Vitamins and Coenzymes — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: anti oxidant vitamins are _____

Answer: A B2 C E

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Flashcard 2: _____ is an iron absorption promoter

Answer: vit C

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Flashcard 3: _____ protein in egg causes biotin deficiency in raw egg eaters

Answer: avidin

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Flashcard 4: vit _____ is an indicator for erythrocyte fragility

Answer: E

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Flashcard 5: deficiency of _____ causes pellagra

Answer: niacin

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Flashcard 6: _____ inhibits tryptophan to niacin conversion in maize

Answer: leucine

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Flashcard 7: The main importance of the cofactor THF (Tetrahydrofolate) is that it can be given a _____ group for use in methylation reactions

Answer: methyl

Flashcard 8: Vitamin _____ is also known as pantothenic acid

Answer: B5

Flashcard 9: Vitamin _____ deficiency causes impaired glucose breakdown with consequent ATP depletion

Answer: B1 (thiamine)

Flashcard 10: Vitamin _____ is stored in the liver for up to 3-4 months

Answer: B9 (folate)

Flashcard 11: _____ is also known as cholecalciferol.

Answer: Vitamin D3

Flashcard 12: In addition to ingestion of raw eggs, vitamin B7 (biotin) deficiency may occur with _____ use or biotinidase deficiency

Answer: antibiotic

Flashcard 13: Folate may be converted to _____ via the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase

Answer: dihydrofolate

Flashcard 14: Cholecalciferol is converted to _____ in the liver; this compound is chemically inactive

Answer: 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-cholecalciferol)

Flashcard 15: A pure _____ rich diet can cause pellagra-like symptoms because Niacin is in bound form

Answer: maize/Corn

Flashcard 16: Severe deficiencies of vitamin _____ can lead to pellagra

Answer: B3

Flashcard 17: Vitamin _____ is also known as biotin

Answer: B7

Flashcard 18: Vitamin B9 (folate) is converted to _____, a coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer/methylation reactions

Answer: tetrahydrofolate (THF)

Flashcard 19: Vitamin _____ consists of two families of compounds, tocopherols and tocotrienols

Answer: E

Flashcard 20: Vitamin _____, known as cholecalciferol, is the form consumed in milk, fish, plants, and formed in sun-exposed skin

Answer: D3

Flashcard 21: _____ is obtained via dairy products and UVB radiation.

Answer: Vitamin D3

Flashcard 22: At _____ levels, vitamin D increases bone resorption

Answer: high

Flashcard 23: _____ converts Vitamin D3 into 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol)

Answer: 25-hydroxylase

Flashcard 24: Vitamin _____ is an essential component of coenzyme A and fatty acid synthase

Answer: B5 (pantothenic acid)

Flashcard 25: _____ is also known as ergocalciferol.

Answer: Vitamin D2

Flashcard 26: Vitamin _____ is also known as riboflavin

Answer: B2

Flashcard 27: Vitamin _____ excess can increase risk of iron toxicity in predisposed individuals (e.g. those with transfusions, hemochromatosis)

Answer: C

Flashcard 28: Vitamin _____, known as ergocalciferol, is the form ingested from plants, fungi, and yeasts

Answer: D2

Flashcard 29: Vitamin _____ deficiency may be caused by excessive ingestion of raw eggs, which contain avidin

Answer: B7 (biotin)

Flashcard 30: At _____ levels, vitamin D increases bone mineralization

Answer: low

Flashcard 31: Vitamin _____ is also known as retinol

Answer: A

Flashcard 32: The _____ form of vitamin A is a constituent of visual pigments

Answer: retinal

Flashcard 33: Vitamin _____ is stored in the liver for up to 3-4 years

Answer: B12 (cobalamin)

Flashcard 34: Enteric bacteria (Gut flora) produce vitamins, particularly Vitamins _____ and B9

Answer: K

Flashcard 35: Synthesis of vitamin B3 (niacin) requires vitamins _____ and B6

Answer: B2

Flashcard 36: Calcitriol _____ maturation of osteoblasts, thereby increasing bone formation.

Answer: stimulates

Flashcard 37: Lack of one enzyme of the _____ pathway called L-gulonolactone oxidase in humans explains why ascorbic acid (vitamin C) cannot be endogenously synthesized

Answer: uronic acid

Flashcard 38: Vitamin _____ is necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis

Answer: C

Flashcard 39: _____ converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol) into 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (aka calcitriol).

Answer: 1-alpha-hydroxylase

Flashcard 40: Vitamin _____ excess is associated with hyper-glycemia and hyper-uricemia

Answer: B3 (niacin)

Flashcard 41: Vitamin _____ is a co-factor for the synthesis of the visual pigment rhodopsin

Answer: A

Flashcard 42: Vitamin C is found in _____ and vegetables

Answer: fruits

Flashcard 43: Vitamin A is found in _____ and leafy vegetables

Answer: liver

Flashcard 44: Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is a precursor to _____ and FMN

Answer: FAD

Flashcard 45: Niacin (Vitamin B3) _____ decreases serum triglycerides by decreasing hepatic VLDL secretion

Answer: mildly

Flashcard 46: Nutritional status of _____ can be assessed by measuring the activity of the RBC glutathione reductase

Answer: riboflavin

Flashcard 47: Vitamin _____ prevents squamous metaplasia

Answer: A

Flashcard 48: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a cofactor for _____ and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

Answer: methionine synthase

Flashcard 49: _____ excretion test has been used in diagnosing the deficiency of folic acid.

Answer: FIGLU

Flashcard 50: Vitamin _____ deficiency is characterized by cheilosis and corneal vascularization

Answer: B2

Flashcard 51: Vitamin _____ is activated by the enzyme epoxide reductase in the liver

Answer: K

Flashcard 52: In the kidney, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol may be hydroxylated to produce _____; this compound is chemically inactive

Answer: 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Flashcard 53: _____ loading test is done to detect the deficiency of Pyridoxal phosphate

Answer: Tryptophan

Flashcard 54: _____ is a hormone that increases the production of 1,25-(OH)2 D3 via increased 1-hydroxylase activity

Answer: PTH

Flashcard 55: One sign of vitamin _____ deficiency is night blindness (nyctalopia)

Answer: A

Flashcard 56: Vitamin _____ is also known as ascorbic acid

Answer: C

Flashcard 57: Vitamin _____ deficiency is associated with hypocalcemic tetany

Answer: D

Flashcard 58: Calcitriol increases _____ of Ca2+ and absorption of phosphate in the intestine.

Answer: absorption

Flashcard 59: Pyruvate dehydrogenase requires five enzymes/cofactors: 1. _____2. Lipoic acid3. Coenzyme A (B5, pantothenic acid) 4. FAD (B2, riboflavin)5. NAD (B3, niacin)

Answer: Thiamine pyrophosphate (B1)

Flashcard 60: Vitamin K deficiency may occur in _____ due to lack of colonic bacteria that normally synthesize vitamin K

Answer: newborns

Flashcard 61: PTH increases production of _____ activity by stimulating 1-alpha-hydroxylase in the kidney.

Answer: Calcitriol

Flashcard 62: Vitamin _____ keeps iron in the Fe2+ state which increases absorption

Answer: C

Flashcard 63: The role of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is to increase both _____ and phosphate plasma concentrations to promote bone mineralization

Answer: Ca2+

Flashcard 64: Diagnosis of B1 (thiamine) deficiency is made by measuring increased _____ activity in red blood cells following thiamine administration

Answer: transketolase

Flashcard 65: RDA of vitamin D in men and women is _____/day.

Answer: 200mcg

Flashcard 66: RDA of vitamin E in men and women is _____/day.

Answer: 8-10mcg

Flashcard 67: Folate trap occurs in the deficiency of _____

Answer: Vitamin B12.

Flashcard 68: Only the _____ form of vitamin A is involved in the formation of the photopigment.

Answer: retinal

Flashcard 69: In vitamin _____ deficiency, there is increased sensitivity to the actions of low concentrations of estrogens, androgens, cortisol, and vitamin D

Answer: B6

Flashcard 70: "Vitamin B12-intrinsic factor complex" receptors on the ileum are called _____

Answer: cubilin

Flashcard 71: _____-dependent systems are responsible for the oxidation of formic acid to CO2.

Answer: Folate

Flashcard 72: High _____ levels in the vitreous humor compared to blood help in free radical scavenging (by absorbing UV-rays)

Answer: ascorbate

Flashcard 73: Which vitamin has -alanine?_____

Answer: Pantothenic acid

Flashcard 74: The rate-limiting enzyme of synthesis of _____ from tryptophan is quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase

Answer: niacin

Flashcard 75: The most active form of Vitamin E is _____.

Answer: D--tocopherol

Flashcard 76: Which vitamin is also known as the anti-infective vitamin?_____

Answer: Vitamin A

Flashcard 77: Which metal is a co-factor for xanthine oxidase?_____

Answer: Molybdenum

Flashcard 78: Which vitamin plays the role of a cofactor in Xanthine oxidase?_____

Answer: Vitamin B2

Flashcard 79: Uptake, transport, storage, metabolism, and isomerization of _____ is carried out by RPE

Answer: vitamin A

Flashcard 80: Deficiency of which vitamin leads to Lactic acidosis?_____

Answer: Vitamin B1

Flashcard 81: RDA of vitamin K in men and women is _____/day.

Answer: 90-120mcg

Flashcard 82: RDA of vitamin A in men and women is ____/day.

Answer: 600mcg

Flashcard 83: Which water soluble vitamin deficiencies may cause hyperpigmentation?_____

Answer: B9 and B12

Flashcard 84: What is the most bioactive form of vitamin A?_____

Answer: All-trans retinoic acid

Flashcard 85: Which retinoid plays a major role in vision?_____

Answer: Retinal

Flashcard 86: Homocystinuria IV is due to defect in intestinal absorption of _____

Answer: vitamin B12

Flashcard 87: _____ is an integral part of the Vitamin B12 molecule.

Answer: Cobalt (Metal)

Flashcard 88: All-trans-retinOL gets transported by _____ to the retinal pigment epithelial cells, where it is reconstituted into the 11-cis retinal isoform.

Answer: IRBP

Flashcard 89: Will Vitamin A excess or deficiency cause a raised ICP?_____

Answer: Both

Flashcard 90: Which vitamin is the most potent and naturally occuring antioxidant?_____

Answer: Vitamin E

Flashcard 91: Most vitamins act as _____ in catalytic reactions

Answer: co-enzymes

Flashcard 92: _____ enzyme assay is used to diagnose vitamin B6 deficiency.

Answer: RBC transaminase

Flashcard 93: Patients with selenium deficiency are most likely to have concomitant vitamin _____ deficiency.

Answer: E