Optics and Refraction — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: The following retinoscope is also called _____

Answer: Piestley-Smith retinoscope

Flashcard 2: What is the name of the following test used for testing colour vision? _____

Answer: City university test

Flashcard 3: _____ is used to test color vision

Answer: Nagel’s anomaloscope

Flashcard 4: Stenopaeic slit can be used to determine the axis of the cylinder in _____.

Answer: astigmatism

Flashcard 5: _____ test is based on chromatic aberration and is used to refine the final sphere in subjective refraction

Answer: Duochrome

Flashcard 6: _____ is a planoconcave lens used for examining the posterior vitreous and the fundus

Answer: Hruby lens

Flashcard 7: The following retinoscope is also called _____

Answer: Streak retinoscope

Flashcard 8: What is the name of the following test used for testing colour vision? _____

Answer: Farnsworth Munsell 100 hue test

Flashcard 9: _____ is used for measurement of near point of convergence which is normally 70mm

Answer: RAF rule

Flashcard 10: What is the name of the following test used for testing colour vision? _____

Answer: Hardy Rand-Rittler test

Flashcard 11: What type of lens is the following? _____

Answer: Trifocal

Flashcard 12: _____ (flip-cross technique) is used to refine the power and axis of the cylindrical lens.

Answer: Jackson’s cross cylinder

Flashcard 13: What type of lens is the following? _____

Answer: Kryptok bifocal

Flashcard 14: major cause of visual impairment in 0-49  years age is _____

Answer: refractory errors

Extra: 

Flashcard 15: 28d5190692654e40ad9eaeb07f342e61-ao-1

Answer: light reflection factor

Extra: 

Flashcard 16: 28d5190692654e40ad9eaeb07f342e61-ao-2

Answer: light reflection factor

Extra: 

Flashcard 17: f197c79a80244bd7a7c4b112aff4634f-oa-4

Answer: Lorentz formula

Extra: indicators of obesity

Flashcard 18: The smallest letter on Jaeger's chart is designated as _____ or J1 and the largest is N48.

Answer: N5

Flashcard 19: Pathological myopia presents with _____ eyeballs, large cornea and deep AC

Answer: prominent

Flashcard 20: _____ test is based on chromatic aberration and is used to refine the final sphere in subjective refraction

Answer: Duochrome

Flashcard 21: In Ishihara pseudo-isochromatic chart, there are _____ plates read at a distance of 75 cm

Answer: 38

Flashcard 22: Angle _____ is the angle between the optical axis and fixation axis at the centre of eyeball rotation

Answer: gamma

Flashcard 23: _____ is used for measurement of near point of convergence which is normally 70mm

Answer: RAF rule

Flashcard 24: _____ is an objective method used to determine the error of refraction by applying the method of neutralization.

Answer: Retinoscopy

Flashcard 25: Purkinje image 2 is formed from the _____ surface of the cornea and is Erect

Answer: posterior

Flashcard 26: Angle _____ is the angle between the visual axis and pupillary axis at the cornea

Answer: kappa

Flashcard 27: The _____ axis is the line passing through the object (fixation point) and centre of the lens to meet the fovea.

Answer: visual

Flashcard 28: The _____ axis is the line passing through the center of the cornea and centre of the lens to meet the retina on the nasal side of the fovea.

Answer: optic

Flashcard 29: _____ is a planoconcave lens used for examining the posterior vitreous and the fundus

Answer: Hruby lens

Flashcard 30: In _____-the-rule astigmatism, the curvature of the vertical meridian is more than the horizontal meridian

Answer: with

Flashcard 31: The _____ axis is the line passing through the object (fixation point) and centre of the rotation

Answer: fixation

Flashcard 32: Angle _____ is the angle between the line of sight and pupillary axis at the cornea

Answer: lambda

Flashcard 33: _____ blindness is vision 1/60 to just perception of light

Answer: Manifest

Flashcard 34: The _____ surface of the cornea is the most important factor influencing the focus of light rays on the retina.

Answer: anterior

Flashcard 35: A condensing lens is needed in _____ ophthalmoscopy, usually of 20 D

Answer: indirect

Flashcard 36: Purkinje image 4 is formed from the _____ surface of the lens and is inverted

Answer: posterior

Flashcard 37: The _____ effect refers to the greater sensitivity of the retina to perpendicular rays than the oblique rays

Answer: Stiles Crawford

Flashcard 38: Hruby lens provides a _____ field of vision with low magnification

Answer: small

Flashcard 39: In fundoscopy, more the power of condensing lens, _____ the magnification and more the field of view

Answer: less

Flashcard 40: High refractive index of the _____ of the lens than that of the peripheral cortex is one of the natural mechanisms to decrease aberration of the eye

Answer: core of the nucleus

Flashcard 41: Purkinje image 3 is formed from the _____ surface of the lens and is Erect

Answer: anterior

Flashcard 42: 1-mm increase in radius of curvature of the eye results in _____ dioptres of hypermetropia.

Answer: 6

Flashcard 43: Purkinje image 1 is formed from the _____ surface of the cornea and is Erect

Answer: anterior

Flashcard 44: 1-mm shortening of the anteroposterior diameter of the eye results in _____ dioptres of hypermetropia.

Answer: 3

Flashcard 45: Angle _____ is the angle between the optical axis and visual axis at the nodal point.

Answer: alpha

Flashcard 46: Critical angle of the air cornea interface is _____ degrees.

Answer: 46

Flashcard 47: _____ sensitivity of the peripheral retina is one of the natural mechanisms to decrease aberration of the eye

Answer: Low

Flashcard 48: Which Purkinje images are absent in aphakia?_____

Answer: 3 and 4

Flashcard 49: _____ (flip-cross technique) is used to refine the power and axis of the cylindrical lens.

Answer: Jackson s cross cylinder

Flashcard 50: In Protanomaly, _____ color perception is defective.

Answer: Red

Flashcard 51: The following retinoscope is also called _____

Answer: Streak retinoscope

Flashcard 52: Near point becomes _____ in hypermetropia.

Answer: distant (closer/distant)

Flashcard 53: Refractive index of the lens: _____

Answer: 1.40

Flashcard 54: Jaeger s chart is held at a distance of _____ cm away from patient.

Answer: 35

Flashcard 55: _____direct ophthalmoscopy may be done in poorly dilated pupils

Answer: In

Flashcard 56: _____ theory states that there are three separate color systems (retinexes).

Answer: Edwin Land's

Flashcard 57: FOV produced by direct ophthalmoscopy is limited to _____

Answer: 2 DDs

Flashcard 58: The principle in _____direct ophthalmoscopy is to make the eye highly myopic

Answer: in

Flashcard 59: Examination through hazy media is possible in _____direct ophthalmoscopy

Answer: in

Flashcard 60: The fundus in hypermetropia may show _____

Answer: pseudopapillitis

Flashcard 61: _____ test is used to distinguish whether the colored halos are due to cataract or glaucoma.

Answer: Fincham's

Flashcard 62: The _____effect is one of the natural mechanisms that decrease aberration in the eye.

Answer: Stiles Crawford 

Flashcard 63: The total refractive power of cornea in reduced eye: _____ D

Answer: 43

Flashcard 64: Stenopaeic slit can be used to determine the axis of the cylinder in _____.

Answer: astigmatism

Flashcard 65: _____ hypermetropia: Masked by the tone of the ciliary body

Answer: Latent

Flashcard 66: _____ images are reflections of objects from the structure of the eye.

Answer: Purkinje

Flashcard 67: The following retinoscope is also called _____

Answer: Piestley-Smith retinoscope

Flashcard 68: What refractive error is commonly associated with pterygium?_____

Answer: Astigmatism

Flashcard 69: Holmgren's wool-matching test is used for the assessment of _____.

Answer: color vision

Flashcard 70: _____ is used to test color vision

Answer: Nagel s anomaloscope

Flashcard 71: The amplitude of accommodation is the reciprocal of _____ in meters.

Answer: near point of accommodation (NPA)

Flashcard 72: Moderate myopia, when the error is _____D.

Answer: 3 to -6

Flashcard 73: Adequacy of the accommodative power being significantly less than normal physiological limits for the patient's age is called _____

Answer: insufficiency of accommodation.

Flashcard 74: The power of the prescription glasses for a 50-year-old man should be +_____D.

Answer: 2

Flashcard 75: Hruby lens has a diopteric power of _____D

Answer: -58.6

Flashcard 76: The refractive index of the lens in the peripheral cortex is _____

Answer: 1.386

Flashcard 77: Which device is used for performing Fincham's test?_____

Answer: Stenopaeic slit

Flashcard 78: The refraction of light is the maximum at the _____

Answer: cornea

Flashcard 79: Roving-ring scotoma is seen in the correction of aphakia with _____

Answer: spectacles

Flashcard 80: Degenerative myopia is _____ common in females as compared to males.

Answer: more

Flashcard 81: Pinhole prevents the peripheral rays and also reduces the _____ aberration, thus improving visual acuity

Answer: spherical

Flashcard 82: The refractive index is the maximum at the _____

Answer: center of the lens.

Flashcard 83: Magnification produced by direct ophthalmoscopy is approximately _____ times

Answer: 15

Flashcard 84: Most common type of myopia is _____

Answer: axial

Flashcard 85: Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Chart is used for measuring _____

Answer: visual acuity.

Flashcard 86: Shot silk appearance of fundus is seen in _____

Answer: hypermetropia

Flashcard 87: The concept of reduced eye was introduced by _____

Answer: Donder

Flashcard 88: In duochrome test, if the patient sees the letters of the _____ side clearer, he is overcorrected

Answer: green

Flashcard 89: What type of lens is the following? _____

Answer: Kryptok bifocal

Flashcard 90: Low myopia, when the error is d _____D.

Answer: 3

Flashcard 91: The distance between the points of convergence (focus) of the vertical and horizontal rays in a strum's conoid is called the _____ of strum.

Answer: focal interval

Flashcard 92: The refractive index of the lens in the nucleus is _____

Answer: 1.41

Flashcard 93: The total refractive power of lens in reduced eye: _____ D

Answer: 17

Flashcard 94: Refractive power (dioptre) =  1/_____

Answer: Focal length in metres

Flashcard 95: What is the name of the following test used for testing colour vision?_____

Answer: City university test

Flashcard 96: Magnification produced by indirect ophthalmoscopy is approximately _____ times

Answer: 2-5

Flashcard 97: _____ can be used to find out the optimal site for optical iridectomy in case of corneal opacities

Answer: Stenopaeic slit (Device)

Flashcard 98: The angle subtended by the largest alphabet on the Snellens chart at 60m distance is _____.

Answer: 5

Flashcard 99: High myopia, when the error is e_____D.

Answer: -6

Flashcard 100: The tolerable limit of aniseikonia is _____%.

Answer: 5 8

Flashcard 101: A patient with 1 D myopia would exhibit _____ movement of red reflex when retinoscopy is done from a distance of 1m without cycloplegia.

Answer: no

Flashcard 102: Moderate hypermetropia: error of _____D

Answer: + 2.25 to +5

Flashcard 103: Low hypermetropia: error of _____D or less

Answer: + 2

Flashcard 104: The following result on Placido disk test will be seen in _____

Answer: aspherical cornea

Flashcard 105: Myopia must never be _____-corrected with spectacles.

Answer: over (under/over)

Flashcard 106: A total of _____ Purkinje images are formed in normal eyes.

Answer: 4

Flashcard 107: Refractive index of the cornea: _____.

Answer: 1.376

Flashcard 108: Jack-in the box is seen in the correction of aphakia with _____

Answer: spectacles

Flashcard 109: High hypermetropia: error of _____D

Answer: > +5

Flashcard 110: The refractive index of lens cortex is _____ than lens nucleus

Answer: less

Flashcard 111: What type of lens is the following? _____

Answer: Trifocal

Flashcard 112: In high myopia, it is better to slightly _____-correct for distance

Answer: under (over/under)

Flashcard 113: _____ is a condition in which there is a difference in the size of the image formed by the two eyes.

Answer: Aniseikonia

Flashcard 114: The drawback of Ishihara pseudo-isochromatic chart is that it cannot detect _____ colour defect

Answer: blue

Flashcard 115: A patient with emmetropia, hypermetropia, myopia less than 1D would exhibit _____ movement of red reflex when retinoscopy is done from a distance of 1m without cycloplegia.

Answer: with

Flashcard 116: A patient with myopia more than 1D would exhibit _____ movement of red reflex when retinoscopy is done from a distance of 1m without cycloplegia.

Answer: against

Flashcard 117: The total refractive power of schematic eye: _____ D

Answer: 58.64

Flashcard 118: Cutting-off of the peripheral rays by the _____ is one of the natural mechanisms to decrease aberration of the eye

Answer: iris

Flashcard 119: The angle subtended by the optotype =_____ x 5

Answer: MAR

Flashcard 120: When the total refractive power of the two eyes is unequal, the condition is called _____.

Answer: anisometropia

Flashcard 121: _____ hypermetropia: Masked by the voluntary accomodative effort of the person

Answer: Facultative

Flashcard 122: In duochrome test, if the patient sees the letters of the _____ side clearer, he is undercorrected

Answer: red

Flashcard 123: For retinoscopy, the surgeon sits at a distance of _____ or at an arm's length from the patient

Answer: 1 meter

Flashcard 124: _____ effect is seen in amblyopia as brightness is less compared to normal eye

Answer: Sunglass

Flashcard 125: What is the name of the following test used for testing colour vision?_____

Answer: Hardy Rand-Rittler test

Flashcard 126: At the given distance, each letter subtends an angle of _____ at the nodal point of the eye

Answer: 5 min

Flashcard 127: _____ theory states that peculiar refractive index of corneal lamellae is responsible for the corneal transparency

Answer: Goldmann

Flashcard 128: The following result on Placido disk test will be seen in _____

Answer: corneal astigmatism

Flashcard 129: Presbyopia is corrected by the use of a _____ lens

Answer: convex

Flashcard 130: Degenerative myopia is seen in more than _____ dioptres of myopia.

Answer: 6

Flashcard 131: Contrast sensitivity in glare is assessed using _____.

Answer: Pelli Robson chart

Flashcard 132: Interpretation of retinoscopy done at 1 m is as follows:No movement of red reflex - Myopia of _____With the movement - Emmetropia, hypermetropia, myopia of _____Against the movement - Myopia of _____

Answer: 1D; less than 1D; more than 1D