Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) US Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice US Medical PG questions for Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) US Medical PG Question 1: A 56-year-old previously healthy woman with no other past medical history is post-operative day one from an open reduction and internal fixation of a fractured right radius and ulna after a motor vehicle accident. What is one of the primary ways of preventing postoperative pneumonia in this patient?
- A. Shallow breathing exercises
- B. Incentive spirometry (Correct Answer)
- C. Outpatient oral antibiotics
- D. Hyperbaric oxygenation
- E. In-hospital intravenous antibiotics
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Explanation: ***Incentive spirometry***
- **Incentive spirometry** is a cornerstone of postoperative care, actively encouraging patients to take slow, deep breaths. This expands the lungs and prevents the collapse of alveoli, reducing the risk of **atelectasis** and subsequent **pneumonia**.
- Its effectiveness lies in promoting lung aeration and clearing secretions, which are crucial after anesthesia and surgery, especially in patients with reduced mobility or pain.
*Shallow breathing exercises*
- **Shallow breathing** is insufficient for adequate lung expansion and can actually contribute to **atelectasis** and the pooling of secretions in the lungs.
- Effective pulmonary hygiene requires **deep breaths** to maximize alveolar recruitment and prevent respiratory complications.
*Outpatient oral antibiotics*
- **Prophylactic antibiotics** are typically given around the time of surgery to prevent surgical site infections, not primarily to prevent postoperative pneumonia in an outpatient setting.
- Administering antibiotics without a diagnosed infection can lead to **antibiotic resistance** and is not a standard practice for preventing pneumonia unless a specific risk factor or existing infection is identified.
*Hyperbaric oxygenation*
- **Hyperbaric oxygenation** involves breathing 100% oxygen in a pressurized chamber and is used for conditions like **decompression sickness**, non-healing wounds, or severe infections.
- It is not a standard or primary method for preventing postoperative pneumonia, as its mechanism of action is unrelated to common pulmonary hygiene techniques.
*In-hospital intravenous antibiotics*
- While antibiotics can treat pneumonia, their routine, **prophylactic use** intravenously in-hospital solely for preventing postoperative pneumonia is generally unwarranted and can contribute to **antibiotic resistance**.
- Antibiotics are indicated if there is evidence of an active infection, but the primary prevention of pneumonia focuses on mechanical lung expansion and airway clearance.
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) US Medical PG Question 2: A 24-year-old man who is postoperative day 1 after an emergency appendectomy is evaluated by the team managing his care. He complains that he still has not been able to urinate after removal of the urinary catheter that was inserted during surgery. Given this issue, he is started on a medication that acts on a post-synaptic receptor and is resistant to a synaptic esterase. Which of the following is most likely another use of the medication that was administered in this case?
- A. Glaucoma management
- B. Bronchial airway challenge test
- C. Pupillary contraction
- D. Neurogenic ileus (Correct Answer)
- E. Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Explanation: ***Neurogenic ileus***
- The medication described is **bethanechol**, a direct-acting muscarinic agonist that acts on post-synaptic M3 receptors and is **resistant to acetylcholinesterase** (unlike acetylcholine)
- Bethanechol is used for **post-operative urinary retention** by stimulating detrusor muscle contraction and relaxing the trigone and sphincter
- Another major clinical use is treating **neurogenic ileus** and post-operative ileus by stimulating GI smooth muscle motility and increasing peristalsis
- It directly activates muscarinic receptors on bladder and GI smooth muscle
*Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis*
- This is **incorrect** - bethanechol is NOT used for myasthenia gravis diagnosis
- **Edrophonium** (Tensilon test) or **neostigmine** are used for MG diagnosis - these are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, not direct muscarinic agonists
- Bethanechol's mechanism (direct muscarinic agonist) would not effectively test for nicotinic receptor antibodies at the neuromuscular junction
*Glaucoma management*
- While some muscarinic agonists are used in glaucoma (e.g., **pilocarpine**), bethanechol is not typically used for this indication
- Pilocarpine reduces intraocular pressure by contracting the ciliary muscle and increasing aqueous humor outflow
- Bethanechol's systemic effects and lack of ocular specificity make it unsuitable for glaucoma management
*Bronchial airway challenge test*
- **Methacholine**, not bethanechol, is the muscarinic agonist used for bronchial provocation testing in asthma diagnosis
- While bethanechol can cause bronchoconstriction, it is not standardized or used for airway challenge tests
- Methacholine has better-characterized dose-response relationships for pulmonary function testing
*Pupillary contraction*
- While muscarinic agonists cause miosis (pupillary contraction), this is a **side effect** rather than a therapeutic indication for bethanechol
- Direct application of muscarinic agonists to the eye (like pilocarpine) would be used if miosis were the goal
- Bethanechol is given systemically for bladder and GI indications, not for ophthalmologic purposes
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) US Medical PG Question 3: A 47-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain. The patient states that she felt this pain come on during dinner last night. Since then, she has felt bloated, constipated, and has been vomiting. Her current medications include metformin, insulin, levothyroxine, and ibuprofen. Her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 139/79 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, the patient appears uncomfortable. Abdominal exam is notable for hypoactive bowel sounds, abdominal distension, and diffuse tenderness in all four quadrants. Cardiac and pulmonary exams are within normal limits. Which of the following is the best next step in management?
- A. Metoclopramide
- B. Nasogastric tube, NPO, and IV fluids (Correct Answer)
- C. Stool guaiac
- D. Emergency surgery
- E. IV antibiotics and steroids
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Explanation: ***Nasogastric tube, NPO, and IV fluids***
- The patient's symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, vomiting, distension, and hypoactive bowel sounds) are highly suggestive of a **bowel obstruction**.
- **Nasogastric tube decompression** relieves pressure, **NPO status** prevents further bowel distension, and **intravenous fluids** address dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, stabilizing the patient for further evaluation.
*Metoclopramide*
- This is a **prokinetic agent** that increases gastrointestinal motility.
- Using it in the context of a suspected bowel obstruction could worsen the condition by increasing pressure against the obstruction and potentially leading to **perforation**.
*Stool guaiac*
- A stool guaiac test detects the presence of **occult blood in the stool**, which is useful for evaluating gastrointestinal bleeding.
- While it can be part of a complete workup, it is not the immediate priority for a patient presenting with symptoms of **acute bowel obstruction** requiring stabilization.
*Emergency surgery*
- While surgery may ultimately be required for a bowel obstruction, it is not the immediate first step unless there are clear signs of **perforation**, **ischemia**, or **strangulation**, which are not specified here.
- Initial management involves **stabilization** with NG decompression, NPO, and IV fluids.
*IV antibiotics and steroids*
- **IV antibiotics** are indicated for suspected infection (e.g., appendicitis, diverticulitis with perforation), but the primary presentation here is mechanical obstruction, not infection.
- **Steroids** are typically used for inflammatory conditions or adrenal insufficiency, neither of which is indicated given the patient's symptoms.
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) US Medical PG Question 4: A 35-year-old man is brought to the emergency department from a kitchen fire. The patient was cooking when boiling oil splashed on his exposed skin. His temperature is 99.7°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 127/82 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. He has dry, nontender, and circumferential burns over his arms bilaterally, burns over the anterior portion of his chest and abdomen, and tender spot burns with blisters on his shins. A 1L bolus of normal saline is administered and the patient is given morphine and his pulse is subsequently 80/min. A Foley catheter is placed which drains 10 mL of urine. What is the best next step in management?
- A. Additional fluids and escharotomy (Correct Answer)
- B. Escharotomy
- C. Continuous observation
- D. Moist dressings and discharge
- E. Additional fluids and admission to the ICU
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Explanation: ***Additional fluids and escharotomy***
- The patient has **circumferential full-thickness burns** on both arms (dry, nontender), which require **escharotomy** to prevent compartment syndrome and vascular compromise to the limbs.
- The **oliguria** (10 mL urine output) despite a 1L fluid bolus indicates **inadequate fluid resuscitation** from burn shock. With approximately 40% TBSA burns, the patient requires aggressive fluid resuscitation per the Parkland formula (4 mL/kg/% TBSA), which would be approximately 11 liters in the first 24 hours. Adequate resuscitation targets urine output of 0.5-1 mL/kg/hr (35-70 mL/hr for this patient).
- Both interventions are immediately necessary: fluids for burn shock and escharotomy for circumferential burns.
*Escharotomy*
- While **escharotomy** is essential for the circumferential full-thickness burns to prevent compartment syndrome, it alone will not address the **severe fluid deficit** causing oliguria and hypoperfusion.
- The low urine output reflects systemic hypovolemia from burn shock, not just local compartment issues, requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation.
*Continuous observation*
- **Continuous observation** is inappropriate given the patient's critical findings: circumferential full-thickness burns requiring urgent escharotomy and oliguria indicating inadequate resuscitation.
- Delaying escharotomy can lead to irreversible ischemic damage to the limbs, and inadequate fluid resuscitation can progress to multiorgan failure.
*Moist dressings and discharge*
- This option is completely inappropriate for a patient with **extensive deep burns** (approximately 40% TBSA) including full-thickness injuries requiring hospitalization and specialized burn care.
- Discharge would lead to severe complications including infection, inadequate fluid resuscitation, compartment syndrome, and potential limb loss.
*Additional fluids and admission to the ICU*
- While ICU admission and additional fluids are necessary components of care, this option is **incomplete** because it omits **escharotomy**, which is urgently needed for the circumferential full-thickness burns.
- Escharotomy is a time-sensitive procedure that must be performed promptly to prevent ischemic injury to the limbs from vascular compromise.
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) US Medical PG Question 5: A 63-year-old woman comes to the physician because of diarrhea and weakness after her meals for 2 weeks. She has the urge to defecate 15–20 minutes after a meal and has 3–6 bowel movements a day. She also has palpitations, sweating, and needs to lie down soon after eating. One month ago, she underwent a distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. She had post-operative pneumonia, which was treated with cefotaxime. She returned from a vacation to Brazil 6 weeks ago. Her immunizations are up-to-date. She is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighs 51 kg (112 lb); BMI is 18.6 kg/m2. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a well-healed abdominal midline surgical scar. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Bowel sounds are hyperactive. Rectal examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
- A. Dietary modifications (Correct Answer)
- B. Stool PCR test
- C. Octreotide therapy
- D. Metronidazole therapy
- E. Stool microscopy
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Explanation: ***Dietary modifications***
- This patient's symptoms (diarrhea, weakness, palpitations, sweating, and urge to defecate soon after meals) following a **distal gastrectomy** are classic for **dumping syndrome**. **Dietary modification** is the first-line treatment.
- Recommended modifications include **smaller, more frequent meals**, avoiding high-sugar foods, increasing protein and fiber, and separating solids from liquids during meals.
*Stool PCR test*
- While diarrhea is present, the patient's symptoms are strongly linked to her recent gastrectomy and meal ingestion rather than an infectious cause.
- A stool PCR test would be appropriate if there were other signs of infection, such as fever or severe abdominal pain, or if dietary modifications failed to resolve symptoms.
*Octreotide therapy*
- **Octreotide**, a somatostatin analog, is reserved for **severe cases of dumping syndrome** that do not respond to dietary modifications.
- It works by inhibiting the release of gastrointestinal hormones and slowing gastric emptying, but it is not the initial management step.
*Metronidazole therapy*
- **Metronidazole** is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial and parasitic infections. There is no evidence suggesting an infection in this patient.
- The timing of symptoms immediately post-meal points away from an infection and towards post-gastrectomy complications.
*Stool microscopy*
- Similar to a stool PCR, **stool microscopy** is used to identify parasites or other pathogens.
- Given the classic presentation of dumping syndrome following gastrectomy, an infectious cause is less likely, and other diagnostic tests should be pursued if dietary measures fail.
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) US Medical PG Question 6: A 65-year-old woman comes to the physician because of progressive weight loss for 3 months. Physical examination shows jaundice and a nontender, palpable gallbladder. A CT scan of the abdomen shows an ill-defined mass in the pancreatic head. She is scheduled for surgery to resect the pancreatic head, distal stomach, duodenum, early jejunum, gallbladder, and common bile duct and anastomose the jejunum to the remaining stomach, pancreas, and bile duct. Following surgery, this patient is at the greatest risk for which of the following?
- A. Wide-based gait
- B. Calcium oxalate kidney stones
- C. Microcytic anemia (Correct Answer)
- D. Increased bile production
- E. Hypercoagulable state
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Explanation: ***Microcytic anemia***
- The surgical procedure described is a **Whipple procedure**, which involves partial gastrectomy and duodenectomy. This significant alteration to the upper GI tract can lead to **iron malabsorption**, as iron is primarily absorbed in the duodenum and proximal jejunum, and gastric acid is crucial for converting dietary iron to its absorbable ferrous form.
- **Iron deficiency** is the most common cause of **microcytic anemia**, characterized by small, pale red blood cells, due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis as a result of insufficient iron availability for the heme component.
*Wide-based gait*
- A **wide-based gait** is typically associated with **ataxia** or conditions affecting cerebellar function or proprioception, which are not direct complications of a Whipple procedure.
- While nutritional deficiencies can occur post-surgery, a wide-based gait specifically points to neurological impairment rather than postsurgical metabolic issues.
*Calcium oxalate kidney stones*
- **Calcium oxalate kidney stones** are often associated with conditions causing **hypercalciuria** or malabsorption of fat, which leads to increased oxalate absorption in the colon. While fat malabsorption can occur after a Whipple due to pancreatic insufficiency, dietary oxalate intake and hydration status are generally more significant determinants of stone formation.
- The surgery itself does not directly increase the risk for calcium oxalate kidney stones more than other listed complications.
*Increased bile production*
- A Whipple procedure involves the removal of the **gallbladder** and rerouting of the **bile duct** directly into the jejunum. This does not lead to increased bile production, but rather a different regulation and flow of bile.
- In fact, the absence of the gallbladder means there is no storage for bile, leading to a continuous, unregulated flow of bile into the small intestine, potentially contributing to maldigestion or diarrhea, but not "increased production."
*Hypercoagulable state*
- While surgery, including a Whipple procedure, can transiently increase the risk of a **hypercoagulable state** (e.g., deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) in the immediate postoperative period due to immobility and tissue injury, this risk is generally mitigated with prophylactic anticoagulation.
- The question asks about the **greatest risk** post-surgery, and long-term complications related to altered anatomy and malabsorption, such as microcytic anemia, are more direct and sustained consequences unique to the extent of the resection.
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) US Medical PG Question 7: A 59-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with a 6-month history of progressive left-arm swelling. Two years ago she had a partial mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection for left breast cancer. She was also treated with radiotherapy at the time. Upon further questioning, she denies fever, pain, or skin changes, but reports difficulty with daily tasks because her hand feels heavy and weak. She is bothered by the appearance of her enlarged extremity and has stopped playing tennis. On physical examination, nonpitting edema of the left arm is noted with hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, and induration of the skin. Limb elevation, exercise, and static compression bandaging are started. If the patient has no improvement, which of the following will be the best next step?
- A. Diethylcarbamazine
- B. Low molecular weight heparin
- C. Endovascular stenting
- D. Vascularized lymph node transfer (Correct Answer)
- E. Antibiotics
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Explanation: ***Vascularized lymph node transfer***
- This patient presents with **secondary lymphedema** due to axillary dissection and radiotherapy, which has not responded to conservative management.
- **Vascularized lymph node transfer** is a surgical option that involves transplanting healthy lymph nodes to the affected area to re-establish lymphatic drainage pathways, offering a more definitive solution for refractory cases.
*Diethylcarbamazine*
- **Diethylcarbamazine** is an anti-filarial drug used to treat lymphedema caused by **parasitic infections**, specifically filariasis.
- The patient's lymphedema is secondary to breast cancer treatment, not parasitic infection, making this a **misdirected treatment**.
*Low molecular weight heparin*
- **Low molecular weight heparin** is an anticoagulant used to prevent or treat **venous thromboembolism (VTE)**.
- While patients with cancer are at increased risk for VTE, her symptoms are consistent with lymphedema and not thrombosis, which would typically present with more acute pain and swelling, making this an inappropriate treatment.
*Endovascular stenting*
- **Endovascular stenting** is a procedure used to open blocked or narrowed **blood vessels**, such as in peripheral artery disease or venous obstruction.
- Her condition is specifically lymphedema, a lymphatic circulation issue, not a vascular obstruction, so stenting would not address the underlying problem.
*Antibiotics*
- **Antibiotics** are used to treat **bacterial infections**, which can complicate lymphedema (e.g., cellulitis).
- While chronic lymphedema causes skin changes (hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, induration), the patient shows no signs of **acute infection** such as fever, pain, erythema, or warmth, making empirical antibiotics unnecessary at this stage.
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) US Medical PG Question 8: A 72-year-old man comes to the physician because of a lesion on his eyelid for 6 months. The lesion is not painful or pruritic. He initially dismissed it as a 'skin tag' but the lesion has increased in size over the past 3 months. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and left hemiplegia from a stroke 3 years ago. Current medications include sitagliptin, metformin, aspirin, and simvastatin. He used to work as a construction contractor and retired 3 years ago. Examination shows a 1-cm (0.4-in) flesh-colored, nodular, nontender lesion with rolled borders. There is no lymphadenopathy. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Muscle strength is reduced in the left upper and lower extremities. Visual acuity is 20/20. The pupils are equal and reactive to light. A shave biopsy confirms the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
- A. Laser ablation
- B. Cryotherapy
- C. Topical chemotherapy
- D. Wide local excision
- E. Mohs micrographic surgery (Correct Answer)
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Explanation: ***Mohs micrographic surgery***
- The lesion's location on the **eyelid** (a cosmetically and functionally sensitive area), its **nodular appearance** with **rolled borders**, and the likely diagnosis of **basal cell carcinoma (BCC)** make Mohs surgery the most appropriate treatment.
- Mohs surgery offers the highest cure rates for BCCs and preserves the maximum amount of healthy tissue, which is crucial for lesions on the face and eyelids.
*Wide local excision*
- While effective for many skin cancers, **wide local excision** might lead to significant cosmetic or functional defects on the eyelid due to the need for a wider margin of healthy tissue removal.
- Its cure rates are generally lower than Mohs surgery for high-risk BCCs, especially in sensitive areas.
*Laser ablation*
- **Laser ablation** is typically used for superficial or precancerous lesions, not for nodular, invasive basal cell carcinoma.
- It does not allow for histological margin control, which is essential to ensure complete tumor removal and reduce recurrence.
*Cryotherapy*
- **Cryotherapy** is suitable for small, superficial, or pre-malignant lesions, but not for a nodular lesion on the eyelid where tissue preservation and precise margin control are critical.
- It does not offer histological confirmation of clear margins, increasing the risk of recurrence.
*Topical chemotherapy*
- **Topical chemotherapy** (e.g., imiquimod, 5-fluorouracil) is generally reserved for superficial basal cell carcinomas distant from critical structures.
- It is not effective for nodular BCCs and lacks the ability to confirm complete tumor removal via microscopic margin assessment.
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) US Medical PG Question 9: A 40-year-old woman who works as a secretary presents to your office complaining of new pain and numbness in both of her hands. For the past few weeks, the sensation has occurred after long days of typing, but it now occasionally wakes her up from sleep. You do not note any deformities of her wrists or hands, but you are able to reproduce pain and numbness in the first three and a half digits by tapping the wrist. What is the best initial treatment for this patient's complaint?
- A. Local steroid injections
- B. Carpal tunnel release surgery
- C. Splinting (Correct Answer)
- D. A trial of gabapentin
- E. Short-acting benzodiazepines
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Explanation: ***Splinting***
- This patient's symptoms are highly suggestive of **carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)**, given the **pain and numbness** in the distribution of the **median nerve** (first three and a half digits) that is exacerbated by repetitive wrist movements (typing) and reproduced by **Tinel's sign** (tapping the wrist).
- **Splinting** the wrist, especially at night, is the **first-line conservative treatment** for CTS, as it keeps the wrist in a neutral position, reducing pressure on the median nerve.
*Local steroid injections*
- While local steroid injections can provide **temporary relief** for CTS, they are typically considered if splinting and activity modification are unsuccessful.
- They are not the **initial treatment** of choice due to potential side effects and the less invasive nature of splinting.
*Carpal tunnel release surgery*
- **Carpal tunnel release surgery** is a definitive treatment for CTS but is reserved for cases that fail conservative management, show signs of **thenar atrophy**, or have objective evidence of severe nerve compression on **electromyography/nerve conduction studies**.
- It is an **invasive procedure** and not appropriate as a first-line intervention.
*A trial of gabapentin*
- **Gabapentin** is an anticonvulsant often used to treat **neuropathic pain**, but it is generally reserved for more generalized or refractory neuropathic conditions.
- It is not the primary treatment for localized nerve compression like CTS when less invasive and more targeted options are available.
*Short-acting benzodiazepines*
- **Benzodiazepines** are primarily used for anxiety, insomnia, or muscle spasms and have **no direct role** in treating the underlying nerve compression or symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome.
- They do not address the pathology and carry risks of dependency.
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) US Medical PG Question 10: A 63-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of difficulty swallowing, low-grade fever, and weight loss. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows an esophageal mass just distal to the upper esophageal sphincter. Histological examination confirms the diagnosis of locally invasive squamous cell carcinoma. A surgical resection is planned. Which of the following structures is at greatest risk for injury during this procedure?
- A. Bronchial branch of thoracic aorta
- B. Left gastric artery
- C. Left inferior phrenic artery
- D. Esophageal branch of thoracic aorta
- E. Inferior thyroid artery (Correct Answer)
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Explanation: **Inferior thyroid artery**
- The esophageal mass is located just distal to the **upper esophageal sphincter**, which is in the neck, close to the **thyroid gland**.
- During surgery for an esophageal tumor in this region, the **inferior thyroid artery**, which supplies the thyroid and adjacent structures, is at the greatest risk of injury due to its proximity.
*Bronchial branch of thoracic aorta*
- The **bronchial branches** of the thoracic aorta primarily supply the bronchi and lungs.
- These vessels are located deeper in the thorax, away from the **upper esophageal sphincter** and the initial surgical field for an upper esophageal tumor.
*Left gastric artery*
- The **left gastric artery** supplies the stomach and is a branch of the celiac trunk.
- This artery is located in the **abdomen**, far from the surgical site involving an esophageal mass near the upper esophageal sphincter.
*Left inferior phrenic artery*
- The **left inferior phrenic artery** primarily supplies the diaphragm.
- This vessel originates from the aorta in the **abdominal region**, which is distant from the upper esophageal sphincter.
*Esophageal branch of thoracic aorta*
- **Esophageal branches** directly supply the esophagus; however, the question refers to the **thoracic aorta branches**.
- Tumors near the **upper esophageal sphincter** are usually accessed via a cervical incision, making thoracic branches less likely to be injured compared to arteries located in the neck.
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