Advanced wound care products US Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice US Medical PG questions for Advanced wound care products. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Advanced wound care products US Medical PG Question 1: A 23-year-old man comes to the emergency department with an open wound on his right hand. He states that he got into a bar fight about an hour ago. He appears heavily intoxicated and does not remember the whole situation, but he does recall lying on the ground in front of the bar after the fight. He does not recall any history of injuries but does remember a tetanus shot he received 6 years ago. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 77/min, and blood pressure is 132/78 mm Hg. Examination shows a soft, nontender abdomen. His joints have no bony deformities and display full range of motion. There is a 4-cm (1.6-in) lesion on his hand with the skin attached only on the ulnar side. The wound, which appears to be partly covered with soil and dirt, is irrigated and debrided by the hospital staff. Minimal erythema and no purulence is observed in the area surrounding the wound. What is the most appropriate next step in management?
- A. Apposition of wound edges under tension + rifampin
- B. Surgical treatment with skin flap + ciprofloxacin
- C. Surgical treatment with skin graft + tetanus vaccine
- D. Tension-free apposition of wound edges + sterile dressing
- E. Application of moist sterile dressing + tetanus vaccine (Correct Answer)
Advanced wound care products Explanation: ***Application of moist sterile dressing + tetanus vaccine***
- This approach is appropriate for a **contaminated, high-risk avulsion wound** to prevent infection and promote healing by secondary intention.
- The patient needs an updated **tetanus vaccine** because his last one was six years ago, and he has a contaminated wound.
*Apposition of wound edges under tension + rifampin*
- **Closing a contaminated wound under tension** is contraindicated as it increases the risk of infection and necrosis.
- **Rifampin is generally not the first-line prophylactic antibiotic** for this type of wound injury and is not needed if the wound has been thoroughly cleaned.
*Surgical treatment with skin flap + ciprofloxacin*
- This is an **overly aggressive initial approach** for an acute, contaminated wound, as the priority is preventing infection before definitive closure or reconstruction.
- **Ciprofloxacin** is not typically the first-choice prophylactic antibiotic for contaminated soft tissue wounds.
*Surgical treatment with skin graft + tetanus vaccine*
- A **skin graft** is a definitive reconstructive procedure and is not indicated as the immediate next step for a fresh, contaminated avulsion wound.
- The wound first needs to be thoroughly cleaned and monitored for infection before considering graft options.
*Tension-free apposition of wound edges + sterile dressing*
- While **tension-free closure** is ideal, this wound is **heavily contaminated with soil and dirt** and has some avulsion, making primary closure risky due to a high infection rate.
- **Allowing the wound to heal by secondary intention** with a moist dressing is safer in this situation.
Advanced wound care products US Medical PG Question 2: A 23-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after stepping on a piece of broken glass. Physical examination shows a 3-cm, ragged laceration on the plantar aspect of the left foot. The physician uses hydrogen peroxide to clean the wound. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of this disinfectant?
- A. Formation of free radicals (Correct Answer)
- B. Intercalation of DNA
- C. Crosslinking of proteins
- D. Halogenation of nucleic acids
- E. Congealing of cytoplasm
Advanced wound care products Explanation: ***Formation of free radicals***
- **Hydrogen peroxide** acts as an **oxidizing agent**, generating highly reactive **oxygen-free radicals** (e.g., superoxide, hydroxyl radicals) that damage microbial cellular components.
- This **oxidative damage** disrupts proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, leading to bacterial and viral cell death.
*Intercalation of DNA*
- This mechanism is characteristic of certain **chemotherapeutic agents** (e.g., doxorubicin, ethidium bromide) and some **antimicrobials**, which insert themselves between DNA base pairs, disrupting replication and transcription.
- Hydrogen peroxide does not typically target DNA in this manner for its disinfectant action.
*Crosslinking of proteins*
- This mechanism is characteristic of **aldehydes** like **formaldehyde** and **glutaraldehyde**, which form covalent bonds between amino groups of proteins, denaturing them and disrupting cellular function.
- While hydrogen peroxide can modify proteins, its primary disinfectant action is not through widespread protein crosslinking.
*Halogenation of nucleic acids*
- This mechanism is primarily associated with **halogens** such as **chlorine** and **iodine**, which react with nucleic acids to form halogenated compounds, thereby inactivating them.
- Hydrogen peroxide, while an oxidizer, does not lead to halogenation as its primary mode of action.
*Congealing of cytoplasm*
- This mechanism, which refers to the coagulation or solidification of cellular contents, is typical of **alcohols** (e.g., ethanol, isopropanol) and some **heavy metal salts** that denature proteins and lipids, leading to cell lysis.
- Hydrogen peroxide's action is more specific to oxidative damage rather than general cytoplasmic congealing.
Advanced wound care products US Medical PG Question 3: An 11-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department after she fell during a dance class. She was unable to stand after the accident and has a painful and swollen knee. On presentation she says that she has had 2 previous swollen joints as well as profuse bleeding after minor cuts. Based on her presentation, a panel of bleeding tests is obtained with the following results:
Bleeding time: 11 minutes
Prothrombin time: 12 seconds
Partial thromboplastin time: 52 seconds
Which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating this patient's condition?
- A. Vitamin K
- B. Factor VIII repletion
- C. Factor VII repletion
- D. Desmopressin (Correct Answer)
- E. Platelet infusion
Advanced wound care products Explanation: ***Desmopressin***
- The patient's history of **easy bruising and bleeding**, along with a **prolonged bleeding time** and **normal PT/prolonged PTT**, is highly suggestive of **von Willebrand disease (vWD)**, specifically type 1 given the bleeding time.
- **Desmopressin (DDAVP)** is the treatment of choice for vWD, as it stimulates the release of **endogenous von Willebrand factor (vWF)** and factor VIII from endothelial cells, improving both primary hemostasis and the intrinsic coagulation pathway.
*Vitamin K*
- **Vitamin K** is essential for the synthesis of functioning **coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X**, as well as proteins C and S.
- This patient's **normal prothrombin time (PT)** suggests that the extrinsic and common pathways, which are dependent on adequate levels of vitamin K-dependent factors, are functioning adequately.
*Factor VIII repletion*
- Isolated **Factor VIII deficiency** (hemophilia A) would present with a **prolonged PTT** and **normal bleeding time**, as primary hemostasis (platelet plug formation) would be unaffected.
- In this patient, the **prolonged bleeding time** indicates a primary hemostasis defect, which is not directly corrected by Factor VIII repletion alone.
*Factor VII repletion*
- **Factor VII deficiency** primarily affects the **extrinsic coagulation pathway**, which would result in a **prolonged prothrombin time (PT)**.
- This patient has a **normal PT**, ruling out Factor VII deficiency as the primary cause of her bleeding disorder.
*Platelet infusion*
- A **prolonged bleeding time** can indicate a **quantitative (thrombocytopenia)** or **qualitative (platelet dysfunction)** defect in platelets.
- While platelet dysfunction is characteristic of vWD due to impaired platelet adhesion, **platelet infusions are generally not indicated for vWD** unless other therapies fail or in severe, life-threatening bleeding with very low vWF levels, as the issue is typically not a lack of platelets themselves but rather a lack of functional vWF to mediate their adhesion.
Advanced wound care products US Medical PG Question 4: A 37-year-old man presents to the emergency department after he cut his hand while working on his car. The patient has a past medical history of antisocial personality disorder and has been incarcerated multiple times. His vitals are within normal limits. Physical exam is notable for a man covered in tattoos with many bruises over his face and torso. Inspection of the patient's right hand reveals 2 deep lacerations on the dorsal aspects of the second and third metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints. The patient is given a tetanus vaccination, and the wound is irrigated. Which of the following is appropriate management for this patient?
- A. Closure of the wound with sutures
- B. Clindamycin and topical erythromycin
- C. Ciprofloxacin and topical erythromycin
- D. Surgical irrigation, debridement, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Correct Answer)
- E. No further management necessary
Advanced wound care products Explanation: ***Surgical irrigation, debridement, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid***
- The presence of deep lacerations over the metacarpophalangeal joints, combined with an injury mechanism suggestive of a **fight bite** (laceration from striking another person's teeth), mandates **aggressive surgical management**.
- **Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid** is the appropriate antibiotic choice for **human bite wounds** due to its broad spectrum covering common oral flora like *Eikenella corrodens*, *Streptococci*, and anaerobes.
*Closure of the wound with sutures*
- **Primary closure** of human bite wounds, especially those on the hand, is strongly **contraindicated** due to the high risk of severe infection.
- These wounds should be left open to drain and heal by **secondary intention** following thorough debridement.
*Clindamycin and topical erythromycin*
- **Clindamycin** has good anaerobic coverage but lacks sufficient coverage for common aerobes found in human bites like *Eikenella corrodens*.
- **Topical erythromycin** is ineffective for deep soft tissue infections and does not provide systemic protection against the likely pathogens.
*Ciprofloxacin and topical erythromycin*
- **Ciprofloxacin** has limited activity against many oral anaerobes and *Eikenella corrodens*, making it a poor choice for human bite prophylaxis.
- As mentioned, **topical antibiotics** are insufficient for preventing serious infections in deep bite wounds.
*No further management necessary*
- This patient has sustained a **deep, contaminated wound** with a high risk of serious infection, potentially involving joints or tendons.
- Failing to provide further management, including surgical exploration and appropriate antibiotics, would likely lead to severe complications such as **osteomyelitis** or **septic arthritis**.
Advanced wound care products US Medical PG Question 5: A scientist is studying the mechanisms by which bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. She begins by obtaining a culture of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and conducts replicate plating experiments. In these experiments, colonies are inoculated onto a membrane and smeared on 2 separate plates, 1 containing vancomycin and the other with no antibiotics. She finds that all of the bacterial colonies are vancomycin resistant because they grow on both plates. She then maintains the bacteria in liquid culture without vancomycin while she performs her other studies. Fifteen generations of bacteria later, she conducts replicate plating experiments again and finds that 20% of the colonies are now sensitive to vancomycin. Which of the following mechanisms is the most likely explanation for why these colonies have become vancomycin sensitive?
- A. Point mutation
- B. Gain of function mutation
- C. Viral infection
- D. Plasmid loss (Correct Answer)
- E. Loss of function mutation
Advanced wound care products Explanation: ***Plasmid loss***
- The initial **vancomycin resistance** in *Enterococcus faecalis* is often mediated by genes located on **plasmids**, which are extrachromosomal DNA.
- In the absence of selective pressure (vancomycin), bacteria that lose the plasmid (and thus the resistance genes) have a **growth advantage** over those that retain the energetically costly plasmid, leading to an increase in sensitive colonies over generations.
*Point mutation*
- A **point mutation** typically involves a change in a single nucleotide and could lead to loss of resistance if it occurred in a gene conferring resistance.
- However, since there was no selective pressure for loss of resistance, it is less likely that 20% of the population would acquire such a specific point mutation to revert resistance.
*Gain of function mutation*
- A **gain of function mutation** would imply that the bacteria acquired a *new* advantageous trait, not the *loss* of resistance.
- This type of mutation would not explain why some colonies became sensitive to vancomycin after the drug was removed.
*Viral infection*
- **Viral infection** (bacteriophages) can transfer genes through transduction or cause bacterial lysis, but it's not the primary mechanism for a widespread reversion of resistance in the absence of antibiotic pressure.
- It would not explain the observed increase in vancomycin-sensitive colonies due to evolutionary pressure.
*Loss of function mutation*
- While a **loss of function mutation** in a gene conferring resistance could lead to sensitivity, it's generally less likely to explain a 20% shift without selective pressure than **plasmid loss**.
- Plasmids are often unstable and are easily lost in the absence of selection, whereas a specific gene mutation causing loss of function would need to arise and become prevalent in the population.
Advanced wound care products US Medical PG Question 6: A 14-year-old girl is brought to the physician after she accidentally cut her right forearm earlier that morning while working with her mother's embroidery scissors. She has no history of serious illness. The mother says she went to elementary and middle school abroad and is not sure if she received all of her childhood vaccinations. She appears healthy. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6 °F), pulse 90/min, and blood pressure is 102/68 mm Hg. Examination shows a clean 2-cm laceration on her right forearm with surrounding edema. There is no erythema or discharge. The wound is irrigated with water and washed with soap. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
- A. Administer Tdap only (Correct Answer)
- B. Administer DTaP only
- C. No further steps are necessary
- D. Administer TIG only
- E. Intravenous metronidazole
Advanced wound care products Explanation: ***Administer Tdap only***
- A 14-year-old with an unknown or incomplete vaccination history requires a **Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis) booster** for **tetanus prophylaxis** after a wound.
- The wound is clean, and there are no signs of active infection or high-risk features that would necessitate tetanus immune globulin (TIG).
*Administer DTaP only*
- **DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis)** is typically administered to children younger than 7 years of age.
- This patient is 14 years old, making Tdap the more appropriate vaccine formulation for her age group.
*No further steps are necessary*
- Given the patient's **unknown vaccination history** and a laceration, tetanus prophylaxis is crucial to prevent **tetanus**, a potentially life-threatening condition.
- Simply cleaning the wound is insufficient protection without adequate vaccination status.
*Administer TIG only*
- **Tetanus immune globulin (TIG)** is typically reserved for patients with **dirty or severe wounds** and an unknown or incomplete vaccination history, or for those who are immunocompromised.
- This patient has a **clean laceration** with no indication of high-risk features that would warrant TIG.
*Intravenous metronidazole*
- **Metronidazole** is an antibiotic used to treat **anaerobic bacterial infections** and certain parasitic infections.
- The patient has no signs of infection (no erythema, discharge, or fever) that would necessitate antibiotic treatment at this time.
Advanced wound care products US Medical PG Question 7: A 35-year-old male is brought into the emergency department for a trauma emergency. The emergency medical services states that the patient was wounded with a knife on his upper left thigh near the inguinal ligament. Upon examination in the trauma bay, the patient is awake and alert. His physical exam and FAST exam is normal other than the knife wound. Large bore intravenous lines are inserted into the patient for access and fluids are being administered. Pressure on the knife wound is being held by one of the physicians with adequate control of the bleeding, but the physician notices the blood was previously extravasating in a pulsatile manner. His vitals are BP 100/50, HR 110, T 97.8, RR 22. What is the next best step for this patient?
- A. CT lower extremities
- B. Radiograph lower extremities
- C. Coagulation studies and blood typing/crossmatch
- D. Tourniquet of proximal lower extremity
- E. Emergent surgery (Correct Answer)
Advanced wound care products Explanation: ***Emergent surgery***
- The pulsatile bleeding from a thigh wound near the inguinal ligament is highly suggestive of a major arterial injury, such as to the **femoral artery**.
- Given the potential for rapid blood loss and hemodynamic instability, **emergent surgical exploration and repair** are necessary to control the bleeding and prevent further compromise.
*CT lower extremities*
- While CT angiography could further delineate vascular injury, the presence of **active pulsatile bleeding** necessitates immediate surgical intervention rather than delaying for imaging.
- Delaying surgery for imaging risks **exsanguination** and worsening patient outcomes, especially with a blood pressure of **100/50 mmHg** and a heart rate of **110 bpm**, indicating early shock.
*Radiograph lower extremities*
- A radiograph would primarily visualize bone structures and foreign bodies but would not provide adequate information regarding the **vascular injury** and active bleeding.
- It would not change the urgent need for **surgical exploration** to address the pulsatile hemorrhage.
*Coagulation studies and blood typing/crossmatch*
- These are important preparatory steps for major surgery involving significant blood loss, but they should be carried out **concurrently with preparations for emergent surgery**, not instead of it.
- Delaying surgery to await these results would be inappropriate when facing **active arterial bleeding**.
*Tourniquet of proximal lower extremity*
- While a tourniquet can be used for temporary hemorrhage control, especially in an uncontrolled external hemorrhage, the current bleeding is being controlled by **direct pressure**.
- Applying a tourniquet could cause **ischemic damage** to the extremity if applied for too long, and for a deep stab wound, direct compression is often effective until surgical control can be achieved.
Advanced wound care products US Medical PG Question 8: A 56-year-old woman undergoes open reduction and internal fixation of the distal tibia 1 day after a fall. She has had rheumatoid arthritis for 12 years and diabetes mellitus for 2 years. Her medications over the past year have included metformin, prednisone, calcium supplements, and methotrexate. Prior to surgery, insulin was added to her medications, and the dose of prednisone was increased. She has had appropriate nutrition over the years with regular follow-ups with her healthcare professional. Which of the following is the most appropriate supplement to prevent wound failure in this patient?
- A. Glutamine
- B. Zinc
- C. Vitamin A
- D. Arginine
- E. Vitamin C (Correct Answer)
Advanced wound care products Explanation: ***Vitamin C***
- This patient is at high risk for **wound healing complications** due to her comorbidities (diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis) and medications (prednisone, methotrexate). **Vitamin C** (ascorbic acid) is essential for **collagen synthesis** and cross-linking, which is crucial for wound strength and tissue repair.
- While other options play a role in wound healing, Vitamin C is particularly important in patients with **impaired healing** due to chronic inflammation, corticosteroid use, and metabolic disorders, as it counteracts their negative effects on collagen formation.
*Glutamine*
- **Glutamine** is an important fuel for rapidly dividing cells, including immune cells and fibroblasts, and can be beneficial in catabolic states.
- However, its role in directly counteracting the specific challenges of this patient's wound healing (corticosteroid use, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis) is **less direct** compared to Vitamin C's role in collagen synthesis.
*Zinc*
- **Zinc** is a cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in cell proliferation, immune function, and collagen synthesis.
- While important, zinc deficiency is not explicitly indicated, and its role as a primary intervention to prevent wound failure in a patient with **prednisone-induced healing impairment** is secondary to vitamin C.
*Vitamin A*
- **Vitamin A** can help reverse the negative effects of **corticosteroids** on wound healing by promoting epithelialization and collagen synthesis.
- While relevant due to prednisone use, its overall importance in **collagen formation** and direct wound strength is not as profound or broad as Vitamin C.
*Arginine*
- **Arginine** is a precursor for nitric oxide, which improves blood flow to wounds, and is involved in collagen formation and immune function.
- Although beneficial for wound healing, particularly in critically ill patients, it is **not the most appropriate single supplement** for addressing the specific collagen synthesis impairment seen in this patient's context of corticosteroid use and chronic disease.
Advanced wound care products US Medical PG Question 9: Three hours later, the patient is reassessed. Her right arm is put in an elevated position and physical examination of the extremity is performed. The examination reveals reduced capillary return and peripheral pallor. Pulse oximetry of her right index finger on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 84%. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
- A. Perform fasciotomy
- B. Obtain split-thickness skin graft
- C. Decrease rate of IV fluids
- D. Perform right upper extremity amputation
- E. Perform escharotomy (Correct Answer)
Advanced wound care products Explanation: ***Perform escharotomy***
- The patient's symptoms of **reduced capillary return**, **peripheral pallor**, and **low oxygen saturation** in the setting of an elevated arm indicate **compartment syndrome** due to circumferential burn-related edema.
- **Escharotomy** is the appropriate immediate intervention to relieve pressure and restore circulation in deep circumferential burns.
*Perform fasciotomy*
- **Fasciotomy** is indicated for compartment syndrome due to **non-burn-related trauma** or other causes, where the tight fascia is the primary constricting factor.
- In burns, the **tough, inelastic eschar** itself is usually the constricting element, requiring escharotomy.
*Obtain split-thickness skin graft*
- A **split-thickness skin graft** is a reconstructive procedure performed after the burn wound has been adequately debrided and the patient is stable.
- It is not an emergent intervention to address acute limb ischemia from compartment syndrome.
*Decrease rate of IV fluids*
- While excessive fluid resuscitation can contribute to edema, the immediate and critical issue is the **compromised circulation** due to the constricting eschar, not solely fluid overload.
- Reducing IV fluids would not rapidly reverse the existing limb ischemia and could potentially lead to **hypoperfusion** if the patient is already under-resuscitated.
*Perform right upper extremity amputation*
- **Amputation** is a last resort, considered only after all attempts to salvage the limb, including escharotomy, have failed and there is irreversible tissue necrosis.
- It is not the appropriate first-line response to acute compartment syndrome from burns.
Advanced wound care products US Medical PG Question 10: A 34-year-old woman is brought into the emergency department by emergency medical services after an electrical fire in her apartment. She is coughing with an O2 saturation of 98%, on 2L of nasal cannula. The patient's physical exam is significant for a burn on her right forearm that appears to be dry, white, and leathery in texture. Her pulses and sensations are intact in all extremities. The patient's vitals are HR 110, BP 110/80, T 99.2, RR 20. She has no evidence of soot in her mouth and admits to leaving the room as soon as the fire started. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
- A. Excision and grafting (Correct Answer)
- B. Bacitracin
- C. Amputation
- D. Mafenide acetate
- E. Pain relievers
Advanced wound care products Explanation: ***Excision and grafting***
* The burn is described as **dry, white, and leathery**, which are classic features of a **full-thickness (third-degree) burn**.
* Full-thickness burns destroy all skin layers including the dermis, and typically have **loss of sensation** at the burn site due to nerve ending destruction.
* **Excision and grafting** is the definitive treatment for full-thickness burns, involving removal of necrotic tissue and skin grafting to promote healing and prevent infection.
* The patient has intact pulses and sensations in all extremities (indicating no compartment syndrome or vascular compromise), making her a good candidate for this procedure.
*Bacitracin*
* **Bacitracin** is an antibiotic ointment used for **superficial (first-degree) or minor partial-thickness burns**.
* It is insufficient for a **full-thickness burn**, which requires surgical debridement and grafting for proper healing.
*Amputation*
* **Amputation** is reserved for cases of **irreversible tissue damage** with compromised vascularity, extensive non-viable tissue, or severe crush injuries.
* This patient has **intact pulses and sensations in all extremities**, indicating the limb is viable and perfused, making amputation inappropriate.
*Mafenide acetate*
* **Mafenide acetate** is a topical antimicrobial agent that penetrates eschar and can be used for deep burns to prevent infection.
* While useful as adjunctive therapy, it does **not replace the need for surgical excision and grafting**, which is the definitive treatment for full-thickness burns.
*Pain relievers*
* **Pain relievers** are important supportive care for burn patients but are **not definitive treatment**.
* They manage symptoms but do not address the underlying need for debridement and wound closure through grafting.
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