreatic bud(s) contribute to the main pancreatic duct?_____

Answer: Ventral pancreatic buds

Flashcard 57: Which embryological structure develops into the pancreas? _____

Answer: Foregut

Flashcard 58: Which gut wall layers are involved in a false diverticulum (psuedodiverticulum)?_____

Answer: Mucosa and submucosa

Flashcard 59: Jejunal and ileal atresia occur due to disruption of _____ vessels during development, which causes ischemic necrosis and segmental resorption

Answer: mesenteric

Flashcard 60: Is Meckel diverticulum a true or false diverticulum?_____

Answer: True (outpouching of all layers)

Flashcard 61: What is the embryonic origin of the myenteric (Auerbach) plexus? _____

Answer: Neural crest

Flashcard 62: What is the most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract? _____

Answer: Meckel diverticulum

Flashcard 63: What congenital anomaly is caused by cystic dilation of the vitelline duct? _____

Answer: Vitelline cyst (enterocyst)