High-risk medicines UK Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master High-risk medicines with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
High-risk medicines Flashcard Deck - 10 Cards
Flashcard 1: When do you calculate adjusted calcium?
_____
Answer: hypo or hyperalbuminaemia
Flashcard 2: What is an example of a 5-HT3 antagonist (blocks seratonin)?
Answer:
• Ondanestron
Flashcard 3: What drugs end with 'flozin'
Answer: SGLT-2 inhibitors
Flashcard 4: What medication can cause neutrophilia?
Answer:
• Prednisolone
Flashcard 5: What electrolyte disturbance can loop diuretics
cause?
Answer: Hypokalemia, Hyponatremia, Hypomagnesemia, and Hypocalcemia (also Metabolic Alkalosis)
Extra: Loop diuretics (e.g., Furosemide) inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. While they can cause hyponatremia, hypokalemia is often the more clinically prominent electrolyte disturbance. Unlike thiazides, loop diuretics also cause hypocalcemia ('Loops lose calcium').
Flashcard 6: What are the adverse effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors?
Answer: • Genital mycotic infections (e.g., vulvovaginal candidiasis)
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• Osmotic diuresis (polyuria, dehydration, hypotension)
• Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euketoacidosis)
• Increased risk of Fournier's gangrene (rare)
• Small increased risk of lower limb amputation (specifically Canagliflozin)
Extra: SGLT-2 inhibitors (e.g., Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin) work by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule, leading to glucosuria.
Key complications include:
1. Glucosuria provides a growth medium for fungi (candidiasis) and bacteria (UTIs).
2. Osmotic diuresis can lead to volume depletion.
3. Euglycemic DKA: Patients may have DKA despite relatively normal blood glucose levels (<250 mg/dL), often triggered by surgery or illness.
Flashcard 7: What are the adverse effects of Hydroxychloroquine?
Answer: • Bull's eye maculopathy (retinopathy) - may result in permanent visual loss.
• QT interval prolongation.
• Myopathy / Neuromyopathy.
• Hemolysis in G6PD deficiency patients.
Extra: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is commonly used in SLE and Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Screening for retinopathy is essential (baseline and annual after 5 years). It is caused by drug accumulation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
Flashcard 8: What is Hydroxychloroquine used in?
Answer:
• Managment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
• & SLE
Flashcard 9: What are adverse effects of Anastrazole?
Answer:
• Osteoporosis
Flashcard 10: What has occurred if a patient on Mesalazine is now experiencing epigastric pain that radiates through to the back?
Answer: Acute Pancreatitis
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