General Pathology — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Galactosemia is associated with _____ cataract

Answer: oil-drop

Flashcard 2: What type of cells are the following examples? _____

Answer: Permanent

Flashcard 3: What is the staining method? _____

Answer: Osmium tetroxide

Flashcard 4: R-charts give _____ and _____ of tests

Answer: precision

Extra: 

Flashcard 5: McArdle disease may present with _____-colored urine due to myoglobinuria

Answer: red

Flashcard 6: The extrinsic (death receptor) pathway of apoptosis can occur via receptor binding between _____-(receptor: CD95) or TNF- and their respective receptors

Answer: Fas-L

Flashcard 7: _____ is a type of programmed cell death is dependent on caspase 1 and caspase 11, involved in clearance of necrotic and infected cells

Answer: Pyroptosis

Flashcard 8: _____ cellular injury is characterized ultrastructurally by membrane blebbing and loss of microvilli

Answer: Reversible

Flashcard 9: _____ method, is a calcium staining technique where silver is substituted for calcium, which undergo photochemical degradation and appear black

Answer: von Kossa

Flashcard 10: The _____ type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (joint and skin symptoms) is caused by a mutation in type V collagen

Answer: classical

Flashcard 11: The fibrillar deposits of amyloid in the extracellular space bind a wide variety of _____ and glycosaminoglycans,

Answer: proteoglycans

Flashcard 12: Fat necrosis is characteristically due to _____ or trauma (e.g. breast)

Answer: acute pancreatitis

Flashcard 13: _____ in urine are diagnostic of fat embolisation syndrome and can be tested using Gurd's test

Answer: Fat globules

Flashcard 14: _____ cellular injury is characterized ultrastructurally with clumping of nuclear chromatin

Answer: Reversible

Flashcard 15: _____ pigment (carbon particles) are more resistant than the other pigments to transportation by the lymphatic system and thus, tend to persist in the skin

Answer: Black

Flashcard 16: _____ bodies are homogenous eosinophilic inclusion bodies found in the plasma cells, and are seen in rhinoscleroma

Answer: Russell

Flashcard 17: _____ necrosis is characteristic of chronic ischemia of the lower limb and GI tract

Answer: Gangrenous

Flashcard 18: The three zones of burns from outermost to innermost are:- Zone of _____- Zone of stasis (edema)- Zone of ischemia (coagulation)

Answer: hyperemia

Flashcard 19: _____ appearance of the cytoplasm due to vacuolated cytoplasmic organelles, as a result of enzymatic degradation is seen in necrosis

Answer: Moth-eaten

Flashcard 20: PAGE (DNA electrophoresis) will show a _____ pattern in Apoptosis

Answer: step-ladder

Flashcard 21: Scleroderma is characterized by _____ activation with resultant collagen deposition

Answer: fibroblast

Flashcard 22: Amyloid staining:Metachromatic stains like _____ and methyl violet give a rose-pink appearance.

Answer: crystal violet

Flashcard 23: Coagulative necrosis is characterized by preserved cell architecture (cell _____ are seen) but the nucleus disappears

Answer: outlines

Flashcard 24: Monocytosis (increased monocytes) is seen with chronic _____ states and malignancy

Answer: inflammatory

Flashcard 25: _____ cellular injury is characterized ultrastructurally by ribosomal detachment and polysomal detachment, leading to decreased protein synthesis

Answer: Reversible

Flashcard 26: _____ are aggregations of peroxidized lipids that are associated with reversible cell injury.

Answer: Myelin figures

Flashcard 27: _____ technique: Thoracic, cervical, abdominal, and pelvic organs are removed 'en masse'

Answer: Letulle

Flashcard 28: PAGE (DNA electrophoresis) will show a _____ pattern in Necrosis

Answer: smear

Flashcard 29: Free radicals cause cellular injury via _____ of lipids and oxidation of DNA and proteins

Answer: peroxidation

Flashcard 30: _____ amyloidosis is characterized by systemic deposition of AA amyloid, which is derived from serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA)

Answer: Secondary

Flashcard 31: Iodine stains amyloid as _____ and if sulfuric acid is added, it turns violet (Gross staining)

Answer: mahogany brown

Flashcard 32: _____ starts as apoptosis, fails to activate caspase-8, and ends like necrosis

Answer: Necroptosis

Flashcard 33: Metastatic calcification predominantly occurs in the _____, lung, and gastric mucosa

Answer: kidney

Flashcard 34: Deposits of lipofuscin are commonly found in the _____, heart, colon, kidney, and eye of elderly individuals; and are caused by lipid peroxidation

Answer: liver

Flashcard 35: _____ infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder in Middle eastern males (ethnicity, gender)

Answer: Schistosoma haematobium

Flashcard 36: Muscle biopsies of patients with _____ myopathies often show "ragged red" fibers

Answer: mitochondrial

Flashcard 37: The two MAIN mechanisms of cell death are _____ and apoptosis

Answer: necrosis

Flashcard 38: In _____ technique, the organs are removed 'block by block', rather than with in-situ dissection.

Answer: Gohn's

Flashcard 39: The three major risk factors for thrombosis are _____, hypercoagulability, and endothelial cell damage (Virchow triad)

Answer: disruption in blood flow

Flashcard 40: _____ bodies are amorphous eosinophilic nuclear inclusions associated with yellow fever

Answer: Torres

Flashcard 41: Caseous necrosis is a combination of _____ and liquefactive necrosis

Answer: coagulative

Flashcard 42: Positively birefringent crystals will appear _____ when aligned parallel to the axis of polarized light

Answer: blue

Flashcard 43: What is the mode of inheritence of erythropoetic protoporphyria?_____

Answer: Autosomal recessive

Flashcard 44: A recurrent chalazion should be subjected to histopathological evaluation to exclude the possibility of _____.

Answer: sebaceous gland carcinoma

Flashcard 45: Excess copper deposition in Wilson's disease is demonstrated by _____ stain.

Answer: rhodamine

Flashcard 46: Fibrin levels in a transudate are usually _____

Answer: low

Flashcard 47: Which stain is used to identify macular dystrophy of the cornea?_____

Answer: Alcian blue

Flashcard 48: In Rhinitis sicca, ciliated columnar epithelium undergoes _____ metaplasia

Answer: squamous

Flashcard 49: _____ first listed the four cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer: Celsus

Flashcard 50: Methanol, ethanol and acetone are examples of _____ fixatives

Answer: dehydrant

Flashcard 51: Hydrofluoric acid causes _____ necrosis

Answer: liquefactive (coagulative/liquefactive)

Flashcard 52: The diagnostic standard for amyloidosis is staining of _____

Answer: abdominal fat aspirate

Flashcard 53: _____ is a tell-tale sign of free radical injury and lipid peroxidation.

Answer: Lipochrome/Lipofuschin

Flashcard 54: In Systemic Sclerosis, local expression of _____ causes systemic release of a stem cell factor leading to diffuse hyperpigmentation

Answer: keratinocyte endothelin-1

Flashcard 55: X-ray damage to the skin can lead to _____ necrosis

Answer: fibrinoid

Flashcard 56: What is the most important light microscopy morphological feature of irreversible cell injury?_____

Answer: Pyknosis and Karyolysis

Flashcard 57: The most common type of metaplasia is _____ metaplasia

Answer: squamous

Flashcard 58: What is the most important morphological feature of irreversible cell injury on electron microscopy?_____

Answer: Amorphous floccular densities in Mitochondria

Flashcard 59: _____ coined the term cellular pathology

Answer: Rudolf Virchow

Flashcard 60: Is caratact due to galactosemia reversible?_____

Answer: Yes

Flashcard 61: A frozen section must be done for the fixation of _____

Answer: fats

Flashcard 62: The most common infiltration associated with growth hormone (GH) deficiency in India is _____

Answer: histiocytosis

Flashcard 63: _____ is the most common cause of cell injury.

Answer: Hypoxia

Flashcard 64: _____ Degeneration of fibroid is associated with deposition of phosphates and carbonates in the periphery seen in old patients

Answer: Calcareous

Flashcard 65: _____ type of necrosis is characterized by the enzymatic digestion

Answer: Liquefactive

Flashcard 66: Acetone free methanol is used in fixation and acts by stopping the _____ activity

Answer: metabolic

Flashcard 67: Damage to the _____ cells, with inflammation, is the key initiating event and the basis of lung damage in COVID-19

Answer: endothelial

Flashcard 68: Michaelis Gutmann (MG) bodies are pathognomonic feature of _____

Answer: malakoplakia

Flashcard 69: "Repeated infections (or OME) lead to metaplasia of middle ear epithelium into squamous type." : _____ theory of metaplasia for Primary AND Secondary acquired cholesteatoma

Answer: Sade's

Flashcard 70: Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde are examples of _____ fixatives

Answer: cross-linking

Flashcard 71: _____ is a calcium staining technique which works best with small amounts of calcium such as in MG bodies

Answer: Alizarin red S

Flashcard 72: Chylous effusion caused by lymphatic blockage is an example of _____.

Answer: transudate (exudate/transudate)

Flashcard 73: _____ is used to stain neutral mucin

Answer: Periodic acid schiff (PAS)

Flashcard 74: Amyloid is Periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) _____

Answer: positive

Flashcard 75: PTAH stain is used for staining _____

Answer: fibrin

Flashcard 76: _____ is the earliest organelle affected in cell injury.

Answer: Mitochondria

Flashcard 77: Which mucopolysaccharidosis does not show leukocyte inclusions?_____

Answer: Morquio disease

Flashcard 78: Alcohol formalin is an example of _____ fixatives

Answer: compound

Flashcard 79: Toluidine blue and Leder stain (Chloracetate esterase) are special stains for _____ cells

Answer: mast

Flashcard 80: The normal N: C (nuclear to cytoplasmic) ratio is _____.

Answer: 1:4 to 1:6

Flashcard 81: Glossy and homogenous cytoplasm occurring due to loss of _____ in the cytoplasm is seen in necrosis

Answer: glycogen

Flashcard 82: _____ type of necrosis is characterized by the denaturation of proteins

Answer: Coagulative

Flashcard 83: Lardaceous spleen is due to deposition of amyloid in sinusoids of _____ pulp.

Answer: red

Flashcard 84: _____ cystitis is seen due to catheterization of bladder

Answer: Polypoid

Flashcard 85: What is the staining method? _____

Answer: Osmium tetroxide

Flashcard 86: For routine diagnostic microscopy of paraffinembedded material, _____ is the most widely used fixative

Answer: 10% neutral buffered formalin

Flashcard 87: _____ is used to stain acid mucin

Answer: Alcian blue

Flashcard 88: A _____ section is done for the fixation of fats.

Answer: frozen

Flashcard 89: The most common type of epithelial metaplasia is _____ to _____ metaplasia.

Answer: columnar; squamous

Flashcard 90: _____ calcification can occur in _____ and this can include the vasculature and major organs in the body.

Answer: Metastatic; sarcoidosis::lung disease