Cardiac risk assessment US Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice US Medical PG questions for Cardiac risk assessment. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Cardiac risk assessment US Medical PG Question 1: An investigator is conducting a study to identify potential risk factors for post-transplant hypertension. The investigator selects post-transplant patients with hypertension and gathers detailed information regarding their age, gender, preoperative blood pressure readings, and current medications. The results of the study reveal that some of the patients had been treated with cyclosporine. This study is best described as which of the following?
- A. Cross-sectional study
- B. Retrospective cohort study
- C. Prospective cohort study
- D. Case series
- E. Case-control study (Correct Answer)
Cardiac risk assessment Explanation: ***Case-control study***
- A **case-control study** compares individuals with a disease (cases) to individuals without the disease (controls) to identify risk factors retrospectively.
- In this study, the investigator selects post-transplant patients **with hypertension** (the cases) and looks backward at their exposures, including cyclosporine use, to identify potential risk factors.
- The analytical goal of "identifying risk factors" and the observation that **some patients had been treated with cyclosporine** (implying comparison with those who were not) indicates a case-control design.
- Even if controls are not explicitly mentioned, the study design involves analyzing exposure patterns among cases to identify associations with risk factors.
*Case series*
- A **case series** is purely descriptive and involves collecting detailed information on a group of patients with a common condition without any comparison or analytical hypothesis testing.
- While this study does describe patients with post-transplant hypertension, the key difference is the **analytical intent** to identify risk factors, which goes beyond simple description.
- A true case series would simply report clinical characteristics without attempting to establish associations between exposures and outcomes.
*Cross-sectional study*
- A **cross-sectional study** assesses both exposure and outcome simultaneously at a single point in time to determine prevalence.
- This approach would involve surveying a population of post-transplant patients to determine the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors at that moment.
- The study described has already selected patients with the outcome (hypertension), making it retrospective rather than cross-sectional.
*Retrospective cohort study*
- A **retrospective cohort study** examines past data by first classifying patients based on **exposure status** (e.g., cyclosporine use vs. no cyclosporine), then following them forward in time to see who developed the outcome.
- The key difference is that cohort studies **start with exposure** and move to outcome, whereas this study **starts with outcome** (hypertension) and looks back at exposures.
- If the investigator had selected all transplant patients, divided them by cyclosporine exposure, and then determined hypertension rates in each group, it would be a retrospective cohort study.
*Prospective cohort study*
- A **prospective cohort study** identifies a cohort at baseline (before the outcome) and follows them forward in time to observe who develops the outcome.
- This study has already selected patients **with the outcome present**, making it retrospective rather than prospective.
- A prospective design would require identifying transplant patients at the time of transplant and following them over time to see who develops hypertension.
Cardiac risk assessment US Medical PG Question 2: A patient presents with periods of severe headaches and flushing however every time they have come to the physician they have not experienced any symptoms. The only abnormal finding is a blood pressure of 175 mmHg/100 mmHg. It is determined that the optimal treatment for this patient is surgical. Prior to surgery which of the following noncompetitive inhibitors should be administered?
- A. Phentolamine
- B. Isoproterenol
- C. Atropine
- D. Propranolol
- E. Phenoxybenzamine (Correct Answer)
Cardiac risk assessment Explanation: ***Phenoxybenzamine***
- This patient likely has a **pheochromocytoma**, which explains the episodic headaches, flushing, and hypertension. **Phenoxybenzamine** is a **non-competitive, irreversible alpha-adrenergic blocker** that is crucial for preoperative preparation to prevent a **hypertensive crisis** during surgery.
- Its **irreversible binding** provides sustained alpha blockade, essential to control blood pressure and avoid catecholamine-induced surges during tumor manipulation.
*Phentolamine*
- **Phentolamine** is a **competitive alpha-adrenergic blocker** used to manage acute hypertensive episodes, but it has a shorter duration of action.
- It is not preferred for sustained preoperative alpha blockade due to its **reversible nature** and potential for drug washout during surgery, which could lead to catecholamine surges.
*Isoproterenol*
- **Isoproterenol** is a **beta-adrenergic agonist** that increases heart rate and contractility, and causes bronchodilation.
- It would be contraindicated in a patient with pheochromocytoma as it could worsen hypertension and cardiac symptoms by stimulating beta receptors that are already overly sensitive to endogenous catecholamines.
*Atropine*
- **Atropine** is a **muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist** that blocks parasympathetic effects, like bradycardia and salivation.
- It has no role in managing hypertension or the catecholamine excess seen in pheochromocytoma.
*Propranolol*
- **Propranolol** is a **non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker** that can be used to control tachycardia and arrhythmias in pheochromocytoma, but only *after* adequate alpha-blockade has been established.
- Using **propranolol alone** or before alpha-blockade can lead to **unopposed alpha-adrenergic stimulation**, resulting in a severe, life-threatening hypertensive crisis.
Cardiac risk assessment US Medical PG Question 3: A 50-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She has no personal or family history of serious illness. She smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 5 years during her 20s. Her pulse is 70/min, and blood pressure is 120/78 mm Hg. Serum lipid studies and glucose concentration are within the reference ranges. Which of the following health maintenance recommendations is most appropriate at this time?
- A. Perform BRCA gene test
- B. Perform abdominal ultrasound
- C. Perform 24-hour ECG
- D. Perform DEXA scan
- E. Perform colonoscopy (Correct Answer)
Cardiac risk assessment Explanation: ***Perform colonoscopy***
- **Colorectal cancer screening** with colonoscopy is generally recommended for individuals at average risk starting at age **45-50 years**.
- This patient is **50 years old** and has no increased risk factors, making routine colonoscopy the most appropriate screening.
*Perform BRCA gene test*
- **BRCA gene testing** is indicated for individuals with a strong **family history** of breast or ovarian cancer, or those with personal history suggesting a genetic predisposition.
- This patient has **no personal or family history** of serious illness, so BRCA testing is not warranted.
*Perform abdominal ultrasound*
- **Abdominal ultrasound** is typically used to investigate specific symptoms or screen for conditions like **abdominal aortic aneurysm** in high-risk individuals (e.g., male smokers over 65).
- This patient has **no relevant symptoms** or risk factors for which routine abdominal ultrasound screening is recommended.
*Perform 24-hour ECG*
- A **24-hour ECG (Holter monitor)** is used to detect paroxysmal **arrhythmias** or evaluate symptoms like palpitations, syncope, or dizziness.
- This patient is asymptomatic with a normal pulse and blood pressure; therefore, **routine 24-hour ECG** is not indicated.
*Perform DEXA scan*
- A **DEXA scan** is recommended for **osteoporosis screening** in women typically starting at age **65**, or earlier if they have significant risk factors like a history of fragility fractures or certain medical conditions.
- At **50 years old** and with no apparent risk factors for osteoporosis, a DEXA scan is not yet routinely indicated according to general guidelines.
Cardiac risk assessment US Medical PG Question 4: A 41-year-old man presents to his primary care provider because of chest pain with activity for the past 6 months. Past medical history is significant for appendectomy at age 12 and hypertension, and diabetes mellitus type 2 that is poorly controlled. He takes metformin and lisinopril but admits that he is bad at remembering to take them everyday. His father had a heart attack at 41 and 2 stents were placed in his heart. His mother is healthy. He drinks alcohol occasionally and smokes a half of a pack of cigarettes a day. He is a sales executive and describes his work as stressful. Today, the blood pressure is 142/85 and the body mass index (BMI) is 28.5 kg/m2. A coronary angiogram shows > 75% narrowing of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Which of the following is most significant in this patient?
- A. Obesity
- B. Family history
- C. Hypertension
- D. Smoking
- E. Diabetes mellitus (Correct Answer)
Cardiac risk assessment Explanation: ***Diabetes mellitus***
- **Diabetes mellitus** is a significant risk factor for **atherosclerosis** and contributes to accelerated progression of **coronary artery disease (CAD)**, often leading to more widespread and severe disease.
- Poorly controlled diabetes can cause **endothelial dysfunction**, increasing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are key processes in **plaque formation** and destabilization.
*Obesity*
- **Obesity** (BMI 28.5 kg/m2) is a risk factor for **CAD** but often acts through associated conditions like **hypertension**, **diabetes**, and **dyslipidemia**.
- While it contributes to overall cardiovascular risk, it is less directly pathogenic than diabetes which independently accelerates **atherosclerosis**.
*Family history*
- The patient's father had a **heart attack at 41**, which is a significant risk factor for **early-onset CAD**.
- However, the patient has multiple modifiable risk factors (smoking, hypertension, diabetes) that are independently and more directly contributing to his current presentation.
*Hypertension*
- **Hypertension** (142/85 mmHg) is a major modifiable risk factor that causes **endothelial damage** and promotes **atherosclerosis**.
- While important, the patient's **poorly controlled diabetes mellitus** often creates a more aggressive environment for plaque formation and progression compared to hypertension alone.
*Smoking*
- **Smoking** is a potent, modifiable risk factor that causes direct vascular injury, promotes **thrombogenesis**, and contributes to **atherosclerosis**.
- Although highly detrimental, smoking is one of several significant risk factors; **diabetes mellitus**, with its systemic metabolic impact, can be considered more broadly influential in the severity and diffuse nature of **CAD**.
Cardiac risk assessment US Medical PG Question 5: A 21-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for severe malnutrition with a BMI of 15 kg/m2. Past medical history is significant for chronic anorexia nervosa. During the course of her stay, she is treated with parenteral fluids and nutrition management. On the 4th day, her status changes. Her blood pressure is 110/75 mm Hg, heart rate is 120/min, respiratory rate is 25/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical exam, her heart is tachycardic with a regular rhythm and her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. She appears confused, disoriented, and agitated. Strength in her lower extremities is 4/5. What is the next step in management?
- A. MRI of the brain
- B. Administer insulin
- C. Measure electrolytes (Correct Answer)
- D. Arrange for outpatient counseling
- E. Doppler ultrasound on lower extremities
Cardiac risk assessment Explanation: ***Measure electrolytes***
- The patient's presentation with **confusion, disorientation, agitation**, and **lower extremity weakness** after refeeding for severe **malnutrition** is highly suggestive of **refeeding syndrome**. This syndrome is characterized by severe electrolyte shifts, particularly **hypophosphatemia**, **hypokalemia**, and **hypomagnesemia**.
- Measuring electrolytes immediately is crucial to diagnose and then correct these imbalances, which can lead to life-threatening complications like **cardiac arrhythmias**, **respiratory failure**, and **seizures**.
*MRI of the brain*
- While neurological symptoms are present, a brain MRI is not the immediate first step given the context of refeeding in a severely malnourished patient.
- The symptoms are more consistent with **metabolic derangements** associated with **refeeding syndrome** than an acute primary neurological event.
*Administer insulin*
- Administering insulin without knowing the patient's glucose or electrolyte status could be dangerous, especially given the increased risk of **hypokalemia** and **hypophosphatemia** in refeeding syndrome, which insulin can exacerbate.
- Refeeding syndrome typically involves glucose shifts, but **hypoglycemia** is not the primary immediate concern, and hyperinsulinemia in this context can cause cellular uptake of electrolytes leading to further depletion.
*Arrange for outpatient counseling*
- The patient is acutely ill and experiencing a potentially life-threatening complication requiring immediate medical intervention.
- **Outpatient counseling** is not appropriate for an acute hospital admission with severe, rapidly changing symptoms.
*Doppler ultrasound on lower extremities*
- While immobility can increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), the patient's symptoms of **confusion, agitation, tachycardia, tachypnea**, and **weakness** are not primary indicators of DVT.
- The clinical picture points strongly towards **metabolic complications** of refeeding.
Cardiac risk assessment US Medical PG Question 6: A 39-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 5-month history of episodic retrosternal chest pain. She currently feels well. The pain is unrelated to exercise and does not radiate. The episodes typically last less than 15 minutes and lead to feelings of anxiety; resting relieves the pain. She has not had dyspnea or cough. She has hyperlipidemia treated with simvastatin. She does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 104/min, respirations are 17/min, and blood pressure is 124/76 mm Hg. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. An ECG shows sinus tachycardia. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the evaluation of coronary artery disease in this patient?
- A. Nuclear exercise stress test
- B. No further testing needed
- C. Troponin I measurement
- D. Dobutamine stress echocardiography
- E. Coronary CT angiogram (Correct Answer)
Cardiac risk assessment Explanation: ***Coronary CT angiogram***
- This patient has symptoms (non-exertional chest pain) raising suspicion for coronary artery disease (CAD), but her pre-test probability is low due to young age, female gender, and non-anginal features, making **coronary CT angiogram** an appropriate non-invasive first-line test.
- CT angiogram offers high sensitivity for detecting **coronary atherosclerosis** and can rule out CAD in patients with low-to-intermediate pretest probability.
*Nuclear exercise stress test*
- This test is typically reserved for patients with a **higher pre-test probability of CAD** or those with equivocal initial findings, as it involves radiation exposure and is more resource-intensive.
- The patient's chest pain is **unrelated to exercise**, making an exercise-based stress test less directly relevant as a first-line diagnostic.
*No further testing needed*
- While the patient's symptoms are atypical, her risk factor (hyperlipidemia) and recurrent retrosternal pain warrant further evaluation to **rule out CAD**, even with a low pre-test probability.
- Dismissing symptoms without further testing could miss early or atypical presentations of CAD.
*Troponin I measurement*
- **Troponin I** is used to diagnose **acute myocardial infarction** and indicates active myocardial necrosis; it is not for evaluating chronic, episodic chest pain in a patient who currently feels well.
- Her current well-being and the episodic nature of her pain make acute cardiac injury unlikely, and a normal troponin would not rule out underlying CAD.
*Dobutamine stress echocardiography*
- **Dobutamine stress echocardiography** is typically used for patients who cannot perform an exercise stress test (e.g., due to mobility issues) or when an exercise ECG is non-diagnostic.
- Given the patient's ability to exert herself (implied by no known mobility issues) and a non-exertional pain pattern, a CT angiogram offers superior anatomical detail for initial investigation.
Cardiac risk assessment US Medical PG Question 7: A 69-year-old man is scheduled to undergo radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer in 2 weeks. He had a myocardial infarction at the age of 54 years. He has a history of GERD, unstable angina, hyperlipidemia, and severe osteoarthritis in the left hip. He is unable to climb up stairs or walk fast because of pain in his left hip. He had smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years but quit 25 years ago. He drinks one glass of wine daily. Current medications include aspirin, metoprolol, lisinopril, rosuvastatin, omeprazole, and ibuprofen as needed. His temperature is 36.4°C (97.5°F), pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 136/88 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. A 12-lead ECG shows Q waves and inverted T waves in leads II, III, and aVF. His B-type natriuretic protein is 84 pg/mL (N < 125). Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management to assess this patient's perioperative cardiac risk?
- A. No further testing
- B. 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring
- C. Radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (Correct Answer)
- D. Treadmill stress test
- E. Resting echocardiography
Cardiac risk assessment Explanation: ***Radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging***
- This patient requires **perioperative cardiac risk assessment** before intermediate-risk surgery (radical prostatectomy).
- Key factors include: history of **myocardial infarction**, current cardiac risk factors, and **inability to exercise** due to severe osteoarthritis.
- Since he cannot perform exercise stress testing, **pharmacologic stress testing** with radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (using agents like adenosine, dipyridamole, or regadenoson) is the most appropriate test to assess for **inducible myocardial ischemia**.
- This provides functional assessment of coronary perfusion under pharmacologic stress, helping guide perioperative risk stratification and management.
- *Note: The presence of unstable angina would typically require cardiac stabilization first; this question focuses on selecting the appropriate stress test modality for a patient unable to exercise.*
*No further testing*
- This patient has significant cardiac risk factors including **prior MI**, ongoing cardiac medications, and ECG changes suggesting old infarction.
- Proceeding directly to surgery without functional cardiac assessment would be **inappropriate** given his risk profile and the intermediate-risk nature of the planned surgery.
*24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring*
- Holter monitoring detects arrhythmias and silent ischemic episodes but does not provide **functional capacity assessment** or evaluation of inducible ischemia under stress conditions.
- It is not the primary tool for **perioperative cardiac risk stratification** before major surgery.
*Treadmill stress test*
- The patient's **severe osteoarthritis** prevents him from climbing stairs or walking fast, making him unable to achieve adequate exercise workload for a treadmill stress test.
- This functional limitation makes **exercise stress testing contraindicated**; pharmacologic stress testing is required instead.
*Resting echocardiography*
- Resting echocardiography assesses **baseline left ventricular function**, wall motion abnormalities from prior infarction, and valvular disease.
- While useful for structural assessment, it does **not evaluate for exercise-induced or stress-induced ischemia**, which is critical for perioperative risk assessment in patients with coronary artery disease.
- His normal BNP (84 pg/mL) suggests adequate baseline ventricular function, making functional ischemia assessment more relevant than structural evaluation alone.
Cardiac risk assessment US Medical PG Question 8: A 71-year-old African American man diagnosed with high blood pressure presents to the outpatient clinic. In the clinic, his blood pressure is 161/88 mm Hg with a pulse of 88/min. He has had similar blood pressure measurements in the past, and you initiate captopril. He presents back shortly after initiation with extremely swollen lips, tongue, and face. After captopril is discontinued, what is the most appropriate step for the management of his high blood pressure?
- A. Initiate a beta-blocker
- B. Switch to ramipril
- C. Initiate a thiazide diuretic (Correct Answer)
- D. Reinitiate captopril
- E. Initiate an ARB
Cardiac risk assessment Explanation: ***Initiate a thiazide diuretic***
- The patient experienced **angioedema** after taking **captopril**, which is an **ACE inhibitor**. This is a life-threatening adverse effect, and it indicates that all **ACE inhibitors** should be avoided in the future.
- Due to the risk of angioedema, a different class of antihypertensive should be used. Given his African American ethnicity, a **thiazide diuretic** or **calcium channel blocker** would be an appropriate initial choice for monotherapy if hypertension is stage 1, or combination therapy if stage 2 hypertension, otherwise, a second agent, such as a **calcium channel blocker**, can be added.
*Initiate a beta-blocker*
- While beta-blockers are a class of antihypertensive drugs, they are generally not preferred as **first-line monotherapy** for **hypertension**, especially in older African American patients, unless there are specific comorbidities like heart failure or coronary artery disease.
- The most appropriate first-line choice after **ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema** would be a thiazide diuretic or calcium channel blocker, as per ACC/AHA guidelines for primary hypertension.
*Switch to ramipril*
- **Ramipril** is also an **ACE inhibitor**, and the patient experienced **angioedema** with **captopril** (another ACE inhibitor).
- Cross-reactivity and recurrence of angioedema are high with other ACE inhibitors, making this choice extremely dangerous and contraindicated.
*Reinitiate captopril*
- The patient developed **angioedema**, a severe and potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction, to **captopril**.
- Reinitiating the same drug could lead to recurrent, and potentially more severe, angioedema and is therefore absolutely contraindicated.
*Initiate an ARB*
- **Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)**, while a different class from ACE inhibitors, act on the renin-angiotensin system and carry a **small but significant risk of cross-reactivity** leading to angioedema, especially in patients who have experienced it with an ACE inhibitor.
- Given the life-threatening nature of angioedema, it is generally recommended to avoid ARBs if a patient has a history of ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema.
Cardiac risk assessment US Medical PG Question 9: A 66-year-old man with severe aortic stenosis (valve area 0.7 cm², mean gradient 55 mmHg) and Class III heart failure requires emergent hemicolectomy for perforated diverticulitis with peritonitis. He is hemodynamically stable on pressors. Cardiology states he is high-risk for valve replacement but could undergo TAVR in 2-3 weeks. The surgeon believes he needs surgery within 6-8 hours. Evaluate the management approach.
- A. Delay surgery, perform urgent TAVR, then colectomy in 2-3 weeks
- B. Proceed with colectomy under invasive monitoring with cardiology backup (Correct Answer)
- C. Perform colostomy only under local anesthesia, defer resection
- D. Medical management of perforation with antibiotics pending TAVR
- E. Simultaneous TAVR and emergency colectomy in hybrid OR
Cardiac risk assessment Explanation: ***Proceed with colectomy under invasive monitoring with cardiology backup***
- Perforated diverticulitis with **peritonitis** is an immediate surgical emergency requiring intervention within hours to prevent **sepsis** and death.
- Management of **severe aortic stenosis** in non-cardiac emergencies involves **invasive hemodynamic monitoring** to maintain a fixed cardiac output, adequate **preload**, and stable **systemic vascular resistance**.
*Delay surgery, perform urgent TAVR, then colectomy in 2-3 weeks*
- Waiting 2-3 weeks for a **TAVR** is not feasible for a patient with **peritonitis**, as the risk of mortality from untreated perforation is nearly 100%.
- **TAVR** requires a recovery period and often **antiplatelet therapy**, which would further complicate and delay the necessary abdominal surgery.
*Perform colostomy only under local anesthesia, defer resection*
- **Local anesthesia** is insufficient for managing generalized **peritonitis** and would not allow for the necessary thorough abdominal washout and source control.
- A simple colostomy without **resection** of the perforated segment fails to eliminate the source of **fecal contamination**, leading to persistent sepsis.
*Medical management of perforation with antibiotics pending TAVR*
- Antibiotics alone are inadequate for **Hinchey III/IV peritonitis**; the lack of **source control** results in high mortality regardless of cardiac status.
- The patient is already on **pressors**, indicating that the septic process is advanced and requires mechanical/surgical correction rather than conservative medical therapy.
*Simultaneous TAVR and emergency colectomy in hybrid OR*
- Combining a **clean-contaminated** or dirty surgery (colectomy) with a sterile cardiac procedure (TAVR) carries an unacceptable risk of **prosthetic valve infection**.
- The physiological stress of both procedures simultaneously would likely exceed the patient's **hemodynamic compensatory** mechanisms in the setting of acute sepsis.
Cardiac risk assessment US Medical PG Question 10: A 35-year-old woman scheduled for thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid cancer is found to have prolonged aPTT (52 seconds, normal 25-35) on routine preoperative labs. PT/INR is normal. She has history of two first-trimester miscarriages but denies personal bleeding history. Further testing reveals lupus anticoagulant positivity. Evaluate the perioperative hemostatic management.
- A. Cancel surgery and treat with anticoagulation indefinitely
- B. Proceed with surgery without additional precautions as bleeding risk is not increased (Correct Answer)
- C. Administer fresh frozen plasma preoperatively to correct aPTT
- D. Start therapeutic anticoagulation and bridge perioperatively
- E. Delay surgery, perform comprehensive thrombophilia workup, individualize management
Cardiac risk assessment Explanation: ***Proceed with surgery without additional precautions as bleeding risk is not increased***
- **Lupus anticoagulant** is an in-vitro laboratory artifact that causes a **prolonged aPTT** but is actually associated with a **prothrombotic state** rather than a bleeding risk.
- Since the patient has no personal history of bleeding and the **PT/INR** is normal, she can safely proceed with thyroidectomy without correction of the laboratory values.
*Cancel surgery and treat with anticoagulation indefinitely*
- Primary **anticoagulation** is generally reserved for patients with a history of **venous or arterial thrombosis**, not just isolated laboratory findings or miscarriages without confirmed APS diagnosis.
- **Cancer surgery** should not be indefinitely delayed for an asymptomatic laboratory abnormality that does not increase operative mortality.
*Administer fresh frozen plasma preoperatively to correct aPTT*
- **Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)** is used to replace clotting factors, but the aPTT prolongation here is due to **antiphospholipid antibodies** interfering with the assay, not a factor deficiency.
- Administering FFP will not significantly correct the **aPTT** and exposes the patient to unnecessary risks like **TRALI** or volume overload.
*Start therapeutic anticoagulation and bridge perioperatively*
- **Therapeutic anticoagulation** is contraindicated immediately before surgery due to the high risk of **intraoperative hemorrhage**, especially in delicate areas like the neck.
- Bridging is only indicated for patients with a high-risk history of **thromboembolism** who are already on chronic anticoagulation.
*Delay surgery, perform comprehensive thrombophilia workup, individualize management*
- While the patient likely has **Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)** based on miscarriages and LA positivity, a full workup is not required to establish **hemostatic safety** for the procedure.
- **Lupus anticoagulant** is already identified; further testing will not change the fact that the patient does not have a clinical **bleeding diathesis**.
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