Virology — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: Which virus is displayed below? _____

Answer: Rhabdovirus (rabies) bullet-shaped

Flashcard 2: Which virus/viral family will have nuclear, eosinophilic inclusions within cells? _____

Answer: Herpesvirus family Cowdry bodies

Flashcard 3: kyanasur forest disease is caused by _____ virus

Answer: group b togavirus/flavivirus

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Flashcard 4: rabies is caused by _____

Answer: lyssa virus-1

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Flashcard 5: dengue is caused by _____virus

Answer: flavi

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Flashcard 6: japanese encephaliis is caused by _____ virus belonging to _____ family

Answer: group B arbo

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Flashcard 7: _____ serotype of polio is the easiest to kill

Answer: P2

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Flashcard 8: _____  is the reservoir of nipah virus

Answer: pteropus fruit bat

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Flashcard 9: gold standard test for diagnosis of HCV is _____

Answer: RT PCR

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Flashcard 10: HIV is _____ to chemical and _____ to radiation

Answer: sensitive

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Flashcard 11: _____ is the specific test to confirm diagnosis of HIV

Answer: western blot

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Flashcard 12: HIV type _____ is the most common form of HIV

Answer: 1 Major c

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Flashcard 13: _____ is the most common serotype in epidemics of polio

Answer: P1

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Flashcard 14: there are _____ serotypes of dengue

Answer: 4

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Flashcard 15: types of influenza viruses present in India are

Answer: H1N1(MC circulating) H3N2 Type B virus

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Flashcard 16: Pharyngoconjunctival fever is caused by adenovirus, usually serotypes _____ and 7

Answer: 3

Flashcard 17: Viral _____ is most commonly caused by norovirus and rotavirus

Answer: gastroenteritis

Flashcard 18: What markers are in the blood during early symptomatic HBV infection?_____

Answer: HBsAg

Flashcard 19: Which virulence factors is parainfluenza (croup) associated with?_____

Answer: Hemagglutinin

Flashcard 20: _____ sense RNA viruses must first be converted to positive sense RNA in order to be used by the host cell for protein synthesis

Answer: Negative

Flashcard 21: Coxsackie _____ is associated with hepatitis (liver pathology)

Answer: B

Flashcard 22: Antigenic _____ occurs when there are point mutations in HA or NA

Answer: drift

Flashcard 23: _____ has its own DNA-dependent RNA polymerase which allows it to replicate in the cytoplasm

Answer: Poxvirus

Flashcard 24: Poliovirus may be recovered from the _____ or throat, even before the onset of illness

Answer: stool

Flashcard 25: _____ gene of Hep. B  codes for HbxAg

Answer: X

Flashcard 26: Once HIV is inside a cell, viral _____ converts viral RNA to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA).This double-stranded DNA is inserted into the host cell genome by integrase, another viral enzyme.

Answer: reverse transcriptase

Flashcard 27: Once the dsDNA of HBV is complete, _____ RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from the dsDNA

Answer: host

Flashcard 28: _____ of HIV binds CD4, and the co-receptors CXCR4 (primarily on T cells), and CCR5 (primarily on macrophages).

Answer: gp120

Flashcard 29: Which serologic markers are detectable during the recovery period of HBV infection?_____

Answer: Anti-HBs IgG

Flashcard 30: _____ is the most common calicivirus (family of viruses)

Answer: Norovirus (norwalk virus)

Flashcard 31: Poxvirus is a _____ enveloped dsDNA virus

Answer: linear

Flashcard 32: Antigenic _____ occurs with HA/NA reassortment amongst different species

Answer: shift

Flashcard 33: Hepatitis D virus receives a _____ from HBsAg in order to penetrate the hepatocyte

Answer: viral coat

Flashcard 34: Common viral causes of meningitis include _____ and HSV-2

Answer: enteroviruses (especially coxsackievirus)

Flashcard 35: The _____ particles within Arenaviruses on microscopy are host cell ribosomes

Answer: grainy

Flashcard 36: _____ is a protein from high-risk HPV that binds to Rb.

Answer: E7

Flashcard 37: _____ gene of Hep. B when translated from the Pre C region, codes for HbeAg

Answer: C

Flashcard 38: _____ gene of Hep. B when translated alone, codes for HbcAg

Answer: C

Flashcard 39: _____ utilize the enzyme reverse transcriptase to convert their diploid linear stranded RNA genome to dsDNA

Answer: Retroviruses (ie: HIV)

Flashcard 40: Which HPV strains cause Condyloma Acuminata?_____

Answer: HPV6

Flashcard 41: Which herpesviruses can cause roseola?_____

Answer: HHV-6

Flashcard 42: HIV infects _____, macrophages, and dendritic cells

Answer: CD4+ helper T-cells

Flashcard 43: Hepatitis_____ are immunomodulatory cytokines that are released from virus infected host cells

Answer: Interferons

Flashcard 44: Most RNA virus genomes are _____-stranded and linear

Answer: single

Flashcard 45: HIV _____ encoded gp120 and gp41 are first sent to the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell for processing

Answer: env

Flashcard 46: Coxsackie _____ is associated with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

Answer: A

Flashcard 47: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) primarily infects the _____, liver, and B cells

Answer: oropharynx

Flashcard 48: _____ is a virus that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Answer: Coxsackie A

Flashcard 49: Vero _____ cells are used in Dulbecco minimal essential medium (DMEM) supplemented with heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum for isolation of SARS CoV 2

Answer: CCL-81

Flashcard 50: HTLV-1 genome contains two other genes apart from typical retroviral genes, referred to as _____ and HBZ

Answer: tax

Flashcard 51: Parvovirus B19 binds _____ antigen, expressed in high levels by erythroid progenitor cells

Answer: P blood group

Flashcard 52: Which viral virulence factors is Measles associated with?_____

Answer: Hemagglutinin

Flashcard 53: _____ are influenza viral proteins that ensure proper intracellular pH for viral uncoating

Answer: M2 channel proteins

Flashcard 54: Arenaviruses have _____ circular segments

Answer: 2

Flashcard 55: Plaque inhibition test which is used for _____ of bacteriophages is an example of a neutralisation test.

Answer: neutralization

Flashcard 56: How is CMV transmitted?_____; Organ transplant; Vertically through placenta

Answer: Sexual contact

Flashcard 57: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a _____ linear enveloped dsDNA virus

Answer: icosahedral

Flashcard 58: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) remains dormant in _____ cells, which increases risk for lymphoma, especially if immunodeficiency develops (e.g. HIV)

Answer: B

Flashcard 59: What are the most common types of high-risk HPV? (2)_____

Answer: HPV16

Flashcard 60: HIV reverse transcriptase is a _____-dependent DNA polymerase that synthesizes dsDNA from ssRNA

Answer: RNA

Flashcard 61: The _____ gene of HIV encodes the enzymes reverse transcriptase, aspartate protease, and integrase

Answer: pol

Flashcard 62: Smallpox is also known as _____ and is part of the poxvirus family

Answer: variola

Flashcard 63: _____ contains the NSP4 enterotoxin, causing watery diarrhea

Answer: Rotavirus

Flashcard 64: _____ is a qualitative marker while HBV DNA is a quantitative marker of the replicative phase of Hepatitis B

Answer: HBeAg

Flashcard 65: _____ gene of Hep. B codes for surface antigen.

Answer: S

Flashcard 66: _____ is the most common cause of infection of the tonsils and adenoids

Answer: Adenovirus

Flashcard 67: Coxsackie _____ is associated with herpangina (mouth blisters)

Answer: A

Flashcard 68: What is the most common cause of Condyloma acuminata?_____

Answer: HPV6

Flashcard 69: _____ is a positive sense RNA virus that presents with arash that starts on the face and moves down-wards

Answer: Rubella

Flashcard 70: In _____ HIV infection, HIV gains entry into Helper T-cells via binding to CD4 plus the coreceptor CXCR4

Answer: late

Flashcard 71: _____ is a virus that enters host cells by attaching to ICAM-1

Answer: Rhinovirus

Flashcard 72: HIV is a retrovirus, which is a _____-ploid single-stranded (+) RNA virus

Answer: di

Flashcard 73: Arboviruses that are also togaviruses include _____, western, and venezuelan equine encephalitis

Answer: eastern

Flashcard 74: RNA viruses can be distinguished via their _____, either (+) sense or (-) sense

Answer: polarity

Flashcard 75: The _____ gene of HIV encodes gp120 and gp41

Answer: env

Flashcard 76: Hepatitis C virus displays _____ variability of its envelope proteins

Answer: antigenic

Flashcard 77: _____ is a strain of avian influenza.

Answer: H5N1

Flashcard 78: In addition to hepatitis virus, viral hepatitis may also be caused by _____ and CMV

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 79: Paramyxoviruses contain surface _____ that cause respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated giant cells

Answer: F (fusion) proteins

Flashcard 80: Hepatitis B virus is _____ double-stranded

Answer: partially

Flashcard 81: _____ causes Kaposi Sarcoma

Answer: HHV-8

Flashcard 82: _____ is the HIV capsid protein

Answer: p24

Flashcard 83: What are the three common Enteroviruses (picornavirus family)?_____

Answer: Coxsackie A/B

Flashcard 84: _____ is a viral envelope protein that binds sialic acid

Answer: Hemagglutinin

Flashcard 85: _____ gene of Hep. B codes for DNA polymerase

Answer: P

Flashcard 86: _____ is the only negative RNA virus to replicate in the nucleus

Answer: Orthomyxovirus

Flashcard 87: What are the most common types of low-risk HPV?_____

Answer: HPV6

Flashcard 88: _____ sense RNA viruses are translated to proteins directly by host cell Ribosomes

Answer: Positive

Flashcard 89: What is the route of transmission (2) of Rhinovirus?_____

Answer: Respiratory

Flashcard 90: Intra-_____ inclusions, known as Guarnieri bodies/B-type inclusions, are diagnostic of Poxvirus

Answer: cytoplasmic

Flashcard 91: _____ is a viral envelope protein that cleaves the HA-sialic acid interaction

Answer: Neuraminidase

Flashcard 92: _____ is a virus that binds to cellular integrins (heparan sulfate)

Answer: CMV

Flashcard 93: _____ include JC (John Cunningham) and BK virus

Answer: Polyomaviruses

Flashcard 94: _____ and Marburg virus both belong to the filovirus family

Answer: Ebola

Flashcard 95: HSV _____ infection confers some protection against HSV 1, but not vice versa

Answer: 2

Flashcard 96: The three negative RNA virus families with helical capsids include _____, rhabdovirus, and arenavirus

Answer: filovirus

Flashcard 97: Which receptor does EBV use to enter B cells?_____

Answer: CD21 (C3d

Flashcard 98: _____ is a virus associated with hemorrhagic cystitis in kidney and bone marrow transplant patients

Answer: BK virus

Flashcard 99: _____ are a class of viruses that have arthropod vectors

Answer: Arboviruses

Flashcard 100: Epstein-Barr virus binds to _____ on B-cells,causing B-cell proliferation and CR2) production

Answer: CD21 (C3d receptor

Flashcard 101: In _____ HIV infection, HIV gains entry into macrophages via binding to CD4 plus the coreceptor CCR5

Answer: early

Flashcard 102: _____ is the smallest (size) DNA virus

Answer: Parvovirus B19

Flashcard 103: Antigenic variation can be due to antigenic _____ or antigenic shift

Answer: drift

Flashcard 104: The _____ gene of HIV encodes p24 and p17

Answer: gag

Flashcard 105: Antigenic variation of influenza viruses occurs with changes to viral _____ and neuraminidase (NA)

Answer: hemagglutinin (HA)

Flashcard 106: The new UK variant of SARS-CoV2 (termed as V202012/01) is defined by multiple _____ mutations leading to increased transmissability

Answer: spike protein

Flashcard 107: _____ virus replication occurs in eosino-philic cytoplasmic inclusions called Negri bodies

Answer: Rabies

Flashcard 108: After mRNA is produced, HBV _____ produces progeny dsDNA from mRNA

Answer: reverse transcriptase

Flashcard 109: _____ stranded RNA viruses use RNA dependent RNA polymerase during genome replication

Answer: Negative

Flashcard 110: The _____ virus families include bunyavirus, orthomyxovirus, arenavirus, and reovirus

Answer: segmented

Flashcard 111: Upon entry into the cell _____, HBV DNA-polymerase completes the partially dsDNA

Answer: nucleus

Flashcard 112: HHV-_____ induces VEGF, resulting in proliferation of vascular endothelial cells

Answer: 8

Flashcard 113: Which envelope protein on HIV functions to allow attachment to host CD4+ T cells?_____

Answer: gp120

Flashcard 114: Adenovirus types _____ and 41 cause diarrhea

Answer: 40

Flashcard 115: Bunyaviruses have _____ circular segments

Answer: 3

Flashcard 116: Bunyaviruses that are also arboviruses include _____, Rift Valley Fever, Sandfly fever, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Answer: California encephalitis

Flashcard 117: _____ are the only DNA viruses without icosahedral symmetry, and instead have a "box" or "brick" shape.

Answer: Poxviruses

Flashcard 118: _____ is a cytoplasmic accessory protein of HIV that enhances viral replication through down-regulation of CD4 and MHC-I expression.

Answer: Nef

Flashcard 119: Which viral virulence factors is Mumps associated with?_____

Answer: Hemagglutinin

Flashcard 120: The two most common shapes of viral capsids are _____ and helical

Answer: icosahedral

Flashcard 121: _____ is a positive RNA virus with a helical shaped capsid

Answer: Coronavirus

Flashcard 122: _____ virus binds to nicotinic ACh receptors in the post-synaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction

Answer: Rabies

Flashcard 123: Coronavirus has _____ or petal shaped peplomers on its surface

Answer: club

Flashcard 124: All RNA viruses replicate in the _____ except for: influenza and retroviruses.

Answer: cytoplasm

Flashcard 125: _____ is the only DNA virus that completely replicates in the cytoplasm

Answer: Poxvirus

Flashcard 126: Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is caused by _____ serotypes 3, 7, 8, and 19

Answer: adenovirus

Flashcard 127: _____ are a class of RNA viruses that obtain their envelope from host cell's golgi apparatus (golgi body complex)

Answer: Bunyaviruses

Flashcard 128: Which RNA viruses show enveloped icosahedral symmetry?_____

Answer: Rubella and Yellow fever

Flashcard 129: The earliest antigen to appear in blood following HIV infection is _____

Answer: p24

Flashcard 130: Large granular clumps resembling grapes is the cytopathic effect of which virus?_____

Answer: Adenovirus

Flashcard 131: _____ is also known as the Australia antigen

Answer: HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen)

Flashcard 132: Viral _____ from corneal scrapings is used to confirm diagnosis of Rabies

Answer: culture

Flashcard 133: Which family of herpes viruses replicate in >24 hours?_____

Answer: Beta

Flashcard 134: Which family of herpes viruses includes EBV?_____

Answer: Gamma

Flashcard 135: Macleod syndrome is mostly linked to _____virus

Answer: adeno

Flashcard 136: Which family of herpes viruses have a short replicative cycle (12-18 hours)?_____

Answer: Alpha

Flashcard 137: Is HIV thermostable or thermolabile?_____

Answer: Thermolabile

Flashcard 138: Qualitative infectivity assay of viruses is done by _____

Answer: end point biological assay

Flashcard 139: What is the most prevalent molluscum contagiosum virus?_____

Answer: MCV-1

Flashcard 140: What is the most common sexually transmitted molluscum contagiosum virus?_____

Answer: MCV-2

Flashcard 141: Buschke Lwenstein tumor is caused by HPV _____

Answer: 6 and 11

Flashcard 142: Most common cause of viral hepatitis is hepatitis _____

Answer: B

Flashcard 143: Which family of herpes viruses include HSV 1 and 2 and VZV?_____

Answer: Alpha

Flashcard 144: Which EBV gene acts as an oncogene and behaves like a constitutively active CD40 receptor?_____

Answer: LMP1

Flashcard 145: For diagnosing congenital CMV infection, _____ examination by culture is the best method

Answer: urine

Flashcard 146: Nipah virus belongs to family _____.

Answer: paramyxoviridae

Flashcard 147: Which virus has the highest mortality rate (25 90%) of all viral hemorrhagic fevers?_____

Answer: Ebola

Flashcard 148: Most definitive test for diagnosing HSV-1 infection is _____

Answer: virus isolation.

Flashcard 149: The usual causative virus for Kaposi Varicelliform eruption is _____

Answer: HSV-1

Flashcard 150: _____ antigen is highly specific for dengue and detectable from day one of fever

Answer: NS1

Flashcard 151: Are enveloped viruses sensitive or resistant to heat?_____

Answer: Heat labile

Flashcard 152: Type _____ molluscum contagiosum virus is more common in children

Answer: I

Flashcard 153: Which virus is a risk factor for basal cell carcinoma?_____

Answer: Human Papilloma Virus

Flashcard 154: Ebola virus is highly virulent and requires maximum containment facilities (Biosafety Level _____) for laboratory work.

Answer: 4

Flashcard 155: _____ virus shows a bowl of spaghetti appearance

Answer: Ebola

Flashcard 156: Which family of herpes viruses includes CMV?_____

Answer: -viruses

Flashcard 157: "_____ period" is defined as the time between entry into the cell and disassembly of the parental virus and the appearance of the first progeny virion

Answer: Eclipse

Flashcard 158: The 3 Non-cultivable viruses are _____

Answer: rotavirus, norwalk virus and molluscum contagiosum

Flashcard 159: Ebola virus can remain in semen for upto _____ months

Answer: 3

Flashcard 160: The double walled complete Hep. B virus is also called _____

Answer: Dane particle

Flashcard 161: _____ exhibit genetic reassortment similar to that of the influenza virus

Answer: Rotavirus

Flashcard 162: Which is the best specimen to demonstrate rabies antigen?_____

Answer: Skin biospies of hair follicles

Flashcard 163: Attempts to culture the SARS CoV 2 virus requires minimum biosafety level-_____ facilities.

Answer: 3

Flashcard 164: What type of HSV has more temperature sensitive infectivity?_____

Answer: Type 2

Flashcard 165: Demonstration of HSV antibodies in CSF or persistence of HSV DNA in CSF can establish the diagnosis of _____ meningitis

Answer: Mollaret's

Flashcard 166: Which part of embryonated egg is used for Isolation of influenza and mumps?_____

Answer: Amniotic sac

Flashcard 167: Hepatitis _____ virus resembles caliciviruses in morphology and physical characteristics.

Answer: E

Flashcard 168: _____ is the process of reversal of hemagglutination and the release of the virus from the red cell surface.

Answer: Elution

Flashcard 169: Human papillomavirus type responsible for causing deep plantar warts (Myrmecia) is HPV _____

Answer: 1

Flashcard 170: _____ has been implicated in the etiology of inverted papilloma

Answer: Human papilloma virus (Organism)

Flashcard 171: What is the most reliable marker of acute infection of Hepatitis B virus?_____

Answer: IgM anti-HBc

Flashcard 172: Which herpesvirus is associated with Castleman's disease?_____

Answer: HHV-8

Flashcard 173: Quantitative infectivity assay of viruses is done by _____

Answer: Plaque assay

Flashcard 174: Cowdry type B bodies are found in which viruses?_____

Answer: Adenovirus and Poliovirus

Flashcard 175: The _____ strain of ebolavirus has the maximum case fatality

Answer: Zaire

Flashcard 176: Progeny virus particles of hepatitis B are released from the host cell by _____

Answer: budding

Flashcard 177: Which virus is associated with Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma?_____

Answer: EBV

Flashcard 178: Which family of herpes viruses replicate in variable amount of time?_____

Answer: Gamma

Flashcard 179: Type _____ molluscum contagiosum virus is more common in adults and those with HIV infection

Answer: II

Flashcard 180: During the window period HIV infection can be detected using _____

Answer: p24 antigen assay

Flashcard 181: Esophageal infections in otherwise healthy individuals are uncommon and most often due to _____

Answer: herpes simplex virus

Flashcard 182: The first virologic marker to rise in acute hepatitis B is _____

Answer: HBsAg

Flashcard 183: Both intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are found in case of infection with _____ virus and _____.

Answer: measles; CMV

Flashcard 184: Human papillomavirus _____ & _____ are the most common cause of anogenital warts.

Answer: 6; 11

Flashcard 185: HIV belongs to the _____ genus, in the retroviridae family.

Answer: lentivirus

Flashcard 186: Presence of gp_____ points towards a diagnosis of HIV2.

Answer: 36

Flashcard 187: Adenovirus serotypes _____ and _____ cause acute hemorrhagic cystitis in children.

Answer: 11; 21