Lipid Metabolism — Flashcards

Flashcard 1: 25b0b4eedaba438b9fd6b90136b02c98-ao-3

Answer: omega fatty acids

Extra: remember 3-small no. long names 6-big no. small names

Flashcard 2: sources of MUFA are

Answer: vegetables ground nut mustard remember MUFA---MUstard,MUngfali(groundnut)

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Flashcard 3: _____ are sources of saturated oil

Answer: animal and coconut oil

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Flashcard 4: breast milk is rich in _____ fatty acids

Answer: PUFA/polyunsaturated and MUFA

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Flashcard 5: 25b0b4eedaba438b9fd6b90136b02c98-ao-4

Answer: omega fatty acids

Extra:  remember 3-small no. long names 6-big no. small names

Flashcard 6: 25b0b4eedaba438b9fd6b90136b02c98-ao-2

Answer: omega fatty acids

Extra: remember 3-small no. long names 6-big no. small names

Flashcard 7: advantage of dalda ghee is _____

Answer: easy transport and storage 

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Flashcard 8: 344cf33ad4264830802d8af9be43462b-oa-3

Answer: classification of fat

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Flashcard 9: 344cf33ad4264830802d8af9be43462b-oa-1

Answer: classification of fat

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Flashcard 10: 25b0b4eedaba438b9fd6b90136b02c98-ao-1

Answer: omega fatty acids

Extra: remember 3-small no. long names 6-big no. small names

Flashcard 11: MUFA is _____ acid

Answer: oleic

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Flashcard 12: 344cf33ad4264830802d8af9be43462b-oa-2

Answer: classification of fat

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Flashcard 13: 25b0b4eedaba438b9fd6b90136b02c98-ao-5

Answer: omega fatty acids

Extra: remember 3-small no. long names 6-big no. small names

Flashcard 14: Fatty acyl-carnitine is converted into _____ via the enzyme carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 (CPT2)

Answer: fatty acyl-CoA

Flashcard 15: A major step in the conversion of Arachidonic acids (AA) to leukotrienes is the conversion to _____ by the enzyme 5-lipooxygenase

Answer: 5-HPETE

Flashcard 16: Hormone sensitive lipase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ and cortisol

Answer: epinephrine

Flashcard 17: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase requires _____, biotin, and CO2

Answer: ATP

Flashcard 18: What are the three ketone bodies?1. _____2. -hydroxybutyrate3. Acetone

Answer: Acetoacetate

Flashcard 19: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ and citrate

Answer: insulin

Flashcard 20: Decreased _____ or alteration in its metabolism results in mitochondrial dysfunction seen in Barth syndrome (cardioskeletal myopathy).

Answer: cardiolipin

Flashcard 21: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is regulated via negative feedback by _____ and palmitoyl CoA

Answer: glucagon

Flashcard 22: In the intermembrane space, fatty acyl-CoA is converted to _____ via the enzyme carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1)

Answer: fatty acyl-carnitine

Flashcard 23: Increased NADH/NAD+ (e.g. due to ethanol) causes increased conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate -> _____, which combines with fatty acids to make triglycerides, leading to hepatosteatosis (liver pathology)

Answer: glycerol-3-phosphate

Flashcard 24: Medium chain acyl-CoA deydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is characterized by _____-ketotic, hypo-glycemia

Answer: hypo

Flashcard 25: Free fatty acids (from triglycerides) can be used for energy by the _____ and skeletal muscle

Answer: heart

Flashcard 26: Pregnenolone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Answer: progesterone

Flashcard 27: The chylomicron remnant expresses only apolipoprotein _____ and E on its surface

Answer: B-48

Flashcard 28: _____ deficiency may cause dicarboxylic acidemia/aciduria due to omega oxidation of fatty acids

Answer: Medium chain acyl-CoA deydrogenase (MCAD)

Flashcard 29: 17-hydroxypregnenolone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Answer: 17-hydroxyprogesterone

Flashcard 30: The phospholipid _____ is composed of Phosphatidylethanolamine

Answer: cephalin

Flashcard 31: Fatty acyl-CoA is broken down into molecules of _____ via the enzyme fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (-oxidation)

Answer: acetyl CoA

Flashcard 32: _____ is a PUFA containing 6 double bonds

Answer: Cervonic acid

Flashcard 33: Once in the vicinity of adipocytes, apoprotein _____ on the VLDL activates the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

Answer: C-II

Flashcard 34: Each cycle of -oxidation produces _____ molecule of FADH2 and one molecule of NADH

Answer: one

Flashcard 35: Abetalipoproteinemia is an _____ inherited malabsorption disorder that is caused by a mutation in the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein

Answer: autosomal recessive

Flashcard 36: Nascent HDL is secreted by the _____ and intestine

Answer: liver

Flashcard 37: The enzyme _____, present in the endoplasmic reticulum, catalyzes the conversion of stearic acid (a saturated fatty acid) to oleic acid, which is a MUFA.

Answer: 9 desaturase

Flashcard 38: In preparation for -oxidation, fatty acids in the intermembrane space are converted to _____ via the enzyme fatty acyl-CoA synthetase

Answer: fatty acyl-CoA

Flashcard 39: _____ deficiency is characterized by the accumulation of 8 to 10-carbon acyl carnitines in the blood

Answer: Medium chain acyl-CoA deydrogenase (MCAD)

Flashcard 40: In the cytosol, _____ may be converted to acetyl-CoA via the enzyme ATP citrate lyase (fatty acid synthesis)

Answer: citrate

Flashcard 41: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Answer: androstenedione

Flashcard 42: 17-hydroxyprogesterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17,20-lyase

Answer: androstenedione

Flashcard 43: HMG CoA is converted to _____ via the enzyme HMG CoA reductase (cholesterol synthesis)

Answer: mevalonate

Flashcard 44: Galactocerebroside is converted to _____ via the enzyme galactocerebrosidase

Answer: ceramide

Flashcard 45: In the ovaries, _____ cells synthesize pregnenolone from cholesterol via the enzyme cholesterol desmolase

Answer: theca

Flashcard 46: Progesterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17-hydroxylase

Answer: 17-hydroxyprogesterone

Flashcard 47: Increased levels of cholesterol inside the hepatocyte leads to _____ activity of the enzyme ACAT

Answer: increased

Flashcard 48: Androstenedione may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Answer: testosterone

Flashcard 49: Further removal of triglycerides from IDL, via the enzyme _____, leads to the formation of LDL

Answer: hepatic TG lipase

Flashcard 50: HMG CoA reductase is regulated via negative feedback by _____ and cholesterol

Answer: glucagon

Flashcard 51: In the blood, chylomicrons pick up apoprotein _____ and E from circulating HDL

Answer: C-II

Flashcard 52: After being absorbed from the GI tract, free cholesterol is packaged into a _____ as cholesterol ester

Answer: chylomicron

Flashcard 53: _____ is a protease produced by the liver that leads to degradation of hepatocyte LDL receptors

Answer: PCSK9

Flashcard 54: HMG CoA reductase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ and thyroxine (T4)

Answer: insulin

Flashcard 55: The acetyl CoA generated through -oxidation is used for _____ (liver) or the TCA cycle

Answer: ketogenesis

Flashcard 56: Progesterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 21-hydroxylase

Answer: 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC)

Flashcard 57: 17-hydroxypregnenolone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17,20-lyase

Answer: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Flashcard 58: The first step in all pathways of adrenocortical hormone synthesis is the conversion of _____ to pregnenolone by the enzyme cholesterol desmolase

Answer: cholesterol

Flashcard 59: In the blood, VLDLs pick up apoprotein _____ and E from circulating HDL

Answer: C-II

Flashcard 60: As surfactant production is increased (fetal lung maturation), _____ levels increase, while sphingomyelin levels remain constant

Answer: lecithin

Flashcard 61: _____ increases testosterone synthesis by stimulating the enzyme cholesterol desmolase

Answer: LH

Flashcard 62: Depletion of triglycerides from VLDLs produces _____, which may undergo further removal of triglycerides via the enzyme hepatic TG lipase, forming LDL

Answer: IDLs

Flashcard 63: Increased levels of cholesterol inside the hepatocyte leads to _____ activity of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase

Answer: decreased

Flashcard 64: In the blood, free radicals may take an electron from apoprotein _____ on LDL, forming oxidized LDL

Answer: B-100

Flashcard 65: Apoprotein _____ binds the LDL receptor on the liver

Answer: B-100

Flashcard 66: In the ovaries, _____ cells synthesize and secrete progesterone from pregnenolone via the enzyme 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Answer: theca

Flashcard 67: Once in the vicinity of the liver, the chylomicron remnant binds the _____ receptor via apoprotein E

Answer: remnant

Flashcard 68: 17-hydroxypregnenolone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17,20-lyase

Answer: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Flashcard 69: _____ is characterized by a deficiency of apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100

Answer: Abetalipoproteinemia

Flashcard 70: Apoprotein _____ mediates chylomicron remnant uptake in the liver

Answer: E

Flashcard 71: _____ HDL is converted to HDL3 by the action of LCAT

Answer: Discoidal

Flashcard 72: The enzyme _____ may convert cholesterol to cholesterol ester in the blood in the presence of apoprotein A (found on HDL)

Answer: LCAT

Flashcard 73: Triglycerides in chylomicrons are hydrolyzed by the enzyme _____, releasing free fatty acids

Answer: lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

Flashcard 74: Acetyl-CoA is converted to _____ via the enzyme HMG-CoA synthase (ketogenesis)

Answer: HMG-CoA

Flashcard 75: Pregnenolone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17-hydroxylase

Answer: 17-hydroxypregnenolone

Flashcard 76: _____ is released from the phospholipid cell membrane by the enzyme phospholipase A2

Answer: Arachidonic acid

Flashcard 77: _____ causes atherosclerosis whereas apolipoprotein-A prevents atherosclerosis

Answer: apolipoprotein-a

Flashcard 78: Gallstone chemistry most commonly seen is _____ cholesterol monohydrate

Answer: crystalline

Flashcard 79: The _____ receptor on the liver binds to ApoE of the chylomicron remnant, causing subsequent endocytosis

Answer: remnant

Flashcard 80: _____-carbon steroids, such as DHEA and androstenedione, have androgenic activity and are precursors to estrogen

Answer: 19

Flashcard 81: Type _____ hyperlipoproteinemia is also known as familial chylomicronemia syndrome

Answer: I

Flashcard 82: On the cellular surface of hepatocytes, the LDL particle binds a _____ receptor via apoprotein B-100

Answer: LDL

Flashcard 83: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is also known as familial hypertriglyceridemia

Answer: IV

Flashcard 84: Apolipoprotein _____ is found on the lipoproteins LDL, IDL, and VLDL

Answer: B-100

Flashcard 85: _____ adds triglycerides to nascent VLDL in the liver and to chylomicrons in the intestine.

Answer: MTP

Flashcard 86: Apo B-_____ is found only on particles originating from the intestines, whereas Apo B-100 is found only on particles originating from the liver

Answer: 48

Flashcard 87: _____ is an altered form of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that contains the apo B-100 portion of LDL linked to apo a

Answer: Lipoprotein a [Lp(a)]

Flashcard 88: The hormone lipoprotein lipase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ and apoprotein C-II

Answer: insulin

Flashcard 89: In the liver, bile acids are conjugated to the amino acids _____ or taurine to form bile salts

Answer: glycine

Flashcard 90: _____ is a PUFA containing 5 double bonds

Answer: Timnodonic acid

Flashcard 91: Acetyl-CoA is converted to _____ via the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (fatty acid synthesis)

Answer: malonyl-CoA

Flashcard 92: The serum lipoproteins elevated in type III familial dyslipidemia are _____ and VLDL

Answer: Chylomicrons

Flashcard 93: In the _____ cells of the ovary, androstenedione is converted to testosterone via the enzyme 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Answer: granulosa

Flashcard 94: Once depleted of their triglycerides, chylomicron _____ return to the liver

Answer: remnants

Flashcard 95: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is characterized by a 'creamy' layer in supernatant

Answer: I

Flashcard 96: Cholesterol synthesis:Condensation of six _____ units form squalene

Answer: isoprenoid

Flashcard 97: Fatty acid synthesis requires _____, which is provided directly from citrate

Answer: acetyl CoA

Flashcard 98: Malonyl-CoA may be converted to _____ via the enzyme fatty acid synthase

Answer: palmitate

Flashcard 99: Type _____ lipoproteinemia is due to a LPL or apo-CII deficiency

Answer: I

Flashcard 100: In extrahepatic tissues, acetoacetate is activated to _____ via the enzyme thiophorase (ketone body metabolism)

Answer: acetoacetyl-CoA

Flashcard 101: Peroxisomal beta-oxidation of VLCFAs lead to the formation of _____ and H2O2

Answer: octanoyl coA

Flashcard 102: Fatty acid synthesis predominantly occurs in the _____, lactating mammary glands (women), and adipose tissue

Answer: liver

Flashcard 103: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is due to either:- absent or defective LDL receptors - defective Apo B-100

Answer: IIa

Flashcard 104: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is due to a defective Apo E allele

Answer: III

Flashcard 105: Cholesterol synthesis:Cyclization of _____ to give rise to the parent steroid, lanosterol

Answer: squalene

Flashcard 106: The IDL expresses only apolipoprotein _____ and E on its surface

Answer: B-100

Flashcard 107: Apoprotein _____ is an activator of the enzyme LCAT (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase)

Answer: A-1

Flashcard 108: Sphingomyelin is converted to _____ via the enzyme sphingomyelinase

Answer: ceramide

Flashcard 109: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Answer: androstenedione

Flashcard 110: Apoprotein _____ mediates chylomicron secretion by the intestines

Answer: B-48

Flashcard 111: HDL transfers cholesterol esters to _____, IDLs, and VLDLs via cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) to be transported back to the liver

Answer: LDLs

Flashcard 112: _____ -carbon steroids have estrogenic activity

Answer: 18

Flashcard 113: The liver packages _____ and cholesterol into VLDLs, which enter the blood

Answer: triglycerides

Flashcard 114: Fatty acid synthesis requires _____, which is provided by the HMP shunt and malic enzyme

Answer: NADPH

Flashcard 115: The zona _____ normally cannot produce glucocorticoids because it lacks the enzyme 17-hydroxylase

Answer: glomerulosa

Flashcard 116: The intestines package _____ and cholesterol esters into chylomicrons, which initially enter the lymph

Answer: triglycerides

Flashcard 117: Hepatocytes synthesize _____ using the rate-limiting enzyme HMG CoA reductase

Answer: cholesterol

Flashcard 118: Apoprotein _____ is a cofactor and activator of the enzyme LPL (lipoprotein lipase)

Answer: C-II

Flashcard 119: Once in the vicinity of adipocytes, apoprotein _____ on the chylomicron activates the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

Answer: C-II

Flashcard 120: Adrenal _____, such as DHEA and androstenedione, have a ketone group at C-17 and are excreted as 17-ketosteroids in the urine

Answer: androgens

Flashcard 121: 11-deoxycortisol may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 11-hydroxylase

Answer: cortisol

Flashcard 122: The _____ receptor on the liver binds to ApoB-100 of the LDL particle, causing subsequent endocytosis

Answer: LDL

Flashcard 123: Corticosterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme aldosterone synthase

Answer: aldosterone

Flashcard 124: Glucocerebroside is converted to _____ via the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (-glucosidase)

Answer: ceramide

Flashcard 125: In type 1 diabetics, increased _____ leads to an increase in free fatty acids which are converted to ketone bodies in the liver

Answer: lipolysis

Flashcard 126: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is also known as Dysbetalipoproteinemia

Answer: III

Flashcard 127: 17-hydroxyprogesterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 21-hydroxylase

Answer: 11-deoxycortisol

Flashcard 128: Dyslipidemia drugs _____ delivers cholesterol esters directly to the liver via scavenger receptor B-1 receptors

Answer: HDL

Flashcard 129: Fatty Acid Nomenclature: C18:2 (9,12) is an _____-carbon fatty acid with two double bonds

Answer: 18

Flashcard 130: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is due to hepatic overproduction of VLDL

Answer: IV

Flashcard 131: One mechanism by which insulin stimulates lipogenesis is by _____ the levels of intracellular cAMP

Answer: decreasing

Flashcard 132: Pregnenolone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17-hydroxylase

Answer: 17-hydroxypregnenolone

Flashcard 133: What are the Primary bile acids?_____

Answer: Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid

Flashcard 134: Which GAG attaches to Lipoprotein lipase and anchors it?_____

Answer: Heparan sulfate

Flashcard 135: What is the first hormone to be produced in cholesterol synthesis?_____

Answer: Lanosterol

Flashcard 136: Is -oxidation of fatty acids an energy yielding process?_____

Answer: No

Flashcard 137: Which enzyme of beta oxidation, converts ATP to AMP directly, releasing PPi?_____

Answer: Fatty-acyl coA synthetase

Flashcard 138: Which enzyme provides the source of glycerol-3-phosphate for the synthesis of triacylglycerol in adipose tissue?_____

Answer: Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Flashcard 139: Estrogen causes an increase in the turnover of _____ receptors.

Answer: LDL

Flashcard 140: Which ketone body is detected by Rothera's test?_____

Answer: Acetoacetate

Flashcard 141: Deficiency of apolipoprotein _____ can be a risk factor development of acute pancreatitis

Answer: C-II

Flashcard 142: Which lipoxygenase is commonly seen in neutrophils?_____

Answer: 5-lipoxygenase

Flashcard 143: What are the Secondary bile acids?_____

Answer: Deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid

Flashcard 144: Enzymes for catabolism of glycerol of triacylglycerol are found in all tissues except the _____

Answer: brain

Flashcard 145: _____ is a primary ketone body.

Answer: Acetoacetate

Flashcard 146: Apo A-II _____ lipoprotein lipase.

Answer: inhibits (activates/inhibits)

Flashcard 147: Which fatty acids are known to possess anti-inflammatory activities?_____

Answer: 3 fatty acids

Flashcard 148: Arachidonic acid is a semi-essential fatty acid since it can be derived from _____ acid.

Answer: Linoleic

Flashcard 149: Which organ pair can synthesize the whole range of COX products?_____

Answer: Lung and spleen

Flashcard 150: What is the most active carbon atom donor in fatty acid synthesis?_____

Answer: Malonyl-coA

Flashcard 151: Which prostaglandins are also known as primary prostaglandins?_____

Answer: PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2a

Flashcard 152: Triacylglycerol is synthesized in adipose tissue using _____

Answer: dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Flashcard 153: The common precursor in the biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols and Phosphoglycerols is _____

Answer: phosphatidate

Flashcard 154: Which lipoprotein molecule has the least percentage of lipid content, with the highest protein content?_____

Answer: HDL

Flashcard 155: What is the acyl group carrier of intermediates in fatty acid synthesis?_____

Answer: sulfhydryl group of the Fatty acid synthase

Flashcard 156: IDLs undergo hydrolysis in the _____ of the liver to form LDL

Answer: blood capillaries

Flashcard 157: Free fatty acids are transported in the blood bound to _____.

Answer: albumin

Flashcard 158: Thio_____ is the enzyme required for the final step of -oxidation of fatty acids.

Answer: lase

Flashcard 159: Gallstone chemistry most commonly seen is crystalline cholesterol _____hydrate.

Answer: mono

Flashcard 160: The most common form of lipid accumulation is _____

Answer: triglycerides

Flashcard 161: Natural estrogens are:_____

Answer: Estradiol, Estriol, Estrone

Flashcard 162: VLCFA levels in blood are _____creased in cerebrohepatorenal syndrome

Answer: in

Flashcard 163: The first intermediate in the synthesis of bile acids is _____

Answer: 7-hydroxycholesterol

Flashcard 164: _____ is the most abundant lipid in surfactant.

Answer: Lecithin

Flashcard 165: Palmitoleic acid, Oleic acid and Elaidic acid are types of _____unsaturated fatty acids

Answer: mono (poly/mono)

Flashcard 166: ACAT is the intracellular enzyme which is activated by the _____ in the cell

Answer: free cholesterol

Flashcard 167: Which phospholipid serves as a reservoir for prostaglandin synthesis?_____

Answer: Phosphatidylinositol

Flashcard 168: VLCFA levels are _____ in Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata

Answer: normal

Flashcard 169: _____ acids are a by-product of the hydrogenation of vegetable oils.

Answer: Trans fatty

Flashcard 170: The first step in the synthesis of eicosanoids involves the activation of _____.

Answer: hydrolase

Flashcard 171: Which oil has the max. amount of saturated fatty acids?_____

Answer: Coconut oil

Flashcard 172: _____ is the common structure among all sphingolipids

Answer: Ceramide

Flashcard 173: In fatty acid synthesis, removal of CO2 occurs in the _____ step.

Answer: condensation

Flashcard 174: In which organelles of hepatocyte does the elongation of long chain fatty acid take place?_____

Answer: the cytosol, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (microsomes)

Flashcard 175: _____ disease is characterised by reduced levels of _____ in lipid profile

Answer: Tangier's; Apo A1

Flashcard 176: _____ disease is characterised by reduced levels of _____ in lipid profile

Answer: Tangier's; Apo A1

Flashcard 177: In _____ (cerebrohepatorenal) syndrome in which H2O2-mediated peroxisomal beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) is impaired.

Answer: Zellweger

Flashcard 178: Complete deficiency of the enzyme LCAT points to the diagnosis of _____ disease.

Answer: Norum's

Flashcard 179: The sites of cholesterol synthesis are the cytosol and _____.

Answer: endoplasmic reticulum

Flashcard 180: In chronic diabetes, the values of TG and VLDL are increased due to an _____ in hormone-sensitive lipase and a _____ in lipoprotein lipase.

Answer: increase; decrease

Flashcard 181: MUFA (Monounsaturated fatty acids) causes an increase in _____ levels and decreases serum LDL and total _____ levels.

Answer: HDL; cholesterol