Gynaecology — Flashcards
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Adenomyosis is characterised by the presence of _____
What may be considered for refractory overactive bladder symptoms when medication is not feasible _____
Dysmenorrrhoea is described as pain starting _____
It uterine fibroids is less than 3cm in size, not distorting the uterine cavity, medical treatment can be tried e.g. _____
An _____ in suspected ovarian cancer should be urgently referred to gynaecology
What NSAID is used in endometriosis _____
The smear test is offered to all women between the ages of _____ every 5 years
What is the investigation of choice for a Vesicovaginal fistulae _____
Vesicovaginal fistulae should be suspected in patients with: _____ AND From an area with limited obsteric services
_____ would not be appropriate in endometriosis if the patient is trying to conceive
Gynaecology UK Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Gynaecology with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Gynaecology Flashcard Deck - 125 Cards
Flashcard 1: Adenomyosis is characterised by the presence of _____
Answer: endometrial tissue within the myometrium
Flashcard 2: What may be considered for refractory overactive bladder symptoms when medication is not feasible _____
Answer: Botulinum toxin injection
Flashcard 3: Dysmenorrrhoea is described as pain starting _____
Answer: days before she starts bleeding
Flashcard 4: It uterine fibroids is less than 3cm in size, not distorting the uterine cavity, medical treatment can be tried e.g. _____
Answer: IUS, tranexamic acid, COCP etc
Flashcard 5: An _____ in suspected ovarian cancer should be urgently referred to gynaecology
Answer: abdominal mass
Flashcard 6: What NSAID is used in endometriosis _____
Answer: mefenamic acid
Flashcard 7: The smear test is offered to all women between the ages of _____ every 5 years
Answer: 25-64 years
Flashcard 8: What is the investigation of choice for a Vesicovaginal fistulae _____
Answer: Urinary Dye studies
Flashcard 9: Vesicovaginal fistulae should be suspected in patients with: _____ AND From an area with limited obsteric services
Answer: continuous dribbling incotinence after prolonged labour
Flashcard 10: _____ would not be appropriate in endometriosis if the patient is trying to conceive
Answer: GnRH analogue therapy
Flashcard 11: GnRH agonists should be used for a _____ in patients with uterine fibroids due to side-effects such as loss of bone mineral density
Answer: short period
Flashcard 12: Follow up for patients who have been treated for CIN1, CIN2 or CIN3 should be invited after _____ for cervical smear
Answer: 6months
Flashcard 13: What is the investigation of choice when endometrial pipelle biopsy is inconclusive _____
Answer: hysteroscopy with biopsy
Flashcard 14: What is the management option for stage IA cervical tumours for patients wanting to maintain fertility _____
Answer: Cone Biopsy
Flashcard 15: The most common complication of a Myomectomy are _____
Answer: Adhesions
Flashcard 16: The Risk Malignancy Index (RMI) prognosis in ovarian cancer is based on _____
Answer: US findings, Menopausal status, CA125 levels
Flashcard 17: On examination for endometriosis the uterus is described as _____
Answer: tender & immobile/fixed
Flashcard 18: A _____ should be suspected in patients with continuous dribbling incontinence after prolonged labour
Answer: Vesicovaginal fistulae
Flashcard 19: What is the first-line imaging choice for suspected adenomyosis _____
Answer: Transvaginal ultrasound
Flashcard 20: Ovarian cancer tends to spread locally first to the _____
Answer: para-aortic lymph nodes
Flashcard 21: _____ is the only effective treatment for large fibroids causing problems with fertility if the woman wishes to conceive in the future
Answer: Myomectomy
Flashcard 22: Refer to _____ after 2 inadequate samples of smear test
Answer: colposcopy
Flashcard 23: Where in the fallopian tube is the most likely location of an ectopic pregnancy _____
Answer: Ampulla (~65% of all ectopics)
Flashcard 24: Adenomyosis is typically seen in _____ women towards the end of their reproductive years
Answer: multiparous
Flashcard 25: For women with endometriosis who are trying to concieve NICE recommend _____
Answer: laparascopic excision or ablation
Flashcard 26: What is the most common risk following a TOP? _____
Answer: Infection
Flashcard 27: Endometrial cancer can present with _____ in pre/peri-menopausal individuals
Answer: abnormal uterine bleeding
Flashcard 28: Endometrial cancer typically affects _____menopausal women
Answer: post
Flashcard 29: What is the first-line management of endometrial cancer for patients who do NOT wish to preserve fertility? _____
Answer: TAH + BSO ± pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy, adjuvant radiotherapy or/and chemotherapy
Flashcard 30: _____ staging is used for endometrial cancer and is determined after surgical management with TAH + BSO
Answer: FIGO
Flashcard 31: What is the diagnostic investigation for suspected endometrial cancer? _____
Answer: Endometrial biopsy with histology
Flashcard 32: Postmenopausal bleeding, what must to be ruled out? _____
Answer: Endometrial cancer
Flashcard 33: _____parity increases risk of endometrial cancer
Answer: Nulli
Flashcard 34: _____ is the most potent risk factor for endometrial cancer by causing unopposed estrogen without progesterone opposition
Answer: Anovulation
Flashcard 35: Do combined oral contraceptives decrease/increase the risk of endometrial cancer? _____
Answer: Decrease; COCP provides progestin, which opposes oestrogen-induced endometrial proliferation, preventing hyperplasia and reducing cancer risk
Flashcard 36: Increased risk of endometrial cancer is associated with unopposed _____ exposure
Answer: oestrogen
Flashcard 37: _____ cancer is a malignant tumour arising from the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium)
Answer: Endometrial
Flashcard 38: Transvaginal US showing endometrial thickness > _____ then perform a(n) endometrial biopsy
Answer: 4mm
Flashcard 39: _____ menarche & late menopause ↑ risk of endometrial cancer
Answer: Early
Flashcard 40: Endometrial cancer most commonly presents with _____menopausal uterine bleeding
Answer: post
Flashcard 41: What is the most common histological type of endometrial cancer? _____
Answer: Endometrioid adenocarcinoma (~80-90%) >>> serous > clear cell > muinous
Flashcard 42: Endometrial cancer type I = oestrogen-_____ ~85% Endometrial cancer type II = oestrogen-independent
Answer: dependent
Flashcard 43: What is the most common gynaecological cancer in the UK? _____
Answer: Endometrial cancer
Flashcard 44: HRT in individuals with a uterus must include progesterone to ↓ risk of _____ cancer
Answer: endometrial
Flashcard 45: _____ is the most common risk factor for endometrial cancer by increased peripheral aromatization of androgens to estrogens in adipose tissue
Answer: Obesity
Flashcard 46: _____ stimulates endometrial cell proliferation during the proliferative phase, while progesterone counteracts this by promoting differentiation in the secretory phase
Answer: Oestrogen
Flashcard 47: Refer on the suspected cancer pathway referral for patients ≥ _____ years old with postmenopausal bleeding for endometrial cancer
Answer: 55
Flashcard 48: What is the first-line imaging for suspected endometrial cancer? _____
Answer: Transvaginal US
Flashcard 49: Advanced-stage or bulky endometrial cancer may present with _____ on bimanual palpation
Answer: enlarged, irregular uterus
Flashcard 50: Atrophic vaginitis is caused by decreased _____ in postmenopausal patients **
Answer: oestrogen
Flashcard 51: What is the first-line management of atrophic vaginitis (genitourinary syndrome of menopause) without other postmenopausal features? _____
Answer: Topical vaginal oestrogen
Flashcard 52: _____ is a condition caused by ↓ levels of oestrogen leading to thinning & drying of the vaginal mucosa
Answer: Atrophic vaginitis
Flashcard 53: What is the self-care advice for atrophic vaginitis? _____
Answer: Vaginal moisturiser & lubricant
Flashcard 54: Which female reproductive pathology may present with vaginal tissue narrowing and/or clitoral tissue shrinkage? _____
Answer: Atrophic vaginitis
Flashcard 55: What is the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding in postmenopausal women? _____
Answer: Atrophic vaginitis (typically postcoital bleeding/spotting)
Flashcard 56: What is the most common symptom of atrophic vaginitis? _____
Answer: Vaginal dryness (~90%)
Flashcard 57: Atrophic vaginitis is associated with an _____ pH, which predisposes patients to urinary tract infections
Answer: ↑
Flashcard 58: Atrophic vagnitis is a _____ diagnosis
Answer: clinical
Flashcard 59: What is the first-line management of atrophic vaginitis (genitourinary syndrome of menopause) with other postmenopausal features? _____
Answer: Systmic HRT ± topical oestrogen
Flashcard 60: ~_____% of postmenopausal women experience vulvovaginal symptoms
Answer: 50
Flashcard 61: Atrophic vaginitis falls under the term _____
Answer: genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM)
Flashcard 62: What is the likely diagnosis in a postmenopausal woman that presents with vaginal dryness, pruritis, dysuria/dyspareunia, and increased urinary frequency and urgency? Urinalysis is normal. _____
Answer: Atrophic vaginitis (genitourinary syndrome of menopause)
Flashcard 63: All women with malignancy of unknown origin with presentations compatible with ovarian cancer should have a _____
Answer: CA125 blood test
Flashcard 64: If ectopic pregnancy is _____ then medical (methotrexate) management is indicated
Answer: not significantly painful
Flashcard 65: _____ is a rare complication of pelvic inflammatory disease characterised by perihepatitis from ascending infection
Answer: Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
Flashcard 66: If ectopic pregnancy is _____ then surgical management is indicated
Answer: significantly painful
Flashcard 67: What is the likely diagnosis in a woman that presents with fever, lower abdominal pain, and purulent cervical discharge? Physical exam reveals cervical motion tenderness. _____
Answer: Pelvic inflammatory disease
Flashcard 68: If ectopic pregnancy is < _____ mm then expectant or medical management is indicated
Answer: 35
Flashcard 69: What investigation is done for ovarian cancer if CA125 levels are elevated? _____
Answer: Ultrasound of the abdomen and pelvis
Flashcard 70: What is the surgical managment of ectopic pregnancy in a woman with risk factors for infertility? _____
Answer: Salpingotomy
Flashcard 71: What is the second-line management of endometrial-related pain? 2nd line _____
Answer: hormonal - COCP or a progestogen
Flashcard 72: What is the management of ovarian cancer? _____
Answer: Surgery + platinum-based chemotherapy
Flashcard 73: CA125 _____ be used for the screening of ovarian cancer in ASYMPTOMATIC women
Answer: should not
Flashcard 74: _____ can result in fallopian tubal scarring, which is a major risk factor for ectopic pregnancies and infertility
Answer: Pelvic inflammatory disease
Flashcard 75: _____ is an infection & inflammation of the upper female reproductive tract (uterus, fallopian tubes, & ovaries)
Answer: Pelvic inflammatory disease
Flashcard 76: What does first-line surgical mangement for ectopic pregnancy involve? _____
Answer: Salpingectomy
Flashcard 77: What is the initial investigation of ovarian cancer? _____
Answer: CA125
Flashcard 78: The mutations _____ or BRCA2 increase the risk of ovarian cancer
Answer: BRCA1
Flashcard 79: If ectopic pregnancy has a _____ heart rate then surgical management is indicated
Answer: visible
Flashcard 80: ~90% of ovarian cancers are _____ in origin
Answer: epithelial
Flashcard 81: Ovarian cancer vaguely presents with _____, early satiety, abdominal/pelvic pain, and polyuria
Answer: bloating
Flashcard 82: Patients with suspected pelvic inflammatory disease should be tested for _____ & Neisseria gonorrhoeae with a vaginal/cervical swab (NAAT)
Answer: Chlamydia trachomatis
Flashcard 83: What cancer should be suspected in a woman with bloating, early satiety, abdominal/pelvic pain and polyuria? _____
Answer: Ovarian
Flashcard 84: COCP _____ the chance of ovarian cancer
Answer: ↓
Flashcard 85: Ovarian cancer incidence peaks at 75 years old and has a _____ prognosis
Answer: poor
Flashcard 86: What tends to be the definitive investigation for ovarian cancer? _____
Answer: Diagnostic laparotomy
Flashcard 87: _____ cancer should be suspected in woman (especially > 50 years) with symptoms suggestive of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Answer: Ovarian
Flashcard 88: Pelvic inflammatory disease is managed with antibiotics: _____ + oral metronidazole or IM ceftriaxone + oral doxycycline + oral metronidazole
Answer: Oral ofloxacin
Flashcard 89: What is the initial investigation for ectopic pregnancy? _____
Answer: Pregnancy test
Flashcard 90: ~95% of ectopic pregnancies implant in the _____
Answer: fallopian tube
Flashcard 91: What gynaecological disorder is a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy? _____
Answer: Endometriosis
Flashcard 92: Peak incidence rates of cervical cancer are in women aged _____-34 years
Answer: 30
Flashcard 93: If cervical cancer is suspected then _____
Answer: 2-week wait cancer pathway
Flashcard 94: The management of cervical cancer is guided by the _____ staging & preferences of the patients' fertility
Answer: FIGO
Flashcard 95: Endometriosis often presents with _____ and cyclic/continuous pelvic pain; it may also cause infertility
Answer: dysmenorrhea
Flashcard 96: What is the management of asymptomatic fibroids? _____
Answer: No treatment necessary; advise reviewing
Flashcard 97: _____ is a chronic gynaecological condition characterised by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus
Answer: Endometriosis
Flashcard 98: What is the most common presenting symptom in endometriosis? _____
Answer: Chronic pelvic pain
Flashcard 99: On physical examination, uterine fibroids typically feel like a firm, irregular, & enlarged uterus that is _____
Answer: painless
Flashcard 100: How is menopause diagnosed? _____
Answer: Clinically, FSH measurement is not recommended by NICE in healthy woman > 45 years
Flashcard 101: Uterine fibroids are _____ smooth muscle tumours of the uterus that are most commonly located in the myometrium
Answer: benign
Flashcard 102: The incidence of uterine fibroids increases with _____ and fibroids tend to shrink post-menopause
Answer: age
Flashcard 103: What is the treatment for menorrhagia in uterine fibroids if contraception is undesired? _____
Answer: NSAIDs + tranexamic acid
Flashcard 104: What investigation is done to diagnose endometriosis? _____
Answer: Diagnostic laparoscopy
Flashcard 105: What pharmacotherapy management for vasomotor symptoms in menopause? _____
Answer: SSRI, or SNRI, or clonidine
Flashcard 106: Most fibroids are _____, often discovered incidentally during exams or imaging
Answer: asymptomatic
Flashcard 107: Cervical cancer is prevented with a _____, practicing safe sex, avoiding smoking & cervical cancer screening
Answer: HPV vaccinations
Flashcard 108: Fibroids are more prevalent in _____ women, though they can occur in other groups, becoming more common in later reproductive years
Answer: black
Flashcard 109: Uterine fibroids can present with _____, pelvic pain & difficulty conceiving
Answer: menorrhagia
Flashcard 110: To reduce fibroid size (e.g. pre-surgery), medical management may involve _____
Answer: GnRH agonists e.g. goserelin acetate
Flashcard 111: What investigation is done for suspected uterine fibroids? _____
Answer: Pelvic ultrasound
Flashcard 112: What is the definitive management in uterine fibroids? _____
Answer: 1st line myomectomy → hysterectomy → uterine artery embolization
Flashcard 113: What is the most common cervical cancer? _____
Answer: Squamous cell cancer (80%)
Flashcard 114: What are the common presenting symptoms of endometriosis? (5) _____
Answer: chronic pelvic pain + Dysmenorrhoea, deep Dyspareunia, Dysuria & Dyschezia
Flashcard 115: What is the prognosis of fibroids? _____
Answer: Typically regress post-menopause
Flashcard 116: CIN1 often _____ on its own, but it can advance to CIN 2 or 3, which are high-grade dysplasia
Answer: regresses
Flashcard 117: What is the management of menopausal symptoms with a uterus? _____
Answer: hormone replacement therapy (HRT) → oestrogen plus progestogen preparation
Flashcard 118: HPV _____ & 18 are responsible for ~70% of cervical cancers
Answer: 16
Flashcard 119: What is the management of menopausal symptoms without a uterus? _____
Answer: hormone replacement therapy (HRT) → oestrogen-only preparation
Flashcard 120: What is the buzzword for cervical cancer? _____
Answer: Postcoital bleeding
Flashcard 121: Cervical cancer may present with _____ and abnormal appearance of the cervix upon examination
Answer: abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
Flashcard 122: What is the likely diagnosis in a premenopausal woman with heavy menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and an irregularly enlarged uterus? _____
Answer: Uterine fibroids
Flashcard 123: What is the management of endometrial-related pain? 1st line _____
Answer: short trial of paracetamol and/or NSAIDs
Flashcard 124: What is the treatment for menorrhagia in uterine fibroids if contraception is desired? _____
Answer: Levonorgestrel IUS (Mirena)
Flashcard 125: HRT increases ↑ the risk of _____ & ovarian cancer :(
Answer: breast
Keywords: Gynaecology flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards
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