Exercise physiology

Exercise physiology US Medical PG Question 1: A 35-year-old woman presents to the clinic for a several-month history of heat intolerance. She lives in a small apartment with her husband and reports that she always feels hot and sweaty, even when their air conditioning is on high. On further questioning, she's also had a 4.5 kg (10 lb) unintentional weight loss. The vital signs include: heart rate 102/min and blood pressure 150/80 mm Hg. The physical exam is notable for warm and slightly moist skin. She also exhibits a fine tremor in her hands when her arms are outstretched. Which of the following laboratory values is most likely low in this patient?

• A. Triiodothyronine (T3)
• B. Thyroxine (T4)
• C. Calcitonin
• D. Glucose
• E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (Correct Answer)

Exercise physiology Explanation: ***Thyroid-stimulating hormone*** - The patient's symptoms (heat intolerance, weight loss, tachycardia, hypertension, warm/moist skin, fine tremor) are classic for **hyperthyroidism**. - In primary hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland overproduces T3 and T4, which **negatively feedbacks** on the pituitary, leading to a **low TSH** level. *Triiodothyronine (T3)* - In hyperthyroidism, **T3 levels are typically elevated**, not low, as the thyroid gland is overactive. - T3 is one of the primary thyroid hormones responsible for the patient's metabolic symptoms. *Thyroxine (T4)* - In hyperthyroidism, **T4 levels are typically elevated**, not low, alongside T3. - T4 is the other key thyroid hormone produced in excess, contributing to the hypermetabolic state. *Calcitonin* - Calcitonin is a hormone involved in **calcium regulation** and is produced by the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland. - Its levels are not directly affected by hyperthyroidism and would not be consistently low in this scenario. *Glucose* - While hyperthyroidism can affect glucose metabolism, causing increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, it more commonly leads to **elevated or normal glucose levels**, not consistently low levels. - Low glucose would typically suggest other conditions like insulinoma or adrenal insufficiency.

Exercise physiology US Medical PG Question 2: A scientist is trying to design a drug to modulate cellular metabolism in the treatment of obesity. Specifically, he is interested in understanding how fats are processed in adipocytes in response to different energy states. His target is a protein within these cells that catalyzes catabolism of an energy source. The products of this reaction are subsequently used in gluconeogenesis or β-oxidation. Which of the following is true of the most likely protein that is being studied by this scientist?

• A. It is stimulated by epinephrine (Correct Answer)
• B. It is inhibited by glucagon
• C. It is inhibited by acetylcholine
• D. It is inhibited by cortisol
• E. It is stimulated by insulin

Exercise physiology Explanation: ***It is stimulated by epinephrine*** - The protein described is likely **hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)**, which catabolizes **triglycerides** in adipocytes to **glycerol** and **fatty acids**. - **Epinephrine** (and norepinephrine) stimulates HSL activity via a **cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)** pathway, leading to increased fatty acid release for energy. *It is inhibited by glucagon* - **Glucagon primarily acts on the liver** to promote gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, but it does **not directly inhibit HSL** in adipocytes. - While glucagon has a lipolytic effect, it doesn't inhibit the enzyme that releases fatty acids. *It is inhibited by acetylcholine* - **Acetylcholine** is a neurotransmitter involved in the **parasympathetic nervous system**, which generally promotes energy storage. - It does **not directly inhibit HSL**; its effects on lipid metabolism are indirect and typically involve other pathways. *It is inhibited by cortisol* - **Cortisol**, a glucocorticoid, generally **promotes lipolysis** (breakdown of fats) in certain contexts, particularly during stress to provide energy substrates. - Therefore, it would **not inhibit HSL**; rather, it often enhances its activity or provides a permissive effect for other lipolytic hormones. *It is stimulated by insulin* - **Insulin** is an **anabolic hormone** that promotes energy storage, including **lipogenesis** (fat synthesis) and inhibits lipolysis. - Insulin **inhibits HSL activity** by activating phosphodiesterase, which reduces cAMP levels, thus deactivating PKA and preventing HSL phosphorylation.

Exercise physiology US Medical PG Question 3: A healthy 22-year-old male participates in a research study you are leading to compare the properties of skeletal and cardiac muscle. You conduct a 3-phased experiment with the participant. In the first phase, you get him to lift up a 2.3 kg (5 lb) weight off a table with his left hand. In the second phase, you get him to do 20 burpees, taking his heart rate to 150/min. In the third phase, you electrically stimulate his gastrocnemius with a frequency of 50 Hz. You are interested in the tension and electrical activity of specific muscles as follows: Biceps in phase 1, cardiac muscle in phase 2, and gastrocnemius in phase 3. What would you expect to be happening in the phases and the respective muscles of interest?

• A. Increase of tension in experiments 2 and 3, with the same underlying mechanism
• B. Increase of tension in all phases (Correct Answer)
• C. Recruitment of large motor units followed by small motor units in experiment 1
• D. Fused tetanic contraction at the end of all three experiments
• E. Recruitment of small motor units at the start of experiments 1 and 2

Exercise physiology Explanation: ***Increase of tension in all phases*** - In **phase 1**, lifting a 2.3 kg weight requires the **biceps** to contract, generating sufficient force (**tension**) to overcome gravity. - In **phase 2**, the **cardiac muscle** increases its contractile force (**tension**) to meet the metabolic demands of **exercise**, leading to a heart rate of 150/min. - In **phase 3**, electrical stimulation of the **gastrocnemius** at 50 Hz triggers muscle contraction, leading to an increase in **tension**. *Increase of tension in experiments 2 and 3, with the same underlying mechanism* - While tension increases in phases 2 and 3, the **underlying mechanisms differ**: cardiac muscle tension increases due to increased sympathetic stimulation and preload, while skeletal muscle tension increases due to unfused or fused tetanus from electrical stimulation. - Cardiac muscle contraction is regulated by **calcium-induced calcium release**, while skeletal muscle involves direct coupling of DHP receptor and ryanodine receptor. *Recruitment of large motor units followed by small motor units in experiment 1* - **Motor unit recruitment** follows the **size principle**, meaning smaller, more easily excitable motor units are activated first, followed by larger ones as more force is needed. - Therefore, in phase 1, **small motor units** would be recruited first, not large ones. *Fused tetanic contraction at the end of all three experiments* - **Fused tetanic contraction** occurs in **skeletal muscle** when stimulation frequency is high enough that individual twitches summate completely, leading to sustained contraction. - This phenomenon is **not possible in cardiac muscle** due to its long **refractory period**, which prevents sustained contraction and allows for adequate filling time. *Recruitment of small motor units at the start of experiments 1 and 2* - **Motor unit recruitment** applies to **skeletal muscle** (phase 1) and involves recruiting small motor units first for fine or gentle movements. - **Cardiac muscle** (phase 2) does not have motor units; instead, it relies on the **Frank-Starling mechanism** and hormonal/nervous regulation to adjust its contractile force as a syncytium.

Exercise physiology US Medical PG Question 4: An 83-year-old male presents with dyspnea, orthopnea, and a chest radiograph demonstrating pulmonary edema. A diagnosis of congestive heart failure is considered. The following clinical measurements are obtained: 100 bpm heart rate, 0.2 mL O2/mL systemic blood arterial oxygen content, 0.1 mL O2/mL pulmonary arterial oxygen content, and 400 mL O2/min oxygen consumption. Using the above information, which of the following values represents this patient's cardiac stroke volume?

• A. 30 mL/beat
• B. 70 mL/beat
• C. 40 mL/beat (Correct Answer)
• D. 60 mL/beat
• E. 50 mL/beat

Exercise physiology Explanation: ***40 mL/beat*** - First, calculate cardiac output (CO) using the **Fick principle**: CO = Oxygen Consumption / (Arterial O2 content - Venous O2 content). Here, CO = 400 mL O2/min / (0.2 mL O2/mL - 0.1 mL O2/mL) = 400 mL O2/min / 0.1 mL O2/mL = **4000 mL/min**. - Next, calculate stroke volume (SV) using the formula: SV = CO / Heart Rate. Given a heart rate of 100 bpm, SV = 4000 mL/min / 100 beats/min = **40 mL/beat**. *30 mL/beat* - This answer would result if there was an error in calculating either the **cardiac output** or if the **arteriovenous oxygen difference** was overestimated. - A stroke volume of 30 mL/beat with a heart rate of 100 bpm would yield a cardiac output of 3 L/min, which is sub-physiologic for an oxygen consumption of 400 mL/min given the provided oxygen content values. *70 mL/beat* - This stroke volume is higher than calculated and would imply either a significantly **lower heart rate** or a much **higher cardiac output** than derived from the Fick principle with the given values. - A stroke volume of 70 mL/beat at a heart rate of 100 bpm would mean a cardiac output of 7 L/min, which is inconsistent with the provided oxygen consumption and arteriovenous oxygen difference. *60 mL/beat* - This value is higher than the correct calculation, suggesting an error in the initial calculation of **cardiac output** or the **avO2 difference**. - To get 60 mL/beat, the cardiac output would need to be 6000 mL/min, which would mean an avO2 difference of 0.067 mL O2/mL, not 0.1 mL O2/mL. *50 mL/beat* - This stroke volume would result from an incorrect calculation of the **cardiac output**, potentially from a slight miscalculation of the **arteriovenous oxygen difference**. - A stroke volume of 50 mL/beat at 100 bpm would mean a cardiac output of 5 L/min, requiring an avO2 difference of 0.08 mL O2/mL, which is not consistent with the given values.

Exercise physiology US Medical PG Question 5: A 27-year-old man is running on the treadmill at his gym. His blood pressure prior to beginning his workout was 110/72. Which of the following changes in his cardiovascular system may be seen in this man now that he is exercising?

• A. Decreased blood pressure
• B. Decreased systemic vascular resistance (Correct Answer)
• C. Increased systemic vascular resistance
• D. Decreased stroke volume
• E. Decreased heart rate

Exercise physiology Explanation: ***Decreased systemic vascular resistance*** - During dynamic exercise, metabolic vasodilation in exercising muscles leads to a substantial **decrease in systemic vascular resistance (SVR)** to accommodate increased blood flow. - This vasodilation overrides the systemic vasoconstriction driven by the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in a net decrease in overall SVR. *Decreased blood pressure* - While SVR decreases, **systolic blood pressure typically increases** during exercise due to increased cardiac output. - **Diastolic blood pressure** usually remains stable or may slightly decrease, but overall blood pressure, specifically the mean arterial pressure, is generally maintained or elevated. *Increased systemic vascular resistance* - This is incorrect as **vasodilation in active muscles** causes a significant decrease in overall systemic vascular resistance. - An increase in SVR would typically hinder blood flow to working muscles and is not a characteristic cardiovascular response to dynamic exercise. *Decreased stroke volume* - Stroke volume generally **increases significantly** during exercise due to enhanced venous return, increased contractility, and reduced afterload (from decreased SVR). - A decreased stroke volume would limit cardiac output and exercise performance. *Decreased heart rate* - Heart rate **increases proportionally with exercise intensity** to boost cardiac output and oxygen delivery to active muscles. - A decreased heart rate would counteract the body's physiological demand for increased blood flow during physical activity.

Exercise physiology US Medical PG Question 6: A 24-year-old man is running a marathon. Upon reaching the finish line, his serum lactate levels were measured and were significantly increased as compared to his baseline. Which of the following pathways converts the lactate produced by muscles into glucose and transports it back to the muscles?

• A. Citric acid cycle
• B. Glycolysis
• C. Glycogenesis
• D. Pentose phosphate pathway
• E. Cori cycle (Correct Answer)

Exercise physiology Explanation: ***Cori cycle*** - The **Cori cycle** is the metabolic pathway that converts **lactate** produced by anaerobic glycolysis in muscles (especially during intense exercise) back to **glucose in the liver** via gluconeogenesis. - During strenuous exercise, muscles rely on anaerobic glycolysis when oxygen supply is insufficient, producing lactate and 2 ATP per glucose. - The lactate is transported via bloodstream to the liver, where it is converted back to glucose (requiring 6 ATP), which then returns to muscles for energy or glycogen storage. - This cycle allows muscles to continue generating ATP anaerobically while the liver handles lactate clearance. *Citric acid cycle* - The **citric acid cycle** (Krebs cycle) oxidizes **acetyl-CoA** to generate ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ in the mitochondrial matrix under aerobic conditions. - It does not convert lactate to glucose; rather, pyruvate can be converted to acetyl-CoA to enter this cycle for complete oxidation. - This is an aerobic process and does not involve the liver-muscle lactate-glucose exchange. *Glycolysis* - **Glycolysis** is the metabolic pathway that breaks down **glucose into pyruvate**, generating 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule. - Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactate to regenerate NAD⁺ for continued glycolysis. - This is the opposite of what the question asks—glycolysis produces lactate from glucose, not glucose from lactate. *Glycogenesis* - **Glycogenesis** is the process of synthesizing **glycogen from glucose** for storage, primarily in liver and muscle tissue. - While it involves glucose storage, it does not convert lactate back to glucose or involve the metabolic exchange between muscles and liver described in the question. *Pentose phosphate pathway* - The **pentose phosphate pathway** (hexose monophosphate shunt) produces **NADPH** for reductive biosynthesis and **ribose-5-phosphate** for nucleotide synthesis. - It branches from glycolysis but is not involved in lactate metabolism or the muscle-liver glucose-lactate exchange.

Exercise physiology US Medical PG Question 7: During a clinical study examining the diffusion of gas between the alveolar compartment and the pulmonary capillary blood, men between the ages of 20 and 50 years are evaluated while they hold a sitting position. After inhaling a water-soluble gas that rapidly combines with hemoglobin, the concentration of the gas in the participant's exhaled air is measured and the diffusion capacity is calculated. Assuming that the concentration of the inhaled gas remains the same, which of the following is most likely to increase the flow of the gas across the alveolar membrane?

• A. Deep exhalation
• B. Entering a cold chamber
• C. Treadmill exercise (Correct Answer)
• D. Standing straight
• E. Assuming a hunched position

Exercise physiology Explanation: ***Correct: Treadmill exercise*** - **Treadmill exercise** increases cardiac output and pulmonary blood flow, which in turn recruits and distends more **pulmonary capillaries**. This increases the **surface area** available for gas exchange and reduces the diffusion distance, thereby enhancing the flow of gas across the alveolar membrane. - Exercise also typically leads to deeper and more frequent breaths, increasing the **ventilation-perfusion matching** and overall efficiency of gas exchange. - According to Fick's law of diffusion (Vgas = A/T × D × ΔP), increasing the surface area (A) directly increases gas flow. *Incorrect: Deep exhalation* - **Deep exhalation** would empty the lungs more completely, potentially leading to alveolar collapse in some regions and thus **decreasing the alveolar surface area** available for gas exchange. - This would also reduce the **driving pressure** for gas diffusion by lowering the alveolar concentration of the inhaled gas. *Incorrect: Entering a cold chamber* - Exposure to a **cold chamber** can cause **bronchoconstriction** in some individuals, particularly those with reactive airways, which would increase airway resistance and potentially reduce alveolar ventilation. - While metabolic rate may slightly increase in the cold, the primary effect on the lungs is unlikely to promote increased gas diffusion in a healthy individual. *Incorrect: Standing straight* - **Standing straight** is a normal physiological posture and does not significantly alter the **pulmonary capillary recruitment** or the alveolar surface area in a way that would dramatically increase gas flow compared to a seated position. - There might be minor gravitational effects on blood flow distribution, but these are generally less impactful than dynamic changes like exercise. *Incorrect: Assuming a hunched position* - **Assuming a hunched position** can restrict chest wall expansion and diaphragm movement, leading to **reduced tidal volume** and overall alveolar ventilation. - This posture, by reducing lung volumes and potentially compressing the lungs, would likely **decrease the effective surface area** for gas exchange and therefore reduce gas flow.

Exercise physiology US Medical PG Question 8: A 19-year-old male soccer player undergoes an exercise tolerance test to measure his maximal oxygen uptake during exercise. Which of the following changes are most likely to occur during exercise?

• A. Increased apical ventilation-perfusion ratio
• B. Decreased physiologic dead space (Correct Answer)
• C. Decreased alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient
• D. Increased arterial partial pressure of oxygen
• E. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance

Exercise physiology Explanation: **Decreased physiologic dead space** - During exercise, there is improved perfusion to previously underperfused areas of the lung, leading to a **more uniform ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) matching** and thus a decrease in physiologic dead space. - The increased cardiac output helps to perfuse more capillaries, reducing the amount of ventilated air that does not participate in gas exchange. *Increased apical ventilation-perfusion ratio* - At rest, the **apical V/Q ratio is already high** due to gravity-dependent differences in blood flow; exercise partially normalizes these differences. - While overall V/Q matching improves, the relative V/Q differences between apical and basal regions may become less pronounced, not necessarily a further increase in the apical ratio. *Decreased alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient* - During severe exercise, the **A-a gradient often increases slightly** due to increased oxygen diffusion limitations and V/Q mismatch. - Although overall gas exchange efficiency improves, the sheer volume of oxygen demand can reveal small imbalances, rather than fully eliminating the gradient. *Increased arterial partial pressure of oxygen* - Exercise typically leads to **stable or slightly decreased arterial PO2** in healthy individuals due to the increased metabolic demand and potential small V/Q mismatches. - The body maintains arterial PO2 remarkably well even at high exertion, but it does not usually significantly increase. *Increased pulmonary vascular resistance* - During exercise, **pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) generally decreases** due to recruitment and distension of pulmonary capillaries. - This decrease in PVR helps to accommodate the increased cardiac output without a significant rise in pulmonary arterial pressure.

Exercise physiology US Medical PG Question 9: A person is exercising strenuously on a treadmill for 1 hour. An arterial blood gas measurement is then taken. Which of the following are the most likely values?

• A. pH 7.56, PaO2 100, PCO2 44, HCO3 38
• B. pH 7.32, PaO2 42, PCO2 50, HCO3 27
• C. pH 7.57 PaO2 100, PCO2 23, HCO3 21 (Correct Answer)
• D. pH 7.38, PaO2 100, PCO2 69 HCO3 42
• E. pH 7.36, PaO2 100, PCO2 40, HCO3 23

Exercise physiology Explanation: ***pH 7.57, PaO2 100, PCO2 23, HCO3 21*** - After 1 hour of strenuous exercise, this represents **respiratory alkalosis with mild metabolic compensation**, which is the expected finding in a healthy individual during sustained vigorous exercise. - The **low PCO2 (23 mmHg)** reflects appropriate **hyperventilation** in response to increased metabolic demands and lactic acid production. During intense exercise, minute ventilation increases dramatically, often exceeding the rate of CO2 production. - The **slightly elevated pH (7.57)** and **mildly decreased HCO3 (21 mEq/L)** indicate that respiratory compensation has slightly overshot, creating mild alkalosis, while the bicarbonate is consumed both in buffering lactate and through renal compensation. - **Normal PaO2 (100 mmHg)** confirms adequate oxygenation maintained by increased ventilation. *pH 7.36, PaO2 100, PCO2 40, HCO3 23* - These are **completely normal arterial blood gas values** with no evidence of any physiological stress or compensation. - After 1 hour of strenuous exercise, we would expect **hyperventilation with decreased PCO2**, not a normal PCO2 of 40 mmHg. This profile would be consistent with rest, not vigorous exercise. - The absence of any respiratory or metabolic changes makes this inconsistent with the clinical scenario. *pH 7.56, PaO2 100, PCO2 44, HCO3 38* - This profile suggests **metabolic alkalosis** (high pH, high HCO3) with inadequate respiratory compensation (normal to slightly elevated PCO2). - This is **not consistent with strenuous exercise**, which produces metabolic acid (lactate), not metabolic base. The elevated HCO3 suggests vomiting, diuretic use, or other causes of metabolic alkalosis. *pH 7.32, PaO2 42, PCO2 50, HCO3 27* - This indicates **respiratory acidosis** (low pH, high PCO2) with **severe hypoxemia** (PaO2 42 mmHg). - During strenuous exercise, healthy individuals **increase ventilation** to enhance O2 delivery and remove CO2, so both hypoxemia and hypercapnia are unexpected and would suggest severe cardiopulmonary disease or hypoventilation. *pH 7.38, PaO2 100, PCO2 69, HCO3 42* - This demonstrates **compensated respiratory acidosis** (normal pH, markedly elevated PCO2 and HCO3). - The **very high PCO2 (69 mmHg)** indicates severe **hypoventilation**, which is the opposite of what occurs during exercise. This profile suggests chronic respiratory failure with metabolic compensation, such as in severe COPD.

Exercise physiology US Medical PG Question 10: A 36-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for the evaluation of progressive breathlessness. She has no history of major medical illness. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 99%. Cardiac examination shows a loud S1 and S2. There is a grade 2/6 early systolic murmur best heard in the 2nd right intercostal space. Cardiac catheterization shows a mixed venous oxygen saturation of 55% (N= 65–70%). Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's breathlessness?

• A. Increased peripheral shunting
• B. Decreased hemoglobin concentration
• C. Increased carbon dioxide retention
• D. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance
• E. Decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (Correct Answer)

Exercise physiology Explanation: ***Decreased left ventricular ejection fraction*** - The key finding is a **mixed venous oxygen saturation of 55% (normal 65-70%)** with **normal arterial oxygen saturation (99%)**, which indicates **increased tissue oxygen extraction** - Increased oxygen extraction occurs when **cardiac output is reduced** → tissues must extract more oxygen from each pass of blood to meet metabolic demands - This is the classic physiologic compensation in **heart failure with reduced ejection fraction** - The cardiac findings (loud heart sounds, systolic murmur) suggest underlying cardiac pathology causing reduced cardiac output and progressive breathlessness *Increased peripheral shunting* - Peripheral shunting (e.g., arteriovenous malformations) would cause **venous blood to bypass capillary beds**, resulting in **decreased oxygen extraction** and **higher mixed venous O2 saturation**, not lower - Would typically cause **hypoxemia** with reduced pulse oximetry, but this patient has 99% oxygen saturation *Decreased hemoglobin concentration* - Anemia reduces oxygen-carrying capacity but would not explain the **low mixed venous oxygen saturation** to this degree - The **pulse oximetry of 99%** indicates adequate oxygen saturation of available hemoglobin - Anemia typically causes **high cardiac output** (compensatory) rather than the low cardiac output state indicated by the low mixed venous O2 saturation *Increased carbon dioxide retention* - **Hypercapnia** results from **hypoventilation** and impaired gas exchange, typically causing **respiratory acidosis** - Would present with altered mental status, drowsiness, or signs of respiratory failure - Does not explain the **low mixed venous oxygen saturation** with normal arterial oxygen saturation - The cardiac findings point to a primary cardiac rather than respiratory problem *Increased pulmonary vascular resistance* - **Pulmonary hypertension** causes **right ventricular dysfunction** and can present with breathlessness and a loud P2 component of S2 - However, isolated pulmonary hypertension would not cause the same degree of **systemic oxygen extraction** increase - The low mixed venous O2 saturation indicates **reduced systemic cardiac output**, which primarily reflects **left ventricular dysfunction** rather than isolated right-sided pathology

Exercise physiology Flashcard 1 of 10

Question: In the muscle stretch reflex, some Ia and II afferent fibers stimulate _____ muscles (agonist or antagonist) causing muscle contraction

Answer: agonist

Exercise physiology Flashcard 2 of 10

Question: How does Pao2 change in response to exercise?_____

Answer: No change

Exercise physiology Flashcard 3 of 10

Question: How does Paco2 change in response to exercise?_____

Answer: No change

Exercise physiology Flashcard 4 of 10

Question: Type _____ muscle fibers are increased in proportion after endurance training

Answer: I

Exercise physiology Flashcard 5 of 10

Question: The primary function of autoregulation of blood flow to the skin is _____ regulation

Answer: temperature

Exercise physiology Flashcard 6 of 10

Question: Patients develop heat stroke due to heat production exceeding _____

Answer: heat dissipation

Exercise physiology Flashcard 7 of 10

Question: When tidal volume is limited, the respiratory control centers increase the _____ to restore minute ventilation

Answer: respiratory rate

Exercise physiology Flashcard 8 of 10

Question: What kind of nerves carry inputs to the cerebellum?

Answer: climbing and mossy fibers

Exercise physiology Flashcard 9 of 10

Question: coordination of extremities

Answer: lateral cerebellum

Exercise physiology Flashcard 10 of 10

Question: Aδ type free nerve ending

Answer: myelinated, fast conduction

Extra Information: skin, viscerapain, temperature