Lipid Metabolism Indian Medical PG Flashcards - Medical Study Cards
Master Lipid Metabolism with OnCourse flashcards. These spaced repetition flashcards are designed for medical students preparing for NEET PG, USMLE Step 1, USMLE Step 2, MBBS exams, and other medical licensing examinations.
Lipid Metabolism Flashcard Deck - 181 Cards
Flashcard 1: 25b0b4eedaba438b9fd6b90136b02c98-ao-3
Answer: omega fatty acids
Extra: remember 3-small no. long names
6-big no. small names
Flashcard 2: sources of MUFA are
Answer: vegetables
ground nut
mustard
remember MUFA---MUstard,MUngfali(groundnut)
Extra:
Flashcard 3: _____ are sources of saturated oil
Answer: animal and coconut oil
Extra:
Flashcard 4: breast milk is rich in _____ fatty acids
Answer: PUFA/polyunsaturated and MUFA
Extra:
Flashcard 5: 25b0b4eedaba438b9fd6b90136b02c98-ao-4
Answer: omega fatty acids
Extra:
remember 3-small no. long names
6-big no. small names
Flashcard 6: 25b0b4eedaba438b9fd6b90136b02c98-ao-2
Answer: omega fatty acids
Extra: remember 3-small no. long names
6-big no. small names
Flashcard 7: advantage of dalda ghee is _____
Answer: easy transport and storage
Extra:
Flashcard 8: 344cf33ad4264830802d8af9be43462b-oa-3
Answer: classification of fat
Extra:
Flashcard 9: 344cf33ad4264830802d8af9be43462b-oa-1
Answer: classification of fat
Extra:
Flashcard 10: 25b0b4eedaba438b9fd6b90136b02c98-ao-1
Answer: omega fatty acids
Extra: remember 3-small no. long names
6-big no. small names
Flashcard 11: MUFA is _____ acid
Answer: oleic
Extra:
Flashcard 12: 344cf33ad4264830802d8af9be43462b-oa-2
Answer: classification of fat
Extra:
Flashcard 13: 25b0b4eedaba438b9fd6b90136b02c98-ao-5
Answer: omega fatty acids
Extra: remember 3-small no. long names
6-big no. small names
Flashcard 14: Fatty acyl-carnitine is converted into _____ via the enzyme carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 (CPT2)
Answer: fatty acyl-CoA
Flashcard 15: A major step in the conversion of Arachidonic acids (AA) to leukotrienes is the conversion to _____ by the enzyme 5-lipooxygenase
Answer: 5-HPETE
Flashcard 16: Hormone sensitive lipase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ and cortisol
Answer: epinephrine
Flashcard 17: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase requires _____, biotin, and CO2
Answer: ATP
Flashcard 18: What are the three ketone bodies?1. _____2. -hydroxybutyrate3. Acetone
Answer: Acetoacetate
Flashcard 19: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ and citrate
Answer: insulin
Flashcard 20: Decreased _____ or alteration in its metabolism results in mitochondrial dysfunction seen in Barth syndrome (cardioskeletal myopathy).
Answer: cardiolipin
Flashcard 21: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is regulated via negative feedback by _____ and palmitoyl CoA
Answer: glucagon
Flashcard 22: In the intermembrane space, fatty acyl-CoA is converted to _____ via the enzyme carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1)
Answer: fatty acyl-carnitine
Flashcard 23: Increased NADH/NAD+ (e.g. due to ethanol) causes increased conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate -> _____, which combines with fatty acids to make triglycerides, leading to hepatosteatosis (liver pathology)
Answer: glycerol-3-phosphate
Flashcard 24: Medium chain acyl-CoA deydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is characterized by _____-ketotic, hypo-glycemia
Answer: hypo
Flashcard 25: Free fatty acids (from triglycerides) can be used for energy by the _____ and skeletal muscle
Answer: heart
Flashcard 26: Pregnenolone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Answer: progesterone
Flashcard 27: The chylomicron remnant expresses only apolipoprotein _____ and E on its surface
Answer: B-48
Flashcard 28: _____ deficiency may cause dicarboxylic acidemia/aciduria due to omega oxidation of fatty acids
Answer: Medium chain acyl-CoA deydrogenase (MCAD)
Flashcard 29: 17-hydroxypregnenolone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Answer: 17-hydroxyprogesterone
Flashcard 30: The phospholipid _____ is composed of Phosphatidylethanolamine
Answer: cephalin
Flashcard 31: Fatty acyl-CoA is broken down into molecules of _____ via the enzyme fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (-oxidation)
Answer: acetyl CoA
Flashcard 32: _____ is a PUFA containing 6 double bonds
Answer: Cervonic acid
Flashcard 33: Once in the vicinity of adipocytes, apoprotein _____ on the VLDL activates the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
Answer: C-II
Flashcard 34: Each cycle of -oxidation produces _____ molecule of FADH2 and one molecule of NADH
Answer: one
Flashcard 35: Abetalipoproteinemia is an _____ inherited malabsorption disorder that is caused by a mutation in the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
Answer: autosomal recessive
Flashcard 36: Nascent HDL is secreted by the _____ and intestine
Answer: liver
Flashcard 37: The enzyme _____, present in the endoplasmic reticulum, catalyzes the conversion of stearic acid (a saturated fatty acid) to oleic acid, which is a MUFA.
Answer: 9 desaturase
Flashcard 38: In preparation for -oxidation, fatty acids in the intermembrane space are converted to _____ via the enzyme fatty acyl-CoA synthetase
Answer: fatty acyl-CoA
Flashcard 39: _____ deficiency is characterized by the accumulation of 8 to 10-carbon acyl carnitines in the blood
Answer: Medium chain acyl-CoA deydrogenase (MCAD)
Flashcard 40: In the cytosol, _____ may be converted to acetyl-CoA via the enzyme ATP citrate lyase (fatty acid synthesis)
Answer: citrate
Flashcard 41: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Answer: androstenedione
Flashcard 42: 17-hydroxyprogesterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17,20-lyase
Answer: androstenedione
Flashcard 43: HMG CoA is converted to _____ via the enzyme HMG CoA reductase (cholesterol synthesis)
Answer: mevalonate
Flashcard 44: Galactocerebroside is converted to _____ via the enzyme galactocerebrosidase
Answer: ceramide
Flashcard 45: In the ovaries, _____ cells synthesize pregnenolone from cholesterol via the enzyme cholesterol desmolase
Answer: theca
Flashcard 46: Progesterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17-hydroxylase
Answer: 17-hydroxyprogesterone
Flashcard 47: Increased levels of cholesterol inside the hepatocyte leads to _____ activity of the enzyme ACAT
Answer: increased
Flashcard 48: Androstenedione may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Answer: testosterone
Flashcard 49: Further removal of triglycerides from IDL, via the enzyme _____, leads to the formation of LDL
Answer: hepatic TG lipase
Flashcard 50: HMG CoA reductase is regulated via negative feedback by _____ and cholesterol
Answer: glucagon
Flashcard 51: In the blood, chylomicrons pick up apoprotein _____ and E from circulating HDL
Answer: C-II
Flashcard 52: After being absorbed from the GI tract, free cholesterol is packaged into a _____ as cholesterol ester
Answer: chylomicron
Flashcard 53: _____ is a protease produced by the liver that leads to degradation of hepatocyte LDL receptors
Answer: PCSK9
Flashcard 54: HMG CoA reductase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ and thyroxine (T4)
Answer: insulin
Flashcard 55: The acetyl CoA generated through -oxidation is used for _____ (liver) or the TCA cycle
Answer: ketogenesis
Flashcard 56: Progesterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 21-hydroxylase
Answer: 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC)
Flashcard 57: 17-hydroxypregnenolone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17,20-lyase
Answer: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Flashcard 58: The first step in all pathways of adrenocortical hormone synthesis is the conversion of _____ to pregnenolone by the enzyme cholesterol desmolase
Answer: cholesterol
Flashcard 59: In the blood, VLDLs pick up apoprotein _____ and E from circulating HDL
Answer: C-II
Flashcard 60: As surfactant production is increased (fetal lung maturation), _____ levels increase, while sphingomyelin levels remain constant
Answer: lecithin
Flashcard 61: _____ increases testosterone synthesis by stimulating the enzyme cholesterol desmolase
Answer: LH
Flashcard 62: Depletion of triglycerides from VLDLs produces _____, which may undergo further removal of triglycerides via the enzyme hepatic TG lipase, forming LDL
Answer: IDLs
Flashcard 63: Increased levels of cholesterol inside the hepatocyte leads to _____ activity of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase
Answer: decreased
Flashcard 64: In the blood, free radicals may take an electron from apoprotein _____ on LDL, forming oxidized LDL
Answer: B-100
Flashcard 65: Apoprotein _____ binds the LDL receptor on the liver
Answer: B-100
Flashcard 66: In the ovaries, _____ cells synthesize and secrete progesterone from pregnenolone via the enzyme 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Answer: theca
Flashcard 67: Once in the vicinity of the liver, the chylomicron remnant binds the _____ receptor via apoprotein E
Answer: remnant
Flashcard 68: 17-hydroxypregnenolone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17,20-lyase
Answer: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Flashcard 69: _____ is characterized by a deficiency of apolipoprotein B-48 and B-100
Answer: Abetalipoproteinemia
Flashcard 70: Apoprotein _____ mediates chylomicron remnant uptake in the liver
Answer: E
Flashcard 71: _____ HDL is converted to HDL3 by the action of LCAT
Answer: Discoidal
Flashcard 72: The enzyme _____ may convert cholesterol to cholesterol ester in the blood in the presence of apoprotein A (found on HDL)
Answer: LCAT
Flashcard 73: Triglycerides in chylomicrons are hydrolyzed by the enzyme _____, releasing free fatty acids
Answer: lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
Flashcard 74: Acetyl-CoA is converted to _____ via the enzyme HMG-CoA synthase (ketogenesis)
Answer: HMG-CoA
Flashcard 75: Pregnenolone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17-hydroxylase
Answer: 17-hydroxypregnenolone
Flashcard 76: _____ is released from the phospholipid cell membrane by the enzyme phospholipase A2
Answer: Arachidonic acid
Flashcard 77: _____ causes atherosclerosis whereas apolipoprotein-A prevents atherosclerosis
Answer: apolipoprotein-a
Flashcard 78: Gallstone chemistry most commonly seen is _____ cholesterol monohydrate
Answer: crystalline
Flashcard 79: The _____ receptor on the liver binds to ApoE of the chylomicron remnant, causing subsequent endocytosis
Answer: remnant
Flashcard 80: _____-carbon steroids, such as DHEA and androstenedione, have androgenic activity and are precursors to estrogen
Answer: 19
Flashcard 81: Type _____ hyperlipoproteinemia is also known as familial chylomicronemia syndrome
Answer: I
Flashcard 82: On the cellular surface of hepatocytes, the LDL particle binds a _____ receptor via apoprotein B-100
Answer: LDL
Flashcard 83: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is also known as familial hypertriglyceridemia
Answer: IV
Flashcard 84: Apolipoprotein _____ is found on the lipoproteins LDL, IDL, and VLDL
Answer: B-100
Flashcard 85: _____ adds triglycerides to nascent VLDL in the liver and to chylomicrons in the intestine.
Answer: MTP
Flashcard 86: Apo B-_____ is found only on particles originating from the intestines, whereas Apo B-100 is found only on particles originating from the liver
Answer: 48
Flashcard 87: _____ is an altered form of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that contains the apo B-100 portion of LDL linked to apo a
Answer: Lipoprotein a [Lp(a)]
Flashcard 88: The hormone lipoprotein lipase is regulated via positive feedback by _____ and apoprotein C-II
Answer: insulin
Flashcard 89: In the liver, bile acids are conjugated to the amino acids _____ or taurine to form bile salts
Answer: glycine
Flashcard 90: _____ is a PUFA containing 5 double bonds
Answer: Timnodonic acid
Flashcard 91: Acetyl-CoA is converted to _____ via the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (fatty acid synthesis)
Answer: malonyl-CoA
Flashcard 92: The serum lipoproteins elevated in type III familial dyslipidemia are _____ and VLDL
Answer: Chylomicrons
Flashcard 93: In the _____ cells of the ovary, androstenedione is converted to testosterone via the enzyme 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Answer: granulosa
Flashcard 94: Once depleted of their triglycerides, chylomicron _____ return to the liver
Answer: remnants
Flashcard 95: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is characterized by a 'creamy' layer in supernatant
Answer: I
Flashcard 96: Cholesterol synthesis:Condensation of six _____ units form squalene
Answer: isoprenoid
Flashcard 97: Fatty acid synthesis requires _____, which is provided directly from citrate
Answer: acetyl CoA
Flashcard 98: Malonyl-CoA may be converted to _____ via the enzyme fatty acid synthase
Answer: palmitate
Flashcard 99: Type _____ lipoproteinemia is due to a LPL or apo-CII deficiency
Answer: I
Flashcard 100: In extrahepatic tissues, acetoacetate is activated to _____ via the enzyme thiophorase (ketone body metabolism)
Answer: acetoacetyl-CoA
Flashcard 101: Peroxisomal beta-oxidation of VLCFAs lead to the formation of _____ and H2O2
Answer: octanoyl coA
Flashcard 102: Fatty acid synthesis predominantly occurs in the _____, lactating mammary glands (women), and adipose tissue
Answer: liver
Flashcard 103: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is due to either:- absent or defective LDL receptors - defective Apo B-100
Answer: IIa
Flashcard 104: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is due to a defective Apo E allele
Answer: III
Flashcard 105: Cholesterol synthesis:Cyclization of _____ to give rise to the parent steroid, lanosterol
Answer: squalene
Flashcard 106: The IDL expresses only apolipoprotein _____ and E on its surface
Answer: B-100
Flashcard 107: Apoprotein _____ is an activator of the enzyme LCAT (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase)
Answer: A-1
Flashcard 108: Sphingomyelin is converted to _____ via the enzyme sphingomyelinase
Answer: ceramide
Flashcard 109: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
Answer: androstenedione
Flashcard 110: Apoprotein _____ mediates chylomicron secretion by the intestines
Answer: B-48
Flashcard 111: HDL transfers cholesterol esters to _____, IDLs, and VLDLs via cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) to be transported back to the liver
Answer: LDLs
Flashcard 112: _____ -carbon steroids have estrogenic activity
Answer: 18
Flashcard 113: The liver packages _____ and cholesterol into VLDLs, which enter the blood
Answer: triglycerides
Flashcard 114: Fatty acid synthesis requires _____, which is provided by the HMP shunt and malic enzyme
Answer: NADPH
Flashcard 115: The zona _____ normally cannot produce glucocorticoids because it lacks the enzyme 17-hydroxylase
Answer: glomerulosa
Flashcard 116: The intestines package _____ and cholesterol esters into chylomicrons, which initially enter the lymph
Answer: triglycerides
Flashcard 117: Hepatocytes synthesize _____ using the rate-limiting enzyme HMG CoA reductase
Answer: cholesterol
Flashcard 118: Apoprotein _____ is a cofactor and activator of the enzyme LPL (lipoprotein lipase)
Answer: C-II
Flashcard 119: Once in the vicinity of adipocytes, apoprotein _____ on the chylomicron activates the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
Answer: C-II
Flashcard 120: Adrenal _____, such as DHEA and androstenedione, have a ketone group at C-17 and are excreted as 17-ketosteroids in the urine
Answer: androgens
Flashcard 121: 11-deoxycortisol may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 11-hydroxylase
Answer: cortisol
Flashcard 122: The _____ receptor on the liver binds to ApoB-100 of the LDL particle, causing subsequent endocytosis
Answer: LDL
Flashcard 123: Corticosterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme aldosterone synthase
Answer: aldosterone
Flashcard 124: Glucocerebroside is converted to _____ via the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (-glucosidase)
Answer: ceramide
Flashcard 125: In type 1 diabetics, increased _____ leads to an increase in free fatty acids which are converted to ketone bodies in the liver
Answer: lipolysis
Flashcard 126: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is also known as Dysbetalipoproteinemia
Answer: III
Flashcard 127: 17-hydroxyprogesterone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 21-hydroxylase
Answer: 11-deoxycortisol
Flashcard 128: Dyslipidemia drugs _____ delivers cholesterol esters directly to the liver via scavenger receptor B-1 receptors
Answer: HDL
Flashcard 129: Fatty Acid Nomenclature: C18:2 (9,12) is an _____-carbon fatty acid with two double bonds
Answer: 18
Flashcard 130: Type _____ familial dyslipidemia is due to hepatic overproduction of VLDL
Answer: IV
Flashcard 131: One mechanism by which insulin stimulates lipogenesis is by _____ the levels of intracellular cAMP
Answer: decreasing
Flashcard 132: Pregnenolone may be converted to _____ via the enzyme 17-hydroxylase
Answer: 17-hydroxypregnenolone
Flashcard 133: What are the Primary bile acids?_____
Answer: Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
Flashcard 134: Which GAG attaches to Lipoprotein lipase and anchors it?_____
Answer: Heparan sulfate
Flashcard 135: What is the first hormone to be produced in cholesterol synthesis?_____
Answer: Lanosterol
Flashcard 136: Is -oxidation of fatty acids an energy yielding process?_____
Answer: No
Flashcard 137: Which enzyme of beta oxidation, converts ATP to AMP directly, releasing PPi?_____
Answer: Fatty-acyl coA synthetase
Flashcard 138: Which enzyme provides the source of glycerol-3-phosphate for the synthesis of triacylglycerol in adipose tissue?_____
Answer: Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Flashcard 139: Estrogen causes an increase in the turnover of _____ receptors.
Answer: LDL
Flashcard 140: Which ketone body is detected by Rothera's test?_____
Answer: Acetoacetate
Flashcard 141: Deficiency of apolipoprotein _____ can be a risk factor development of acute pancreatitis
Answer: C-II
Flashcard 142: Which lipoxygenase is commonly seen in neutrophils?_____
Answer: 5-lipoxygenase
Flashcard 143: What are the Secondary bile acids?_____
Answer: Deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid
Flashcard 144: Enzymes for catabolism of glycerol of triacylglycerol are found in all tissues except the _____
Answer: brain
Flashcard 145: _____ is a primary ketone body.
Answer: Acetoacetate
Flashcard 146: Apo A-II _____ lipoprotein lipase.
Answer: inhibits (activates/inhibits)
Flashcard 147: Which fatty acids are known to possess anti-inflammatory activities?_____
Answer: 3 fatty acids
Flashcard 148: Arachidonic acid is a semi-essential fatty acid since it can be derived from _____ acid.
Answer: Linoleic
Flashcard 149: Which organ pair can synthesize the whole range of COX products?_____
Answer: Lung and spleen
Flashcard 150: What is the most active carbon atom donor in fatty acid synthesis?_____
Answer: Malonyl-coA
Flashcard 151: Which prostaglandins are also known as primary prostaglandins?_____
Answer: PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2a
Flashcard 152: Triacylglycerol is synthesized in adipose tissue using _____
Answer: dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Flashcard 153: The common precursor in the biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols and Phosphoglycerols is _____
Answer: phosphatidate
Flashcard 154: Which lipoprotein molecule has the least percentage of lipid content, with the highest protein content?_____
Answer: HDL
Flashcard 155: What is the acyl group carrier of intermediates in fatty acid synthesis?_____
Answer: sulfhydryl group of the Fatty acid synthase
Flashcard 156: IDLs undergo hydrolysis in the _____ of the liver to form LDL
Answer: blood capillaries
Flashcard 157: Free fatty acids are transported in the blood bound to _____.
Answer: albumin
Flashcard 158: Thio_____ is the enzyme required for the final step of -oxidation of fatty acids.
Answer: lase
Flashcard 159: Gallstone chemistry most commonly seen is crystalline cholesterol _____hydrate.
Answer: mono
Flashcard 160: The most common form of lipid accumulation is _____
Answer: triglycerides
Flashcard 161: Natural estrogens are:_____
Answer: Estradiol, Estriol, Estrone
Flashcard 162: VLCFA levels in blood are _____creased in cerebrohepatorenal syndrome
Answer: in
Flashcard 163: The first intermediate in the synthesis of bile acids is _____
Answer: 7-hydroxycholesterol
Flashcard 164: _____ is the most abundant lipid in surfactant.
Answer: Lecithin
Flashcard 165: Palmitoleic acid, Oleic acid and Elaidic acid are types of _____unsaturated fatty acids
Answer: mono (poly/mono)
Flashcard 166: ACAT is the intracellular enzyme which is activated by the _____ in the cell
Answer: free cholesterol
Flashcard 167: Which phospholipid serves as a reservoir for prostaglandin synthesis?_____
Answer: Phosphatidylinositol
Flashcard 168: VLCFA levels are _____ in Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata
Answer: normal
Flashcard 169: _____ acids are a by-product of the hydrogenation of vegetable oils.
Answer: Trans fatty
Flashcard 170: The first step in the synthesis of eicosanoids involves the activation of _____.
Answer: hydrolase
Flashcard 171: Which oil has the max. amount of saturated fatty acids?_____
Answer: Coconut oil
Flashcard 172: _____ is the common structure among all sphingolipids
Answer: Ceramide
Flashcard 173: In fatty acid synthesis, removal of CO2 occurs in the _____ step.
Answer: condensation
Flashcard 174: In which organelles of hepatocyte does the elongation of long chain fatty acid take place?_____
Answer: the cytosol, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (microsomes)
Flashcard 175: _____ disease is characterised by reduced levels of _____ in lipid profile
Answer: Tangier's; Apo A1
Flashcard 176: _____ disease is characterised by reduced levels of _____ in lipid profile
Answer: Tangier's; Apo A1
Flashcard 177: In _____ (cerebrohepatorenal) syndrome in which H2O2-mediated peroxisomal beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) is impaired.
Answer: Zellweger
Flashcard 178: Complete deficiency of the enzyme LCAT points to the diagnosis of _____ disease.
Answer: Norum's
Flashcard 179: The sites of cholesterol synthesis are the cytosol and _____.
Answer: endoplasmic reticulum
Flashcard 180: In chronic diabetes, the values of TG and VLDL are increased due to an _____ in hormone-sensitive lipase and a _____ in lipoprotein lipase.
Answer: increase; decrease
Flashcard 181: MUFA (Monounsaturated fatty acids) causes an increase in _____ levels and decreases serum LDL and total _____ levels.
Answer: HDL; cholesterol
Keywords: Lipid Metabolism flashcards, medical flashcards, NEET PG preparation, USMLE Step 1 flashcards, Anki alternative, spaced repetition medical, OnCourse flashcards