Acute Paediatrics — Flashcards
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Threadworm infestation are asymptomatic in _____ of cases
What is the taxanomical name for Threadworms? _____
Management for Threadworms includes: _____ Anthelmintic with hygiene measures for all members of the household
Hint: medication
Diagnosis of threadworms is made by applying _____ to the perianal area and sending it to the laboratory for microscopy to se the eggs
Features of Threadworm infestation includes: _____ vulval symptoms
Ostium Primum present earlier than _____
A Patent Ductus Arteriosus connects the higher pressures aorta with the lower pressure PA. This results in _____
Aspirin should not be used in children under 16 due to the risk of _____
The only exception of Aspirin use in under 16s is in _____
What murmurs are VSDs classically associated with?
Acute Paediatrics UK Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Acute Paediatrics with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Acute Paediatrics Flashcard Deck - 163 Cards
Flashcard 1: Threadworm infestation are asymptomatic in _____ of cases
Answer: 90%
Flashcard 2: What is the taxanomical name for Threadworms? _____
Answer: Enterobius vermicularis
Flashcard 3: Management for Threadworms includes: _____ Anthelmintic with hygiene measures for all members of the household
Answer: Mebendazole
Flashcard 4: Diagnosis of threadworms is made by applying _____ to the perianal area and sending it to the laboratory for microscopy to se the eggs
Answer: Sellotape
Flashcard 5: Features of Threadworm infestation includes: _____ vulval symptoms
Answer: perianal itching (particularly at night)
Flashcard 6: Ostium Primum present earlier than _____
Answer: ostium secundum defects
Flashcard 7: A Patent Ductus Arteriosus connects the higher pressures aorta with the lower pressure PA. This results in _____
Answer: only the PA having intermediate oxygenation levels
Flashcard 8: Aspirin should not be used in children under 16 due to the risk of _____
Answer: Reye's syndrome
Flashcard 9: The only exception of Aspirin use in under 16s is in _____
Answer: Kawasaki Disease
Flashcard 10: What murmurs are VSDs classically associated with?
Answer: • Pansystolic murmurs
Flashcard 11: Measles rash is: • _____ • Erythematous • Maculopapular • Begins behind ears, spreads over body, spares palms and soles • Confluent
Answer: Blanching
Flashcard 12: How should suspected Rubella be investigated in pregnant women? _____
Answer: Serology testing
Flashcard 13: What is the management of Rubella close contacts who are pregnant? _____
Answer: Notify the HPT
Flashcard 14: Complications of mumps include: _____, meningitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis
Answer: orchitis
Flashcard 15: Rubella is an _____ virus belonging to the Matonaviridae family
Answer: RNA
Flashcard 16: What is the management of Rubella in non-pregnant people? _____, School/work exclusion for 5 days from onset of rash & avoid contact with pregnant women
Answer: Supportive care
Flashcard 17: Measles begins with a _____ prodromal phase consisting of fever and the 4 C's followed by a rash
Answer: 1 week
Flashcard 18: What is the management of Rubella close contacts (not pregnant)? _____ & avoid contact with pregnant women
Answer: Seek medical advice if symptoms manifest
Flashcard 19: In general, vertically-transmitted infections that occur _____ in pregancy have a worse prognosis
Answer: early
Flashcard 20: Mumps is typically a _____ illness
Answer: self-limiting
Flashcard 21: _____ are bright red spots with white centres commonly seen in measles
Answer: Koplik's spots
Flashcard 22: What type of vaccine is MMR? _____
Answer: Live attenuated
Flashcard 23: _____ antibodies against measles can be detected in saliva after onset of the rash
Answer: IgM
Flashcard 24: The diagnosis of measles is usually _____ and is confirmed by saliva testing
Answer: clinical
Flashcard 25: How is rubella spread? _____ & vertically (transplacentally)
Answer: Droplet infection
Flashcard 26: _____-risk close contacts of individuals with measles should be given the MMR vaccine within 72 hours
Answer: low
Flashcard 27: Seek Immediate management advice from _____ for measles in which patient groups? <1 year old, Immunocompromised, pregnant
Answer: local paediatric services
Flashcard 28: What are the most common vertically-transmitted infections that cause congenital disorders? _____
Answer: TORCH • Toxoplasmosis • Other (VZV, parovirus B19, HIV) • Rubella • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) • Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Flashcard 29: What clinical features are specific to Rubella infection? _____
Answer: NONE (trick question)
Flashcard 30: _____ is the most common cause of death from measles
Answer: Penumonia
Flashcard 31: _____ wait for laboratory confirmation of measles diagnosis before notifying the local health protection team (HPT)
Answer: DO NOT
Flashcard 32: Rubella infection is extremely rare in the UK nowadays due to the implementation of _____
Answer: the MMR vaccine
Flashcard 33: What is the management of Rubella in pregnant women >20 weeks gestation? _____
Answer: Same as non-pregnant people
Flashcard 34: Rubella rash is: • _____ • Erythematous • Maculopapular • Begins on the face an neck then spreads down the body • Discrete
Answer: Blanching
Flashcard 35: What is the management of measles? _____ & school exclusion for 4 days after rash onset
Answer: Supportive care (e.g. fluids, simple analgesia, rest)
Flashcard 36: Measles is spread via _____
Answer: droplet infection
Flashcard 37: Are Measles, Mumps & Rubella notifiable diseases? _____
Answer: Yes
Flashcard 38: _____ is the most common complication of measles
Answer: Otitis media
Flashcard 39: Measles can occur at _____ although peak incidence is <1 year old
Answer: any age
Flashcard 40: What is the management of Rubella in pregnant women ≤20 weeks gestation? _____
Answer: Urgent referral to an obstetrician
Flashcard 41: Rubella can cause prolonged lymphadenopathy typically affecting the _____ lymph nodes
Answer: suboccipital, postauricular, cervical
Flashcard 42: Rubella causes a maculopapular rash that begins _____ before spreading over the entire body
Answer: on the face & neck
Flashcard 43: Measles causes a _____ rash that begins behind the ears before spreading over the entire body apart from palms & soles
Answer: maculopapular
Flashcard 44: The rash caused by Rubella is generally preceded by a _____
Answer: flu-like prodrome
Flashcard 45: How should suspected Rubella be investigated in non-pregnant people? _____
Answer: Contact HPT
Flashcard 46: _____-risk close contacts of individuals with measles should be given HNIG (human normal immunoglobulin) within 72 hours
Answer: high
Flashcard 47: The rash associated with measles may _____ after ~1 week
Answer: desquamate
Flashcard 48: What are the 4 C's of measles? • _____ • Coryza • Conjunctivitis • Koplik's spots
Answer: Cough
Flashcard 49: Peak incidence of measles is in _____ because they are too young to recieve the MMR vaccine
Answer: infants <1 year old
Flashcard 50: _____ comes from the Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family
Answer: Measles
Flashcard 51: What is the infectious period of measles? _____
Answer: Prodrome → 4 days after rash starts
Flashcard 52: There is no risk of _____ in pregnant women with Rubella who are >20 weeks gestation
Answer: congenital rubella syndrome
Flashcard 53: What is the prognosis of most non-pregnant people with a Rubella infection? _____
Answer: Self resolves
Flashcard 54: _____ is also known as German Measles
Answer: Rubella
Flashcard 55: _____ is an RNA virus from the Paramyxoviridae family that causes parotitis
Answer: Mumps
Flashcard 56: Significant parotid swelling in patients with mumps may cause protrusion of the _____
Answer: ears
Flashcard 57: A university student who grew up outside of the UK presents with tender bilateral jaw swelling preceeded by a 4-day fever. What diagnosis do you suspect? _____
Answer: Mumps
Flashcard 58: Mumps is spread via _____
Answer: droplet infection
Flashcard 59: Mumps is infective _____ partotitis
Answer: before, during & after
Flashcard 60: _____ wait for laboratory confirmation of mumps diagnosis before notifying the local health protection team (HPT)
Answer: DO NOT
Flashcard 61: A 20 year old male with a confirmed mumps diagnosis returns with a warm, inflamed, painful testicle & vomiting. What complication of mumps is most likely to have occured? _____
Answer: Mumps orchitis
Flashcard 62: _____ is a viral infection that characteristically causes parotitis
Answer: Mumps
Flashcard 63: The incidence of mumps is highest in _____ in the UK
Answer: teenagers/young adults
Flashcard 64: _____ are more likely to have CNS complications of mumps
Answer: Men
Flashcard 65: A 20 year old female with a confirmed mumps diagnosis returns with a abdo pain, fever & vomiting. What complication of mumps is most likely to have occured? _____
Answer: Mumps Oophoritis
Flashcard 66: Significant parotid swelling in patients with mumps may cause _____ known as trismus
Answer: restricted jaw opening
Flashcard 67: _____ is a complication of mumps that occurs in 20-30% of postpubertal males usually occuring within 1 week of the onset of parotid swelling
Answer: Orchitis
Flashcard 68: Parotid swelling in patients with mumps is usually _____ in the beginning and progresses to bilateral, lasting about 2 days
Answer: unilateral
Flashcard 69: Mumps may be complicated by _____ which DOES NOT usually result in permanent neurological sequalae
Answer: meningitis
Flashcard 70: What is the management of mumps? _____ & school/work exclusion for 5 days after onset of parotid swelling
Answer: Supportive care (e.g. rest, paracetamol)
Flashcard 71: _____ is a complication of mumps that occurs in 5% of postpubertal females presenting with abdo pain, fever & vomiting
Answer: Oophoritis
Flashcard 72: A 20 year old male with a confirmed mumps diagnosis returns with a epigastric pain, nausea & vomiting. What complication of mumps is most likely to have occured? _____
Answer: Pancreatitis
Flashcard 73: The onset of parotid swelling in mumps is usually _____
Answer: rapid
Flashcard 74: The diagnosis of mumps is usually _____ and is confirmed by presence of IgM in saliva
Answer: clinical
Flashcard 75: What are the signs of shock in children? A-E: B: _____ C: hypotension, tachycardia, prolonged CRT D: decreased consciousness E: pale/mottled skin, cold extremities
Answer: tachypnoea
Flashcard 76: Formula/milk _____ be diluted with water for babies with dehydration
Answer: should not
Flashcard 77: Altered responsiveness (e.g. irritable, lethargic), sunken eyes, tachycardia, tachypnoea & reduced skin turgor in children are signs of _____ which may progress to shock
Answer: clinical dehydration
Flashcard 78: What is the management of _____ dehydration in children/adults? oral rehydration solution (ORS)
Answer: Moderate
Flashcard 79: 1st line management of faecal loading/impaction: Hard stools → _____ Soft stools → Oral stimulant laxative (e.g. senna) 2nd line management: Suppositories or enema
Answer: high dose oral macrogol (osmotic)
Flashcard 80: What is the prognosis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura? _____
Answer: Excellent, typically a full recovery
Flashcard 81: What is the likely diagnosis in a child that presents with abdominal pain, arthralgias, and palpable purpura on the lower extremities following an URTI? _____
Answer: Henöch-Schonlein purpura (IgA vasculitis)
Flashcard 82: What is the management for Henoch-Schönlein purpura? _____
Answer: Supportive
Flashcard 83: _____ is a small-vessel vasculitis caused by IgA immune complex deposition
Answer: Henoch- Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis)
Flashcard 84: Henoch-Schönlein purpura commonly occurs in _____
Answer: autumn & winter
Flashcard 85: Henoch-Schönlein purpura is most common in _____
Answer: children
Flashcard 86: How is Henöch-Schonlein purura diagnosed? _____
Answer: Clinical & physical examination
Flashcard 87: _____ classically presents with: - Palpable purpura on the buttocks and lower extremities - Arthritis/Arthralgias - Abdominal pain - Renal involvement
Answer: IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura)
Flashcard 88: What is the aetiology of Henoch-Schönlein purpura? _____
Answer: Unknown, believed to involve a triggered immune response leading to deposition of IgA immune complexes in small vessels
Flashcard 89: What criteria is used to diagnose septic arthritis? _____
Answer: Kocher criteria
Flashcard 90: WBC in synovial fluid analysis of septic arthritis will be _____
Answer: raised
Flashcard 91: Paediatric septic arthritis most commonly affects the _____, knee, & ankle joints
Answer: hip
Flashcard 92: What is the managment of septic arthritis? _____
Answer: IV antibiotics and needle aspiration to decompress
Flashcard 93: What investigation would you do in septic arthritis? _____
Answer: Joint aspiration (synovial fluid analysis)
Flashcard 94: How is joint movement affected in septic arthritis? _____
Answer: minimal movement
Flashcard 95: A child presents with joint pain, limp, fever and lethargy. What should you rule out? _____
Answer: Septic arthritis
Flashcard 96: Septic arthritis is more common in _____
Answer: boys
Flashcard 97: Rule out septic arthritis to prevent the risk of _____
Answer: joint destruction & long-term disability
Flashcard 98: In septic arthritis the joint appears _____ and erythematous & warm
Answer: swollen
Flashcard 99: What is the mangement of a child's first febrile seizure, complex febrile seizure, or suspected CNS infection? _____
Answer: Seek paediatric opinion and assessment
Flashcard 100: Duodenal atresia is associated with _____ in up to a third of cases
Answer: Down syndrome
Flashcard 101: What is the abortive management for prolonged febrile seizures? _____
Answer: Benzodiazepine
Flashcard 102: ~_____% of patients will experience recurrent seizures after their first febrile seizure
Answer: 37
Flashcard 103: When a febrile seizure lasts > _____ it is termed febrile status epilepticus
Answer: 30 minutes
Flashcard 104: Prophylactic antipyretics or anticonvulsant are _____ indicated in febrile seizures
Answer: not routinely
Flashcard 105: What advice should be given for chickenpox infectivity? _____
Answer: It is most contagious 2 days before onset of rash until the spots have dried out, which usually takes about 5 days from the rash's first appearance
Flashcard 106: A simple febrile seizure is < _____, generalised, tonic-clonic, does not recur within 24 hours, and should completely recover within 1 hour
Answer: 15 minutes
Flashcard 107: Lumbar puncture for meningitis in children is contraindicated with _____ septicaemia
Answer: meningococcal
Flashcard 108: Refer if a child cannot walk at _____
Answer: 18 months
Flashcard 109: What is the most common complication of chickenpox? _____
Answer: Secondary bacterial infection
Flashcard 110: _____ are seizures triggered by a fever (>38ºc)affecting children aged 6 months to 5 years in the absence of CNS infection
Answer: Febrile convulsions
Flashcard 111: Chickenpox rarely presents with prodromal symptoms such as _____ 2-3 days prior to onset of rash
Answer: fever, myalgia, headache, & malaise
Flashcard 112: Febrile seizures are mostly _____ seizures
Answer: tonic-clonic
Flashcard 113: Refer if a child cannot sit unsupported at _____
Answer: 12 months
Flashcard 114: Chickenpox is highly contagious, with up to _____% of susceptible close contacts contracting the disease
Answer: 80
Flashcard 115: Clinical features in chickenpox tend to be more severe in _____ children
Answer: older
Flashcard 116: Patients with chickenpox should receive specialist advice if they are _____, pregnant, or immunocompromised
Answer: neonates
Flashcard 117: Chickenpox is characterized by a pruritic rash & prodromal symptoms caused by _____
Answer: varicella-zoster virus
Flashcard 118: Chickenpox is contagious starting _____ days before the onset of exanthem until 5 days after (when the rash is crusted)
Answer: 2
Flashcard 119: Lumbar puncture for meningitis is contraindicated with _____, which can be identified with papilloedema & significant bulging of the fontanelle
Answer: raised ICP
Flashcard 120: Can chickenpox present on the palms & soles? _____
Answer: Typically spared
Flashcard 121: What is the prophylaxis of contacts with meningitis in children? _____
Answer: Ciprofloxacin
Flashcard 122: What antibiotics are used for meningitis in children > 3 months? _____
Answer: IV cefotaxime (or ceftriaxone)
Flashcard 123: Chickenpox is contagious until the _____ around ~5 days from the onset of exanthem
Answer: rash is dry or have crusted
Flashcard 124: Febrile seizures affect children aged _____ to 5 years
Answer: 6 months
Flashcard 125: Shingles is the reactivation of the dormant _____ virus
Answer: varicella zoster
Flashcard 126: Febrile seizures usually occurs _____ in an infection as the temperature rapidly rises
Answer: early
Flashcard 127: What are the major congenital infections to consider? _____
Answer: TORCH Toxoplasmosis Other Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes
Flashcard 128: What is the incubation period of chickenpox? _____
Answer: 10-21 days
Flashcard 129: What antibiotics are used for meningitis in children < 3 months? _____
Answer: IV amoxicillin + IV cefotaxime
Flashcard 130: Febrile seizures usually last < _____ minutes
Answer: 5
Flashcard 131: Consider prescribing _____ medications in chickenpox for adults or adolescents (≥13 years) who present within 24 hours of onset of exanthem
Answer: antiviral
Flashcard 132: _____ lotion or antihistamines can help soothe pruritus in chickenpox
Answer: Calamine
Flashcard 133: What rare neurological complication can result from chickenpox? _____
Answer: Encephalitis
Flashcard 134: The most serious complication of kawasaki disease is _____ which is screened via echocardiogram
Answer: coronary artery aneurysm
Flashcard 135: School exclusion for influenza? _____
Answer: Until recovered
Flashcard 136: School exclusion for mumps? _____
Answer: 5 days from swollen glands
Flashcard 137: What is the most common cause of meningitis from neonates to 3 months? _____
Answer: Group B Streptococcus
Flashcard 138: What are the symptoms of kawasaki disease? (6) _____
Answer: CRASH & burn Conjuctivitis (bilateral) Rash (erythematous polymorphous) Adenopathy (cervical lymph nodes) Strawberry tongue (oral mucositis) Hand-foot (oedema, erythema, & later peeling) & fever (high-grade fever lasting > 5 days)
Flashcard 139: School exclusion for diarrhea & vomiting? _____
Answer: Until symptoms have settled for 48 hours
Flashcard 140: Apgar score _____ = very low score 4-6 = moderate low 7-10 = good state
Answer: 0-3
Flashcard 141: What is the 3rd most common cause of meningitis from neonates to 3 months? _____
Answer: Listeria monocytogenes
Flashcard 142: School exclusion for measles? _____
Answer: 4 days from onset of rash
Flashcard 143: NICE recommend to asses with an Apgar score at _____ & 5 minutes of age
Answer: 1 minute
Flashcard 144: What is the most common cause of meningitis from 1 month to 6 years? _____
Answer: Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)
Flashcard 145: School exclusion for slapped cheek (fifth disease)? _____
Answer: None
Flashcard 146: School exclusion for infectious mononucleosis? _____
Answer: None
Flashcard 147: School exclusion for hand foot & mouth? _____
Answer: None
Flashcard 148: What is the most common cause of meningitis in children from > 6 years? _____
Answer: Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)
Flashcard 149: _____ disease is a necrotising vasculitis, which primarily affects children under the age of 5
Answer: Kawasaki
Flashcard 150: School exclusion for whooping cough? _____
Answer: 2 days after commencing antibiotics (or 21 days from onset of symptoms)
Flashcard 151: What is the 2nd most common cause of meningitis from neonates to 3 months? _____
Answer: E coli + other gram -ve
Flashcard 152: School exclusion for scarlet fever? _____
Answer: 24 hours after commencing antibiotics
Flashcard 153: A child with Kawasaki disease, what is an important investigation to screen for a potential complication? _____
Answer: echocardiogram for coronary artery aneurysm
Flashcard 154: If the Apgar score is low at 5 minutes, then _____
Answer: repeat for 10 minutes
Flashcard 155: Kawasaki disease presents with a _____-grade fever (39°C) that persists for ≥ 5 days and does NOT improve with antipyretics
Answer: high
Flashcard 156: School exclusion for roseola? _____
Answer: None
Flashcard 157: School exclusion for rubella? _____
Answer: 5 days from onset of rash
Flashcard 158: School exclusion for impetigo? _____
Answer: Until all lesions have crusted over / 48 hours after commencing antibiotics
Flashcard 159: School exclusion for chickenpox? _____
Answer: Until all lesions have crusted over
Flashcard 160: Kawasaki disease is diagnosed _____
Answer: clinically
Flashcard 161: What is the management of Kawasaki disease? (2) _____
Answer: High-dose aspirin + single dose intravenous immunoglobulin IVIG
Flashcard 162: What are the 5 sections in the Apgar score? _____
Answer: Appearance - colour Pulse Grimmace - reflex irritability Activity - muscle tone Respiratory effort
Flashcard 163: The _____ vaccine is given in school year 9 or 10 The catch-up program is currently aimed at university students aged 25 & under only
Answer: meningitis ACWY
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