Mastectomy techniques and indications US Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice US Medical PG questions for Mastectomy techniques and indications. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Mastectomy techniques and indications US Medical PG Question 1: A 64-year-old woman presents to the surgical oncology clinic as a new patient for evaluation of recently diagnosed breast cancer. She has a medical history of type 2 diabetes mellitus for which she takes metformin. Her surgical history is a total knee arthroplasty 7 years ago. Her family history is insignificant. Physical examination is notable for an irregular nodule near the surface of her right breast. Her primary concern today is which surgical approach will be chosen to remove her breast cancer. Which of the following procedures involves the removal of a portion of a breast?
- A. Arthroplasty
- B. Lumpectomy (Correct Answer)
- C. Vasectomy
- D. Mastectomy
- E. Laminectomy
Mastectomy techniques and indications Explanation: ***Lumpectomy***
- A **lumpectomy** is a surgical procedure that removes the **breast cancer tumor** and a small margin of surrounding healthy tissue, preserving most of the breast.
- This procedure is a common treatment for early-stage breast cancer and is often followed by radiation therapy.
*Arthroplasty*
- **Arthroplasty** is a surgical procedure to **repair or replace a joint**, typically due to arthritis or injury.
- The patient's history of a total knee arthroplasty indicates this procedure was performed on her knee, not her breast.
*Vasectomy*
- A **vasectomy** is a surgical procedure for **male sterilization**, involving the cutting and sealing of the vas deferens.
- This procedure is unrelated to breast cancer treatment or breast surgery.
*Mastectomy*
- A **mastectomy** involves the **complete surgical removal of the entire breast**, often including the nipple and areola.
- While it is a breast surgery, it removes the *entire* breast, not just a portion.
*Laminectomy*
- A **laminectomy** is a surgical procedure that removes a portion of the **vertebra (lamina)** to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.
- This procedure is for spinal conditions and is entirely unrelated to breast cancer surgery.
Mastectomy techniques and indications US Medical PG Question 2: A 49-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a general check up. She has not seen a primary care physician for the past 20 years but states she has been healthy during this time frame. She had breast implants placed when she was 29 years old but otherwise has not had any surgeries. She is concerned about her risk for breast cancer given her friend was recently diagnosed. Her temperature is 97.0°F (36.1°C), blood pressure is 114/64 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most appropriate workup for breast cancer for this patient?
- A. No intervention indicated at this time
- B. Sentinel node biopsy
- C. BRCA genetic testing
- D. Mammography (Correct Answer)
- E. Ultrasound
Mastectomy techniques and indications Explanation: ***Mammography***
- The patient is 49 years old, making regular screening **mammography** the most appropriate initial workup for breast cancer, as guidelines recommend screening for women over 40.
- While breast implants can make mammograms more challenging, specialized techniques like **Eklund views** can be used to visualize breast tissue effectively.
*No intervention indicated at this time*
- This is incorrect because the patient's age (49) places her in the demographic for routine **breast cancer screening**.
- Delaying screening in this age group would increase the risk of detecting cancer at a later, less treatable stage.
*Sentinel node biopsy*
- **Sentinel node biopsy** is a procedure typically performed after a breast cancer diagnosis to stage the disease and determine lymph node involvement.
- It is not a screening tool and is therefore inappropriate as an initial workup in an asymptomatic patient without a known mass.
*BRCA genetic testing*
- **BRCA genetic testing** is indicated for individuals with a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or those diagnosed with specific types of breast cancer at a young age.
- This patient has no such risk factors mentioned, making genetic testing unnecessary as a first-line screening step.
*Ultrasound*
- **Ultrasound** is often used as a follow-up to an abnormal mammogram or to evaluate specific palpable masses, especially in younger women with dense breasts.
- It is not typically recommended as a primary screening tool for breast cancer in a 49-year-old woman, especially without prior mammographic findings.
Mastectomy techniques and indications US Medical PG Question 3: A 59-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with a 6-month history of progressive left-arm swelling. Two years ago she had a partial mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection for left breast cancer. She was also treated with radiotherapy at the time. Upon further questioning, she denies fever, pain, or skin changes, but reports difficulty with daily tasks because her hand feels heavy and weak. She is bothered by the appearance of her enlarged extremity and has stopped playing tennis. On physical examination, nonpitting edema of the left arm is noted with hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, and induration of the skin. Limb elevation, exercise, and static compression bandaging are started. If the patient has no improvement, which of the following will be the best next step?
- A. Diethylcarbamazine
- B. Low molecular weight heparin
- C. Endovascular stenting
- D. Vascularized lymph node transfer (Correct Answer)
- E. Antibiotics
Mastectomy techniques and indications Explanation: ***Vascularized lymph node transfer***
- This patient presents with **secondary lymphedema** due to axillary dissection and radiotherapy, which has not responded to conservative management.
- **Vascularized lymph node transfer** is a surgical option that involves transplanting healthy lymph nodes to the affected area to re-establish lymphatic drainage pathways, offering a more definitive solution for refractory cases.
*Diethylcarbamazine*
- **Diethylcarbamazine** is an anti-filarial drug used to treat lymphedema caused by **parasitic infections**, specifically filariasis.
- The patient's lymphedema is secondary to breast cancer treatment, not parasitic infection, making this a **misdirected treatment**.
*Low molecular weight heparin*
- **Low molecular weight heparin** is an anticoagulant used to prevent or treat **venous thromboembolism (VTE)**.
- While patients with cancer are at increased risk for VTE, her symptoms are consistent with lymphedema and not thrombosis, which would typically present with more acute pain and swelling, making this an inappropriate treatment.
*Endovascular stenting*
- **Endovascular stenting** is a procedure used to open blocked or narrowed **blood vessels**, such as in peripheral artery disease or venous obstruction.
- Her condition is specifically lymphedema, a lymphatic circulation issue, not a vascular obstruction, so stenting would not address the underlying problem.
*Antibiotics*
- **Antibiotics** are used to treat **bacterial infections**, which can complicate lymphedema (e.g., cellulitis).
- While chronic lymphedema causes skin changes (hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, induration), the patient shows no signs of **acute infection** such as fever, pain, erythema, or warmth, making empirical antibiotics unnecessary at this stage.
Mastectomy techniques and indications US Medical PG Question 4: A 40-year-old man presents with a painless firm mass in the right breast. Examination shows retraction of the nipple and the skin is fixed to the underlying mass. The axillary nodes are palpable. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the above condition?
- A. Lobular cancer is the most common breast cancer in males (Correct Answer)
- B. BRCA2 mutations are associated with increased risk
- C. These are positive for estrogen receptor
- D. Endocrine therapy plays an important role in treatment
- E. Gynecomastia may be caused by certain medications
Mastectomy techniques and indications Explanation: ***Lobular cancer is the most common breast cancer in males***
- This statement is **FALSE** and is the correct answer. The most common type of breast cancer in males is **invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)**, accounting for about 80-90% of cases.
- **Invasive lobular carcinoma** is rare in men because men have very few lobules in their breast tissue.
*Gynecomastia may be caused by certain medications*
- This statement is **TRUE**. Medications such as spironolactone, cimetidine, finasteride, antipsychotics, and anabolic steroids can cause gynecomastia.
- However, the clinical presentation described (firm mass, nipple retraction, skin fixation, axillary nodes) is consistent with **malignancy**, not gynecomastia.
*BRCA2 mutations are associated with increased risk*
- This statement is **TRUE**. Male breast cancer is strongly associated with **BRCA2 mutations** (and less commonly BRCA1), which are hereditary.
- Men with BRCA2 mutations have a 5-10% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer, compared to less than 0.1% in the general male population.
*These are positive for estrogen receptor*
- This statement is **TRUE**. A vast majority (over 90%) of male breast cancers are **estrogen receptor (ER) positive**, which makes them responsive to endocrine therapy.
- This high rate of ER positivity is even greater than in female breast cancers.
*Endocrine therapy plays an important role in treatment*
- This statement is **TRUE**. Given the high prevalence of ER positivity (over 90%), endocrine therapy such as **tamoxifen** or aromatase inhibitors is a cornerstone of treatment for male breast cancer.
- Endocrine therapy is used in both adjuvant and metastatic settings for hormone receptor-positive disease.
Mastectomy techniques and indications US Medical PG Question 5: A 30-year-old woman presents to the office with complaints of pain in her right breast for 5 days. The pain is moderate-to-intense and is localized to the upper quadrant of the right breast, and mainly to the areola for the past 48 hours. She adds that there is some nipple discharge on the same side and that the right breast is red. She was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at the age of 10 years of age, for which she takes insulin. The family history is negative for breast and ovarian cancers, and endometrial disorders. She smokes one-half pack of cigarettes every day and binge drinks alcohol on the weekends. Two weeks ago she was hit by a volleyball while playing at the beach. There is no history of fractures or surgical procedures. The physical examination reveals a swollen, erythematous, and warm right breast with periareolar tenderness and nipple discharge. There are no palpable masses or lymphadenopathy. Which of the following is the most important risk factor for the development of this patient’s condition?
- A. Age
- B. Trauma
- C. Diabetes
- D. Smoking (Correct Answer)
- E. Parity
Mastectomy techniques and indications Explanation: ***Smoking***
- This patient presents with symptoms highly suggestive of **periductal mastitis**, including breast pain, erythema, tenderness, and nipple discharge, particularly around the periareolar region. **Smoking** is a significant and dose-dependent risk factor for periductal mastitis.
- The chemicals in cigarette smoke are thought to have a **toxic effect on the lactiferous ducts**, leading to inflammation and obstruction.
*Age*
- While age can influence breast conditions, periductal mastitis typically affects **younger and premenopausal women**, corresponding to this patient's age.
- Being 30 years old is not an independent risk factor for the development of periductal mastitis in the same way that smoking is; rather, it falls within the typical age range for the condition.
*Trauma*
- Although the patient sustained a volleyball injury, **trauma** to the breast itself is not a direct or significant risk factor for infectious or inflammatory conditions like periductal mastitis.
- Trauma is more likely to cause hematoma or fat necrosis, which would present differently from the described symptoms.
*Diabetes*
- **Diabetes** can increase the risk of infections in general due to impaired immune function, but it is not a specific or primary risk factor for periductal mastitis as defined by the inflammatory changes in the ducts.
- While diabetic patients may be prone to complications, there is no direct mechanistic link between diabetes and the development of this specific lobular mastitis.
*Parity*
- **Parity** (the number of times a woman has given birth) is largely irrelevant to the development of periductal mastitis in non-lactating women.
- Conditions related to parity often involve mastitis during lactation, which is not the case here, as this type of mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the ducts unrelated to breastfeeding.
Mastectomy techniques and indications US Medical PG Question 6: A 61-year-old woman presents to a surgical oncologist for consideration of surgical removal of biopsy-confirmed breast cancer. The mass is located in the tail of Spence along the superolateral aspect of the left breast extending into the axilla. The surgical oncologist determines that the optimal treatment for this patient involves radical mastectomy including removal of the axillary lymph nodes. The patient undergoes all appropriate preoperative tests and is cleared for surgery. During the operation, multiple enlarged axillary lymph nodes are present along the superolateral chest wall. While exposing the lymph nodes, the surgeon accidentally nicks a nerve. Which of the following physical examination findings will most likely be seen in this patient following the operation?
- A. Internal rotation, adduction, and extension of the arm
- B. Weakness in arm flexion at the elbow and numbness over the lateral forearm
- C. Weakness in shoulder abduction and numbness over the lateral shoulder
- D. Scapular protrusion while pressing against a wall (Correct Answer)
- E. Weakness in wrist extension and numbness over the dorsal hand
Mastectomy techniques and indications Explanation: ***Scapular protrusion while pressing against a wall***
- Damage to the **long thoracic nerve** during axillary dissection (common in radical mastectomy) paralyzes the **serratus anterior muscle**.
- Paralysis of the serratus anterior causes **scapular winging** (protrusion) and inability to effectively protract the scapula, especially when pushing against a wall.
*Internal rotation, adduction, and extension of the arm*
- This constellation of findings, sometimes called **"policeman's tip"**, is characteristic of an **Erb's palsy**, involving the C5-C6 roots of the brachial plexus.
- Erb's palsy typically results from birth trauma or severe shoulder injury, not commonly from axillary lymph node dissection.
*Weakness in arm flexion at the elbow and numbness over the lateral forearm*
- This symptom complex indicates injury to the **musculocutaneous nerve**, affecting the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles and sensation to the lateral forearm.
- While theoretically possible in deep axillary dissection, it is less common than long thoracic nerve injury during routine axillary node removal.
*Weakness in shoulder abduction and numbness over the lateral shoulder*
- This presentation suggests damage to the **axillary nerve**, which innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles and provides sensation over the "regimental badge" area of the shoulder.
- The axillary nerve is located more inferiorly and posteriorly in the axilla and is less prone to injury during standard anterior axillary lymph node dissection compared to the long thoracic nerve.
*Weakness in wrist extension and numbness over the dorsal hand*
- These are signs of **radial nerve injury**, which affects the extensor muscles of the wrist and fingers and sensation over the dorsal hand.
- The radial nerve runs more posteriorly in the axilla and arm, making it less susceptible to injury during an anterior axillary lymph node dissection.
Mastectomy techniques and indications US Medical PG Question 7: A 23-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of severe right shoulder pain and inability to move the shoulder for the past 30 minutes. The pain began after being tackled while playing football. He has nausea but has not vomited. He is in no apparent distress. Examination shows the right upper extremity externally rotated and slightly abducted. Palpation of the right shoulder joint shows tenderness and an empty glenoid fossa. The right humeral head is palpated below the coracoid process. The left upper extremity is unremarkable. The radial pulses are palpable bilaterally. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
- A. Drop arm test
- B. Closed reduction
- C. Neer impingement test
- D. Arthroscopic shoulder repair
- E. Test sensation of the lateral shoulder (Correct Answer)
Mastectomy techniques and indications Explanation: ***Test sensation of the lateral shoulder***
- The patient presents with classic signs of an **anterior shoulder dislocation**, including **externally rotated** and **abducted upper extremity**, an **empty glenoid fossa**, and a **humeral head palpated below the coracoid**.
- Assessing sensation of the **lateral shoulder** is crucial to check for **axillary nerve injury**, which is a common complication of shoulder dislocations and can cause deltoid weakness and sensory loss over the lateral deltoid region.
*Drop arm test*
- The **drop arm test** is used to evaluate for a **rotator cuff tear**, particularly involving the supraspinatus muscle.
- In this scenario, the primary concern is an acute shoulder dislocation, not a rotator cuff tear, although the latter can coexist.
*Closed reduction*
- While **closed reduction** is the definitive treatment for an acute shoulder dislocation, it should only be performed *after* neurovascular status has been thoroughly assessed.
- Reducing the dislocation before checking for nerve damage could mask an existing injury or worsen it.
*Neer impingement test*
- The **Neer impingement test** is used to diagnose **rotator cuff impingement syndrome**, a condition where soft tissues are compressed in the subacromial space.
- This patient's symptoms are indicative of an acute dislocation, not chronic impingement.
*Arthroscopic shoulder repair*
- **Arthroscopic shoulder repair** is a surgical procedure for certain shoulder conditions, often for recurrent instability or significant structural damage, after initial closed reduction has failed or if there are contraindications to closed reduction.
- It is not the immediate next step in managing an acute, primary shoulder dislocation before proper assessment.
Mastectomy techniques and indications US Medical PG Question 8: A 50-year-old obese woman presents for a follow-up appointment regarding microcalcifications found in her left breast on a recent screening mammogram. The patient denies any recent associated symptoms. The past medical history is significant for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), for which she takes metformin. Her menarche occurred at age 11, and the patient still has regular menstrual cycles. The family history is significant for breast cancer in her mother at the age of 72. The review of systems is notable for a 6.8 kg (15 lb) weight loss in the past 2 months. The vital signs include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 130/70 mm Hg, pulse 82/min, respiratory rate 17/min, and oxygen saturation 98% on room air. On physical examination, the patient is alert and cooperative. The breast examination reveals no palpable masses, lymphadenopathy, or evidence of skin retraction. A biopsy of the left breast is performed, and histologic examination demonstrates evidence of non-invasive malignancy. Which of the following is the most appropriate definitive treatment for this patient?
- A. Tamoxifen
- B. Observation with bilateral mammograms every 6 months
- C. Lumpectomy (Correct Answer)
- D. Radiotherapy
- E. Bilateral mastectomy
Mastectomy techniques and indications Explanation: ***Lumpectomy***
- This patient has **non-invasive malignancy**, likely **ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)**, identified through microcalcifications and confirmed by excisional biopsy. For DCIS without gross invasion, the primary treatment is **surgical excision**, often a lumpectomy.
- A lumpectomy, also known as **breast-conserving surgery**, aims to remove the cancerous tissue with a margin of healthy tissue while preserving the rest of the breast.
*Tamoxifen*
- **Tamoxifen** is an **estrogen receptor modulator** used as **adjuvant therapy** for hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, primarily after surgical removal of the tumor. It is not a primary treatment for removing the malignancy itself.
- While it might be considered after surgery depending on receptor status, it does not address the need for initial excision of the non-invasive malignancy.
*Observation with bilateral mammograms every 6 months*
- **Observation** is insufficient for confirmed non-invasive malignancy, which carries a risk of progression if untreated. **Active intervention** is required once malignancy is histologically confirmed.
- This approach might be considered for high-risk lesions or atypical hyperplasia, but not for confirmed carcinoma in situ.
*Radiotherapy*
- **Radiotherapy** is often used as **adjuvant therapy** after lumpectomy for DCIS to reduce the risk of local recurrence. It is not a standalone primary treatment for removing the initial non-invasive malignancy.
- The first step is always surgical removal of the cancerous tissue.
*Bilateral mastectomy*
- **Bilateral mastectomy** is a more aggressive surgical intervention, typically reserved for **invasive breast cancer**, widespread DCIS, or cases with very high genetic risk (e.g., BRCA mutations).
- For localized non-invasive malignancy identified through microcalcifications, a lumpectomy is generally the **most appropriate and less invasive initial surgical approach**.
Mastectomy techniques and indications US Medical PG Question 9: A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician for a mass in her left breast she noticed 2 days ago during breast self-examination. She has hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine. There is no family history of breast cancer. Examination shows large, moderately ptotic breasts. The mass in her left breast is small (approximately 1 cm x 0.5 cm), firm, mobile, and painless. It is located 4 cm from her nipple-areolar complex at the 7 o'clock position. There are no changes in the skin or nipple, and there is no palpable axillary adenopathy. No masses are palpable in her right breast. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Mammogram showed a soft tissue mass with poorly defined margins. Core needle biopsy confirms a low-grade infiltrating ductal carcinoma. The pathological specimen is positive for estrogen receptors and negative for progesterone and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptors. Staging shows no distant metastatic disease. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
- A. Lumpectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by hormone therapy
- B. Nipple-sparing mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection followed by hormone therapy
- C. Nipple-sparing mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection, followed by radiation and hormone therapy
- D. Radical mastectomy followed by hormone therapy
- E. Lumpectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy, followed by radiation and hormone therapy (Correct Answer)
Mastectomy techniques and indications Explanation: **Lumpectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy, followed by radiation and hormone therapy**
- The patient has **early-stage (T1N0M0) estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, HER2-negative invasive ductal carcinoma** suitable for **breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy)**.
- **Lumpectomy** must be followed by **radiation therapy** to the remaining breast tissue to reduce the risk of local recurrence, and **endocrine therapy** (due to ER positivity) is indicated to reduce systemic recurrence risk.
- **Sentinel lymph node biopsy** is performed to stage the axilla; if positive, an axillary lymph node dissection may be indicated. However, in this case, the mass is small, and there is no palpable axillary adenopathy, making sentinel lymph node biopsy the appropriate initial step.
*Lumpectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy followed by hormone therapy*
- While **lumpectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy** and **hormone therapy** are part of the appropriate management, **radiation therapy** to the conserved breast is a critical component that is missing from this option.
- Omitting **radiation therapy** after lumpectomy for invasive breast cancer significantly increases the risk of local recurrence.
*Nipple-sparing mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection followed by hormone therapy*
- A **nipple-sparing mastectomy** is a more aggressive surgical approach than typically required for a **small, early-stage tumor** like this, which is amenable to breast-conserving surgery.
- **Axillary lymph node dissection** is usually reserved for cases with clinically positive lymph nodes or a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy, not as an initial step when there is no palpable axillary adenopathy.
*Nipple-sparing mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection, followed by radiation and hormone therapy*
- This option involves an **unnecessarily extensive surgical procedure (nipple-sparing mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection)** for a **small (1cm x 0.5cm) early-stage tumor** that can be managed with breast-conserving therapy.
- While radiation and hormone therapy are relevant, the initial surgical choice is too aggressive given the clinical presentation.
*Radical mastectomy followed by hormone therapy*
- **Radical mastectomy** (which includes removal of the breast, underlying chest muscle, and axillary lymph nodes) is rarely performed today due to its significant morbidity and is not indicated for this **early-stage tumor**.
- **Modified radical mastectomy**, which removes the breast and axillary lymph nodes while preserving the chest muscle, is typically only considered if breast-conserving surgery is not feasible or desired, and **hormone therapy** would be indicated, but **radiation** may also be needed depending on other factors.
Mastectomy techniques and indications US Medical PG Question 10: A 56-year-old woman comes to the physician because she palpated a mass in her right breast during self-examination a week ago. Menarche was at the age of 14, and her last menstrual period was at the age of 51. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a nontender, firm and hard mass in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. Mammography shows large, dense breasts, with a 1.7-cm mass in the right upper outer quadrant. The patient undergoes right upper outer quadrant lumpectomy with subsequent sentinel node biopsy, which reveals moderately differentiated invasive ductal carcinoma and micrometastasis to one axillary lymph node. There is no evidence of extranodal metastasis. The tumor tests positive for both estrogen and progesterone receptors and does not show human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) over-expression. Flow-cytometry reveals aneuploid tumor cells. Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on this patient's prognosis?
- A. Age
- B. Tumor size
- C. Hormone receptor status
- D. Nodal status (Correct Answer)
- E. HER2 receptor status
Mastectomy techniques and indications Explanation: **Nodal status**
- The presence of **micrometastasis to one axillary lymph node** is the *most significant prognostic indicator* in this patient's case.
- **Lymph node involvement** signifies systemic spread and is the strongest predictor of recurrence and overall survival in breast cancer.
*Age*
- While **age** can influence treatment choices and comorbidity, it is generally *less impactful on long-term prognosis* than nodal status.
- Very young or very old age can sometimes be associated with more aggressive disease or worse outcomes, but it is not the primary determinant.
*Tumor size*
- The **tumor size of 1.7 cm** is a prognostic factor, with larger tumors generally having a worse prognosis.
- However, for this patient, the **presence of lymph node metastasis** is a more powerful indicator of systemic disease than the primary tumor size alone.
*Hormone receptor status*
- **Positive estrogen and progesterone receptors** indicate that the tumor is likely to respond to endocrine therapies.
- This is a *favorable prognostic factor* as it opens up additional treatment options, but it does not outweigh the negative impact of nodal involvement.
*HER2 receptor status*
- **Absence of HER2 overexpression** is a positive factor, as HER2-positive cancers are generally more aggressive and require targeted therapy.
- However, while HER2 status guides treatment, the presence of **lymph node metastasis** still holds greater weight in determining overall prognosis.
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