A mental health volunteer is interviewing locals as part of a community outreach program. A 46-year-old man discloses that he has felt sad for as long as he can remember. He feels as though his life is cursed and if something terrible can happen to him, it usually will. He has difficulty making decisions and feels hopeless. He also feels that he has had worsening suicidal ideations, guilt from past problems, decreased energy, and poor concentration over the past 2 weeks. He is otherwise getting enough sleep and able to hold a job. Which of the following statement best describes this patient's condition?

The patient has double depression.

The patient may have symptoms of mania or psychosis.

The patient is likely to show anhedonia.

The patient likely has paranoid personality disorder.

The patient should be started on an SSRI.

A 27-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Paroxetine therapy was initiated 6 weeks ago for a major depressive episode. He now feels much better and says he is delighted with his newfound energy. He gets around 8 hours of sleep nightly. His appetite has increased. Last year, he had two episodes of depressed mood, insomnia, and low energy during which he had interrupted his job training and stopped going to the gym. Now, he has been able to resume his job at a local bank. He also goes to the gym three times a week to work out and enjoys reading books again. His temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), pulse is 70/min, and blood pressure is 128/66 mm Hg. Physical and neurologic examinations show no abnormalities. On mental status examination, he describes his mood as "good." Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

Continue paroxetine therapy for 2 years

Switch from paroxetine to venlafaxine therapy

Continue paroxetine therapy for 6 months

Switch from paroxetine to lithium therapy

A 24-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a wellness exam. She currently has no acute concerns but has been feeling hopeless, has a poor appetite, difficulty with concentration, and trouble with sleep. She says that she has poor self-esteem and that her symptoms have been occurring for the past 3 years. She has had moments where she felt better, but it lasted a few weeks out of the year. She currently lives alone and does not pursue romantic relationships because she feels she is not attractive. She has a past medical history of asthma. Her mother is alive and healthy. Her father committed suicide and suffered from major depressive disorder. On physical exam, the patient has a gloomy demeanor and appears restless and anxious. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A 16-year-old boy comes to the physician for the evaluation of fatigue over the past month. He reports that his energy levels are low and that he spends most of his time in his room. He also states that he is not in the mood for meeting friends. He used to enjoy playing soccer and going to the shooting range with his father, but recently stopped showing interest in these activities. He has been having difficulties at school due to concentration problems. His appetite is low. He has problems falling asleep. He states that he has thought about ending his life, but he has no specific plan. He lives with his parents, who frequently fight due to financial problems. He does not smoke. He drinks 2–3 cans of beer on the weekends. He does not use illicit drugs. He takes no medications. His vital signs are within normal limits. On mental status examination, he is oriented to person, place, and time. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. In addition to the administration of an appropriate medication, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

Instruct parents to remove guns from the house

Contact child protective services

A 51-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for a normal check-up. He reports that he “hasn’t felt like himself” recently. He describes feeling down for the past 8 months since his mother passed away. He has had trouble sleeping and has unintentionally lost 15 pounds. He feels guilty about his mother’s death but cannot articulate why. His performance at work has declined and he has stopped running, an activity he used to enjoy. He has not thought about hurting himself or others. Of note, he also complains of numbness in his feet and fingers and inability to maintain an erection. His past medical history is notable for diabetes. He is on metformin. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 125/65 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 16/min. On exam, he is alert and oriented with intact memory and normal speech. He appears tired with a somewhat flattened affect. The best medication for this patient inhibits which of the following processes?

Norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake

Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) | Mood Disorders

Overview & Epidemiology - The Eeyore Blues

A chronic, low-grade depressive mood for ≥ 2 years (≥ 1 year in children/adolescents), with ≥ 2 associated symptoms (e.g., low energy, poor concentration, hopelessness).
Distinguished from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) by its chronicity and less severe, though persistent, symptoms.
"Double depression" can occur: PDD with a superimposed MDD episode.
Onset: Typically insidious, often beginning in childhood or adolescence.

⭐ The chronic nature of PDD often results in more significant functional impairment over a lifetime than episodic MDD.

Symptoms of Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

Diagnosis & Features - Spotting the Gloom

Core feature is a chronic, depressed mood for most of the day, more days than not.

Duration Criteria:
- Adults: ≥2 years
- Children & Adolescents: ≥1 year
Associated Symptoms (≥2 required):
- 📌 Concentration difficulties or indecisiveness
- Hopelessness
- Appetite change (↓ or ↑)
- Sleep disturbance (insomnia or hypersomnia)
- Energy low or fatigue
- Self-esteem low

⭐ PDD often has an early and insidious onset (in childhood, adolescence, or early adult life) and a chronic course. The presence of more severe symptoms predicts a worse outcome.

Differential Diagnosis - Mood Disorder Mimics

Disorder	Differentiating Features
Major Depressive Disorder	• Timeline: Episodic (≥2 wks) vs. chronic (≥2 yrs). • Severity: MDD is more severe, with more neurovegetative symptoms.
Cyclothymic Disorder	• Mood Polarity: Involves periods with hypomanic symptoms, not just depressive symptoms, over ≥2 yrs.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	• Core Symptom: Dominated by excessive worry and anxiety, rather than a pervasive low mood.

Treatment & Management - Lifting the Fog

First-Line Strategy: A combination approach is most effective.
- Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) are mainstays.
- Pharmacotherapy: SSRIs (e.g., Sertraline, Fluoxetine) are the initial drugs of choice.
Escalation of Care: If initial treatment fails or is partially effective, switch or augment.
- Consider other classes like SNRIs (e.g., Venlafaxine) or TCAs (use cautiously).
Long-Term View: Due to the chronic course, maintenance therapy for ≥1 year after remission is crucial to prevent relapse.

⭐ Patients with dysthymia often have a better response to combination therapy (psychotherapy + medication) than to either treatment used alone.

High-Yield Points - ⚡ Biggest Takeaways

Chronic depressed mood for at least 2 years in adults, or 1 year in children and adolescents.

Patient is not symptom-free for more than 2 consecutive months.

Requires at least two other depressive symptoms like low energy, hopelessness, or poor concentration.

There has never been a manic or hypomanic episode (a key distinction from bipolar disorder).

Considered a chronic, less severe form of depression than major depressive disorder.

Combination therapy with psychotherapy and SSRIs is the most effective treatment approach.