Assessment and diagnosis challenges US Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice US Medical PG questions for Assessment and diagnosis challenges. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Assessment and diagnosis challenges US Medical PG Question 1: A 69-year-old male presents to his primary care physician for a checkup. He has not seen a doctor in 15 years and thought he may need an exam. The patient’s past medical history is unknown and he is not currently taking any medications. The patient lives on a rural farm alone and has since he was 27 years of age. The patient works as a farmer and never comes into town as he has all his supplies delivered to him. The patient is oddly adorned in an all-denim ensemble, rarely makes eye contact with the physician, and his responses are very curt. A physical exam is performed and is notable for an obese man with a S3 heart sound on cardiac exam. The patient is informed that further diagnostic testing may be necessary and that it is recommended that he begin taking lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide for his blood pressure of 155/95 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely personality disorder that this patient suffers from?
- A. Avoidant
- B. Schizoid (Correct Answer)
- C. Paranoid
- D. Schizotypal
- E. Antisocial
Assessment and diagnosis challenges Explanation: ***Schizoid***
- The patient exhibits traits consistent with schizoid personality disorder, including **social isolation** (lives alone on a farm, rarely comes to town), **detachment from social relationships**, and **restricted emotional expression** (rarely makes eye contact, curt responses).
- His lack of interest in personal relationships and preference for solitary activities are key features.
*Avoidant*
- Individuals with avoidant personality disorder desire social interaction but are held back by an **intense fear of rejection** or criticism, leading them to avoid social situations.
- This patient, however, seems genuinely indifferent to social contact, preferring to be alone rather than fearing negative evaluation.
*Paranoid*
- Patients with paranoid personality disorder are characterized by **pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others**, interpreting their motives as malevolent.
- While this patient is reserved, there is no evidence of paranoia or unjustified suspicion towards the physician or others in the scenario.
*Schizotypal*
- Schizotypal personality disorder involves a pattern of **acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships**, alongside **cognitive or perceptual distortions** and eccentricities of behavior.
- While this patient is eccentric (all-denim ensemble, social isolation), there is no mention of odd beliefs, magical thinking, or unusual perceptual experiences that are hallmarks of schizotypal disorder.
*Antisocial*
- Antisocial personality disorder is marked by a **disregard for and violation of the rights of others**, often involving deceit, impulsivity, and a lack of remorse.
- None of the patient's behaviors described (social withdrawal, curt responses) suggest a history of criminal acts, manipulation, or aggression characteristic of antisocial personality disorder.
Assessment and diagnosis challenges US Medical PG Question 2: A 19-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of difficulty sleeping. She worries that the lack of sleep will ruin her career prospects as a model. She has been coming to the physician multiple times over the past year for minor problems. She is dressed very extravagantly and flirts with the receptionist. When she is asked to sit down in the waiting room, she begins to cry and says that no one listens to her. When she is called to the examination room, she moves close to the physician, repeatedly intends to touch his cheek, and makes inappropriate comments. She does not have a history of self-harm or suicidal ideation. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Schizotypal personality disorder
- B. Borderline personality disorder
- C. Dependent personality disorder
- D. Narcissistic personality disorder
- E. Histrionic personality disorder (Correct Answer)
Assessment and diagnosis challenges Explanation: ***Histrionic personality disorder***
- This patient displays classic features of **histrionic personality disorder**, including **attention-seeking behaviors** (flirting, extravagant dress, dramatic crying), **inappropriate sexually seductive behavior** toward the physician, and **rapidly shifting and shallow emotions** (cries that no one listens to her, then attempts to touch the physician).
- Her excessive emotionality and constant need to be the center of attention, coupled with a tendency to use physical appearance to draw attention to herself, align well with the diagnostic criteria.
*Schizotypal personality disorder*
- Characterized by a pervasive pattern of **social and interpersonal deficits** marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as by **cognitive or perceptual distortions** and eccentricities of behavior.
- This patient does not exhibit evidence of odd beliefs, magical thinking, unusual perceptual experiences, or paranoid ideation typical of schizotypal personality disorder.
*Borderline personality disorder*
- Marked by a pervasive pattern of **instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects**, and marked impulsivity. Patients often exhibit intense fears of abandonment, chronic feelings of emptiness, and self-harming behaviors.
- While there is some emotional dysregulation and intense relationships, the patient does not report **self-harm, suicidal ideation**, or the severe identity disturbance common in borderline personality disorder.
*Dependent personality disorder*
- Individuals with dependent personality disorder exhibit an excessive need to be cared for, leading to **submissive and clinging behavior** and fears of separation. They often have difficulty making everyday decisions without excessive reassurance.
- This patient's behaviors are geared towards attracting attention and being the center of it, rather than seeking reassurance or exhibiting submissive behavior.
*Narcissistic personality disorder*
- Characterized by a pervasive pattern of **grandiosity, a need for admiration**, and a lack of empathy. Patients often believe they are special and unique and expect to be recognized as superior.
- While this patient seeks attention, her behavior is more about being dramatic and emotionally expressive rather than a sense of inflated self-importance or a deep need for admiration stemming from grandiosity.
Assessment and diagnosis challenges US Medical PG Question 3: A 26-year-old woman thinks poorly of herself and is extremely sensitive to criticism. She is socially inhibited and has never had a romantic relationship, although she desires one. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Schizoid personality disorder
- B. Paranoid personality disorder
- C. Depression
- D. Dysthymia
- E. Avoidant personality disorder (Correct Answer)
Assessment and diagnosis challenges Explanation: ***Avoidant personality disorder***
- Characterized by **social inhibition**, feelings of **inadequacy**, and **hypersensitivity to negative evaluation**, leading to avoidance of social interactions despite a desire for connection.
- The patient's self-perception, sensitivity to criticism, and absence of romantic relationships are classic signs.
*Schizoid personality disorder*
- Individuals with schizoid personality disorder exhibit a pervasive pattern of **detachment from social relationships** and a restricted range of emotional expression.
- Unlike avoidant personality disorder, they typically **do not desire social connection** and are indifferent to criticism or praise.
*Paranoid personality disorder*
- Marked by pervasive **distrust and suspiciousness of others**, interpreting their motives as malevolent.
- This patient's symptoms are more focused on self-perception and social anxiety rather than paranoid ideation.
*Depression*
- Depression involves a sustained period of **low mood**, loss of interest or pleasure, and other vegetative symptoms, which are not explicitly described as the primary, long-standing issue here.
- While feelings of worthlessness can occur in depression, the chronic, pervasive social inhibition and desire for relationships point away from a primary depressive episode as the sole diagnosis.
*Dysthymia*
- Dysthymia, or persistent depressive disorder, is characterized by a chronically depressed mood for at least two years, but it usually includes more pervasive depressive symptoms like low energy and anhedonia.
- While it can involve poor self-esteem, it doesn't fully explain the specific pattern of social avoidance and hypersensitivity to criticism, especially the patient's desire for social connection, which is often dampened in dysthymia.
Assessment and diagnosis challenges US Medical PG Question 4: A mental health volunteer is interviewing locals as part of a community outreach program. A 46-year-old man discloses that he has felt sad for as long as he can remember. He feels as though his life is cursed and if something terrible can happen to him, it usually will. He has difficulty making decisions and feels hopeless. He also feels that he has had worsening suicidal ideations, guilt from past problems, decreased energy, and poor concentration over the past 2 weeks. He is otherwise getting enough sleep and able to hold a job. Which of the following statement best describes this patient's condition?
- A. The patient may have symptoms of mania or psychosis.
- B. The patient is likely to show anhedonia.
- C. The patient likely has paranoid personality disorder.
- D. The patient has double depression. (Correct Answer)
- E. The patient should be started on an SSRI.
Assessment and diagnosis challenges Explanation: ***The patient has double depression.***
- The patient describes **chronic low-grade depressive symptoms** ("felt sad for as long as he can remember," "life is cursed," "difficulty making decisions," "hopeless") consistent with **persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)**, which requires at least 2 years of symptoms.
- The recent worsening of symptoms over the past two weeks, including "worsening suicidal ideations, guilt from past problems, decreased energy, and poor concentration," indicates an additional **major depressive episode (MDE) superimposed on dysthymia**, a condition known as **double depression**.
- This patient currently meets criteria for both conditions simultaneously, not just at risk for developing them.
*The patient may have symptoms of mania or psychosis.*
- There are no symptoms mentioned that suggest **mania**, such as elevated mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, or racing thoughts.
- While suicidal ideation is present, there is no evidence of **psychotic features** like hallucinations or delusions.
*The patient is likely to show anhedonia.*
- **Anhedonia** (inability to feel pleasure) is a common symptom of depression and may well be present in this patient.
- However, the patient's presentation specifically highlights the pattern of **chronic dysthymia with a superimposed major depressive episode**, making **double depression** a more precise, comprehensive, and diagnostically specific description of his current condition.
- While anhedonia might be present, it is a symptom rather than a diagnostic formulation.
*The patient likely has paranoid personality disorder.*
- **Paranoid personality disorder** is characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others, interpreting their motives as malevolent, without sufficient basis.
- The patient's feelings of being "cursed" and that "something terrible can happen" reflect **depressive pessimism and negative cognitive distortions**, not paranoid ideation about others' intentions.
- This is consistent with the hopelessness seen in depression.
*The patient should be started on an SSRI.*
- While an **SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)** combined with psychotherapy would likely be appropriate treatment for double depression, making a specific treatment recommendation is premature without comprehensive clinical assessment.
- The question asks for the **best statement describing the patient's condition** (diagnosis), not for treatment recommendations.
Assessment and diagnosis challenges US Medical PG Question 5: A 25-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her boyfriend after she cut her forearms with a knife. She has had multiple visits to the emergency department in the past few months for self-inflicted wounds. She claims that her boyfriend is the worst person in the world. She and her boyfriend have broken up 20 times in the past 6 months. She says she cut herself not because she wants to kill herself; she feels alone and empty and wants her boyfriend to take care of her. Her boyfriend claims that she is prone to outbursts of physical aggression as well as mood swings. He says that these mood swings last a few hours and vary from states of exuberance and self-confidence to states of self-doubt and melancholy. On examination, the patient appears well-dressed and calm. She has normal speech, thought processes, and thought content. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Dependent personality disorder
- B. Borderline personality disorder (Correct Answer)
- C. Bipolar II disorder
- D. Cyclothymic disorder
- E. Histrionic personality disorder
Assessment and diagnosis challenges Explanation: ***Borderline personality disorder***
- This patient exhibits characteristic features of **borderline personality disorder**, including **impulsivity** (self-harm), **unstable relationships** (frequent breakups, idealization/devaluation of boyfriend), **affective instability** (rapid mood swings lasting hours), and feelings of **emptiness** and **abandonment**.
- **Self-harm** in BPD is often a coping mechanism for intense emotional pain or a way to elicit care, rather than a genuine suicide attempt, as stated by the patient.
*Dependent personality disorder*
- Characterized by an **excessive need to be cared for**, leading to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, which is not the primary presentation here.
- While there is a desire for care, the prominent features of **impulsivity**, **affective instability**, and **unstable relationships** are not typical of dependent personality disorder.
*Bipolar II disorder*
- Involves episodes of **hypomania** and **major depression**, with mood swings typically lasting for at least **four days** (hypomania) or **two weeks** (major depression), much longer than the hours described here.
- The patient's presentation emphasizes **interpersonal instability** and **self-harm** more than episodic mood disturbances.
*Cyclothymic disorder*
- Involves **numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms** and numerous periods of **depressive symptoms** for at least two years, but these symptoms are less severe than full-blown hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
- The rapid mood shifts within hours and the intensity of **interpersonal dysfunction** and **self-harm** are more indicative of borderline personality disorder.
*Histrionic personality disorder*
- Characterized by **excessive emotionality** and **attention-seeking behavior**, often sexually provocative, and using physical appearance to draw attention.
- While emotionality is present, the **self-harm**, **emptiness**, and **rapid mood shifts** are not core features of histrionic personality disorder.
Assessment and diagnosis challenges US Medical PG Question 6: A 35-year-old computer programmer presents to the psychiatrist at the request of his mother for his oddities. He explains that he wears an aluminum foil cap while he works because he does not want extraterrestrial life to steal his thoughts. He spends his free time building a radio transmitter to contact distant planets. He denies any delusions or hallucinations. He claims that nothing is wrong with his eccentricities and is happy the way his life is. Which of the following personality disorders does this male most likely have?
- A. Schizotypal (Correct Answer)
- B. Schizoid
- C. Narcissistic
- D. Borderline
- E. Paranoid
Assessment and diagnosis challenges Explanation: ***Schizotypal***
- This patient exhibits **eccentric behavior**, **odd beliefs** (aliens stealing thoughts), and **magical thinking** (radio transmitter for distant planets) without reaching the level of frank delusions or hallucinations.
- The patient's lack of concern about his "eccentricities" and satisfaction with his life are consistent with the **ego-syntonic nature** often seen in personality disorders.
*Schizoid*
- Characterized by a **detachment from social relationships** and a restricted range of emotional expression, often preferring solitary activities.
- While they may display some oddities, their primary feature is a **lack of interest in social interaction**, which is not the prominent feature described here.
*Narcissistic*
- Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder display a **pervasive pattern of grandiosity**, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy.
- Their behaviors are typically driven by a need for **external validation** and a sense of superiority, which are absent in this case.
*Borderline*
- Marked by **instability in interpersonal relationships**, self-image, affects, and impulsivity; traits like fear of abandonment, unstable identity, and self-harm are common.
- The patient's presentation does not align with the **emotional dysregulation and interpersonal chaos** characteristic of borderline personality disorder.
*Paranoid*
- Characterized by a **pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others**, interpreting their motives as malevolent.
- While the patient has unusual beliefs, his primary concern is about alien intervention, not **suspicion of human intentions** or behaviors.
Assessment and diagnosis challenges US Medical PG Question 7: A 25-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with a chief complaint of diffuse muscle aches and pains. She states that she has trouble doing everyday tasks such as showering, cooking, and cleaning due to the pain. The patient has a past medical history of anxiety and bulimia nervosa and is currently not taking any medications. Upon further questioning, the patient states that her symptoms started last week when her boyfriend left her for another individual. The patient was quite upset, as she states she always had tended to all his needs and never argued with him. Since he has left, she has been unable to decide what she should do with herself during the day. The patient has been living with her mother for the past day and states that has helped greatly, as her mother helps her plan her days and gives her chores to do. Regardless, the patient states that her pain persists. The physician sets up a referral for the patient to work with a psychiatrist. Upon hearing this, the patient becomes visually bothered and questions if the physician is actually trying to help her. Which of the following personality disorder does this patient most likely suffer from?
- A. Paranoid
- B. Borderline
- C. Avoidant
- D. Histrionic
- E. Dependent (Correct Answer)
Assessment and diagnosis challenges Explanation: ***Dependent***
- The patient exhibits strong **submissiveness** and a pervasive need to be taken care of, as evidenced by her inability to make decisions and relying on her mother to plan her days and give her chores.
- She shows a fear of **separation** and an urgent search for a new relationship or support system, highlighted by her difficulty functioning after her boyfriend left and her extreme devotion to his needs.
*Paranoid*
- Characterized by a pervasive **distrust and suspiciousness of others**, interpreting their motives as malevolent.
- This patient does not display these features; her discomfort with the referral is more about fear of abandonment and lack of self-reliance, not suspicion.
*Borderline*
- Involves instability in relationships, self-image, affects, and marked **impulsivity**, often with frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment.
- While there is a fear of abandonment, the patient's primary presentation is submissiveness and need for care, rather than the characteristic impulsivity, emotional lability, and unstable self-image seen in borderline personality disorder.
*Avoidant*
- Marked by **social inhibition**, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, leading to avoidance of social interaction.
- This patient seeks close relationships and relies on others, which is opposite to the social withdrawal and avoidance characteristic of avoidant personality disorder.
*Histrionic*
- Characterized by excessive **emotionality** and attention-seeking behavior, often dramatic and theatrical.
- While the patient might seek attention in her relationship, her core issue of submissiveness and reliance on others for decision-making does not align with the overtly dramatic and exhibitionistic traits of histrionic personality disorder.
Assessment and diagnosis challenges US Medical PG Question 8: A 33-year-old man with documented antisocial personality disorder and substance use disorder is convicted of assault. The defense attorney requests psychiatric testimony that the defendant's personality disorder diminished his capacity to conform his conduct to the law. His history includes multiple prior convictions, repeated lying, failure to sustain employment, lack of remorse, and disregard for others' safety. However, he understood the wrongfulness of his actions and planned the assault in advance. Evaluate the relationship between antisocial personality disorder and criminal responsibility.
- A. Chronic pattern of behavior demonstrates inability to conform conduct to law
- B. Combination of personality disorder and substance use negates criminal responsibility
- C. Comorbid substance use disorder supports insanity defense
- D. Antisocial personality disorder does not meet criteria for insanity defense as patients retain capacity to understand wrongfulness (Correct Answer)
- E. Personality disorders qualify for diminished capacity due to impaired impulse control
Assessment and diagnosis challenges Explanation: ***Antisocial personality disorder does not meet criteria for insanity defense as patients retain capacity to understand wrongfulness***
- In forensic psychiatry, individuals with **antisocial personality disorder** are generally considered criminally responsible because they retain the **cognitive capacity** to distinguish right from wrong.
- The legal system distinguishes between a "cannot conform" (e.g., severe psychosis) and a "will not conform" (personality disorder); since the defendant **planned the assault**, he demonstrated **volitional control**.
*Chronic pattern of behavior demonstrates inability to conform conduct to law*
- A history of repeated legal infractions reflects a **choice to disregard social norms** rather than an organic or psychotic inability to process reality.
- Under most legal standards, inclusive of the **M'Naghten Rule**, a repetitive criminal history does not constitute the "mental disease or defect" required for an **insanity defense**.
*Combination of personality disorder and substance use negates criminal responsibility*
- Combined pathology does not equate to a loss of **mens rea** (guilty mind); substance use is often viewed as **voluntary intoxication**, which rarely excuses criminal acts.
- The presence of these disorders does not inherently impair the defendant's **rational understanding** of the wrongfulness of the specific criminal act.
*Comorbid substance use disorder supports insanity defense*
- **Substance use disorders** are specifically excluded from the definition of "mental disease or defect" in the context of the **insanity defense** in many jurisdictions.
- To qualify for insanity, a condition must typically involve a disconnection from reality, whereas substance use is considered a **behavioral choice** with known legal risks.
*Personality disorders qualify for diminished capacity due to impaired impulse control*
- **Diminished capacity** is a specific legal defense that usually requires a severe mental impairment that prevents the formation of **specific intent**, which is not seen here as the defendant **planned the assault**.
- While patients with personality disorders exhibit **impulsivity**, they still possess the foundational **legal sanity** required to be held responsible for premeditated actions.
Assessment and diagnosis challenges US Medical PG Question 9: A 26-year-old woman presents requesting cosmetic surgery consultation. She is preoccupied with achieving the 'perfect' appearance, has undergone multiple procedures, and expresses disappointment with each result. She describes herself as special and destined for greatness, becomes enraged when her primary care physician suggested psychiatric evaluation, and states she will report him for 'not understanding her needs.' She expects special treatment in the clinic and becomes irritated when kept waiting. On mental status exam, she shows intact reality testing. Analyze the most likely underlying personality structure.
- A. Histrionic personality disorder with attention-seeking behavior
- B. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder with perfectionism
- C. Borderline personality disorder with identity disturbance
- D. Narcissistic personality disorder with difficulty tolerating narcissistic injury (Correct Answer)
- E. Body dysmorphic disorder with poor insight
Assessment and diagnosis challenges Explanation: ***Narcissistic personality disorder with difficulty tolerating narcissistic injury***
- The patient exhibits core features of **Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)**, including a **grandiose sense of self-importance**, beliefs of being "special," and an extreme **sense of entitlement** regarding special treatment in the clinic.
- Her enraged reaction to the suggestion of a psychiatric evaluation is a classic example of **narcissistic rage**, which occurs after a **narcissistic injury** (a threat to one's inflated self-image or perceived perfection).
*Histrionic personality disorder with attention-seeking behavior*
- While both can involve vanity, histrionic patients are typically **emotionally labile** and seek any kind of attention, rather than specifically requiring **admiration and status**.
- This patient's **grandiosity** and entitlement differ from the **theatricality** and shallow emotional expression characteristic of histrionic behavior.
*Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder with perfectionism*
- Perfectionism in OCPD is driven by **rigidity**, a need for **control**, and preoccupation with rules rather than a desire for a "perfect" grandiose physical appearance.
- Unlike this patient, individuals with OCPD are typically **ego-syntonic regarding their work ethic** but lack the **arrogance** and self-aggrandizement seen here.
*Borderline personality disorder with identity disturbance*
- Borderline patients primarily experience **affective instability**, **fear of abandonment**, and chronic feelings of emptiness, which are not described in this scenario.
- While both can involve rage, borderline rage is usually triggered by **rejection or loss**, whereas this patient's rage stems from a blow to her **ego and superiority**.
*Body dysmorphic disorder with poor insight*
- Although she is preoccupied with her appearance, the pervasive pattern of **grandiosity**, **lack of empathy**, and **entitlement** suggests a personality structure rather than an isolated body image disorder.
- Patients with **Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)** usually present with shame or distress over specific "defects" rather than a belief that they are **"destined for greatness."**
Assessment and diagnosis challenges US Medical PG Question 10: A 50-year-old man is brought for evaluation by his wife who reports 25 years of strange behavior. He has no close friends, prefers solitary activities, shows little emotion even at family events, and appears indifferent to praise or criticism. He works as a night security guard and has never desired a romantic relationship beyond the marriage his family arranged. He denies hallucinations or paranoia. On exam, he shows restricted affect but is cooperative and logical. What distinguishes this presentation from schizoid personality disorder with comorbid depression?
- A. Preserved occupational functioning despite social isolation
- B. Family history negative for mood disorders
- C. Lack of response to antidepressant medication
- D. Lifelong pattern present before any mood symptoms with no anhedonia complaints (Correct Answer)
- E. Absence of neurovegetative symptoms of depression
Assessment and diagnosis challenges Explanation: ***Lifelong pattern present before any mood symptoms with no anhedonia complaints***
- **Schizoid personality disorder** is characterized by a pervasive, **lifelong pattern** of social detachment and emotional restrictedness that is **ego-syntonic**, meaning the patient does not perceive it as a problem.
- Unlike depression, which typically involves a discrete change from baseline and subjective **anhedonia** (distress over the loss of interest), this patient has never desired social connection and remains **content** in his isolation.
*Preserved occupational functioning despite social isolation*
- While common in schizoid personality disorder, occupational functioning does not reliably rule out **comorbid depression**, as many high-functioning individuals maintain work duties while depressed.
- Functional status is less diagnostically definitive than the **longitudinal history** and the presence or absence of subjective distress.
*Family history negative for mood disorders*
- A negative family history does not exclude a diagnosis of **Major Depressive Disorder**, nor does it confirm a **personality disorder**.
- While mood disorders have a genetic component, diagnosis is based on the patient's **clinical presentation** and symptom timeline rather than heritage.
*Lack of response to antidepressant medication*
- Medication response is not a diagnostic criterion; many patients with **treatment-resistant depression** may fail to respond to antidepressants.
- **Personality disorders** are primarily managed with therapy, but the lack of response to a pill does not distinguish the underlying etiology of the social withdrawal.
*Absence of neurovegetative symptoms of depression*
- While the absence of sleep or appetite changes argues against depression, certain types like **atypical depression** may exhibit different patterns.
- The most defining feature for this diagnosis remains the **pervasive, lifelong lack of desire** for relationships, rather than just the absence of physical signs of a mood episode.
More Assessment and diagnosis challenges US Medical PG questions available in the OnCourse app. Practice MCQs, flashcards, and get detailed explanations.
