Vaccination documentation US Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice US Medical PG questions for Vaccination documentation. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Vaccination documentation US Medical PG Question 1: A 40-year-old pregnant woman, G4 P3, visits your office at week 30 of gestation. She is very excited about her pregnancy and wants to be the healthiest she can be in preparation for labor and for her baby. What vaccination should she receive at this visit?
- A. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)
- B. Varicella vaccine
- C. Herpes zoster vaccine
- D. Live attenuated influenza vaccine
- E. Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) (Correct Answer)
Vaccination documentation Explanation: ***Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap)***
- The Tdap vaccine is recommended during each pregnancy, preferably between **27 and 36 weeks of gestation**, to maximize maternal antibody response and passive antibody transfer to the fetus.
- This provides critical protection against **pertussis (whooping cough)** for the newborn, who is too young to be vaccinated.
*Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)*
- The **MMR vaccine is a live vaccine** and is **contraindicated during pregnancy** due to the theoretical risk of congenital rubella syndrome, although no cases have been reported.
- It should be administered **postpartum** if the mother is not immune to rubella.
*Varicella vaccine*
- The **varicella vaccine is a live vaccine** and is **contraindicated during pregnancy** due to the theoretical risk of congenital varicella syndrome.
- Like MMR, it should be offered in the **postpartum period** if the woman is not immune.
*Herpes zoster vaccine*
- The herpes zoster vaccine is typically recommended for **older adults** (50 years and older) for shingles prevention.
- It is **not routinely recommended during pregnancy**, and its safety and efficacy in this population have not been sufficiently established.
*Live attenuated influenza vaccine*
- The **live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)** is **contraindicated during pregnancy** due to its live virus content.
- Pregnant women should receive the **inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV)**, which is safe and recommended during any trimester.
Vaccination documentation US Medical PG Question 2: A 42-year-old woman presents to the physician with symptoms of vague abdominal pain and bloating for several months. Test results indicate that she has ovarian cancer. Her physician attempts to reach her by phone multiple times but cannot reach her. Next of kin numbers are in her chart. According to HIPAA regulations, who should be the primary person the doctor discusses this information with?
- A. The patient's brother
- B. The patient's husband
- C. The patient's daughter
- D. All of the options
- E. The patient (Correct Answer)
Vaccination documentation Explanation: ***The patient***
- Under **HIPAA**, the patient has the **right to privacy** regarding their protected health information (PHI). Therefore, the physician must make all reasonable attempts to contact the patient directly to convey their diagnosis.
- Sharing sensitive medical information like a cancer diagnosis with anyone other than the patient, without their explicit consent, would be a **violation of HIPAA regulations**.
*The patient's brother*
- The patient's brother is not automatically authorized to receive her medical information, even if listed as **next of kin**, without the patient's explicit consent or a documented **healthcare power of attorney**.
- Discussing the diagnosis with the brother without the patient's direct consent would be a **breach of patient confidentiality**.
*The patient's husband*
- Even a spouse does not automatically have the right to access a patient's **PHI** without the patient's express permission, according to **HIPAA**.
- While often a trusted contact, without explicit consent, revealing the diagnosis to the husband would still violate the patient's **privacy rights**.
*The patient's daughter*
- Similar to other family members, the patient's daughter is not legally entitled to receive her mother's confidential medical information without explicit authorization or a medical **power of attorney**.
- The physician's primary responsibility is to the patient herself, ensuring her **privacy** is maintained.
*All of the options*
- According to **HIPAA**, sharing the patient's diagnosis with any family member without her explicit consent would be a **breach of confidentiality**.
- This option incorrectly assumes that **next of kin** automatically have the right to receive sensitive medical information.
Vaccination documentation US Medical PG Question 3: An 11-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his parents for the routine Tdap immunization booster dose that is given during adolescence. Upon reviewing the patient’s medical records, the pediatrician notes that he was immunized according to CDC recommendations, with the exception that he received a catch-up Tdap immunization at the age of 8 years. When the pediatrician asks the boy’s parents about this delay, they inform the doctor that they immigrated to this country 3 years ago from Southeast Asia, where the child had not been immunized against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. Therefore, he received a catch-up series at 8 years of age, which included the first dose of the Tdap vaccine. Which of the following options should the pediatrician choose to continue the boy’s immunization schedule?
- A. A single dose of Td vaccine at 18 years of age
- B. A single dose of Td vaccine now
- C. No further vaccination needed
- D. A single dose of Tdap vaccine now
- E. A single dose of Tdap vaccine at 13 years of age (Correct Answer)
Vaccination documentation Explanation: ***A single dose of Tdap vaccine at 13 years of age***
- The CDC recommends a **minimum interval of 5 years** between Tdap doses when Tdap is given as part of a catch-up series.
- Since this patient received his first Tdap at age 8, the earliest he should receive the adolescent booster is at **age 13** (5 years later).
- This timing ensures adequate spacing while still providing the recommended adolescent booster for **pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria** protection.
- The 5-year interval prevents excessive antigen exposure and optimizes immune response.
*A single dose of Tdap vaccine now*
- Giving Tdap now would result in only a **3-year interval** from the previous Tdap dose at age 8.
- This violates the CDC recommendation of a **minimum 5-year interval** between Tdap doses.
- Shorter intervals may increase local reactogenicity without improving protection.
*A single dose of Td vaccine now*
- While this would provide tetanus and diphtheria protection, it would **not protect against pertussis**, which is a critical component of adolescent vaccination.
- The Tdap vaccine is specifically recommended for adolescents to boost waning pertussis immunity.
- Additionally, giving it now would still be earlier than the recommended 5-year interval from the previous pertussis-containing vaccine.
*A single dose of Td vaccine at 18 years of age*
- This option would result in a **10-year gap** from the last pertussis-containing vaccine, leaving the adolescent vulnerable during high-risk years.
- The adolescent Tdap booster is specifically timed for ages 11-13 to protect during peak transmission periods in middle and high school.
- Waiting until 18 would miss the critical window for pertussis protection.
*No further vaccination needed*
- While the patient completed a catch-up series, the CDC still recommends an **adolescent Tdap booster** even for those who received Tdap in a catch-up series.
- The adolescent booster is important to maintain immunity against pertussis, which wanes significantly over time.
- The booster should be given at age 13 to maintain the 5-year minimum interval.
Vaccination documentation US Medical PG Question 4: A 20-year-old primigravid woman comes to the physician in October for her first prenatal visit. She has delayed the visit because she wanted a “natural birth” but was recently convinced to get a checkup after feeling more tired than usual. She feels well. Menarche was at the age of 12 years and menses used to occur at regular 28-day intervals and last 3–7 days. The patient emigrated from Mexico 2 years ago. Her immunization records are unavailable. Pelvic examination shows a uterus consistent in size with a 28-week gestation. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 12.4 g/dL
Leukocyte count 8,000/mm3
Blood group B negative
Serum
Glucose 88 mg/dL
Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL
TSH 3.8 μU/mL
Rapid plasma reagin negative
HIV antibody negative
Hepatitis B surface antigen negative
Urinalysis shows no abnormalities. Urine culture is negative. Chlamydia and gonorrhea testing are negative. A Pap smear is normal. Administration of which of the following vaccines is most appropriate at this time?
- A. Varicella and influenza
- B. Varicella and Tdap
- C. Influenza only
- D. Tdap and influenza (Correct Answer)
- E. Hepatitis B and MMR
Vaccination documentation Explanation: ***Tdap and influenza***
- The **Tdap vaccine** is recommended for pregnant women during each pregnancy, preferably between **27 and 36 weeks gestation**, to provide passive immunity to the newborn against pertussis. The patient is at 28 weeks gestation.
- The **influenza vaccine** is recommended for all pregnant women, regardless of trimester, during flu season (October in this case) to protect both the mother and the newborn.
*Varicella and influenza*
- The **varicella vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy** because it is a live attenuated vaccine.
- While influenza vaccine is appropriate, administering varicella vaccine is not.
*Varicella and Tdap*
- As mentioned, the **varicella vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy** due to its live attenuated nature.
- Although Tdap is appropriate, varicella is not.
*Influenza only*
- While the **influenza vaccine is appropriate**, the **Tdap vaccine** is also indicated for this patient given her gestational age and the benefits for the newborn.
- Administering only influenza would miss an opportunity to provide crucial pertussis protection.
*Hepatitis B and MMR*
- The **Hepatitis B vaccine** is safe in pregnancy if indicated, but the patient tested **Hepatitis B surface antigen negative**, suggesting no current infection and no immediate need for vaccination based on the provided information.
- The **MMR vaccine is contraindicated in pregnancy** because it is a live attenuated vaccine.
Vaccination documentation US Medical PG Question 5: A 52-year-old farmer presents to his physician with a puncture wound on his left shin. He got this wound accidentally when he felt unwell and went out to his garden "to catch some air". He reports he had been treated for tetanus 35 years ago and has received the Tdap vaccine several times since then, but he does not remember when he last received the vaccine. His vital signs are as follows: the blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 91/min, respiratory rate is 19/min, and temperature is 37.8°C (100.0°F). On physical examination, he is mildly dyspneic and pale. Lung auscultation reveals diminished vesicular breath sounds in the lower lobes bilaterally with a few inspiratory crackles heard over the left lower lobe. There is a puncture wound 1 cm in diameter that is contaminated with soil in the middle third of the patient’s shin. You order blood tests and an X-ray, and now you are arranging his wound treatment. How should tetanus post-exposure prevention be performed in this case?
- A. The patient should be administered only the Tdap vaccine, because it is a minor wound with a small area of possible toxin absorption.
- B. The patient does not need tetanus post-exposure prevention, because he has a past medical history of tetanus.
- C. The patient should receive both tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine and human tetanus immunoglobulin. (Correct Answer)
- D. The patient does not need tetanus post-exposure prevention, because he received the Tdap vaccine several times in the past.
- E. The patient should only be administered human tetanus immunoglobulin, because he is acutely ill and febrile, which are contraindications for tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine administration.
Vaccination documentation Explanation: ***The patient should receive both tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine and human tetanus immunoglobulin.***
- This patient has a **tetanus-prone wound** (puncture wound contaminated with soil) and an **uncertain vaccination history** (due to not remembering when the last Tdap was).
- For clean wounds, a Tdap booster within 5 years is sufficient, but with a dirty wound and uncertain history, **both passive immunization (tetanus immunoglobulin) and active immunization (Tdap vaccine)** are required.
*The patient should be administered only the Tdap vaccine, because it is a minor wound with a small area of possible toxin absorption.*
- A **puncture wound contaminated with soil** is considered a tetanus-prone wound, regardless of size, requiring more aggressive prophylaxis.
- Relying solely on the vaccine may not provide immediate protection, as it takes time for the body to mount an **immune response**.
*The patient does not need tetanus post-exposure prevention, because he has a past medical history of tetanus.*
- A past history of tetanus **does not confer lifelong immunity** due to the low toxin dose required to cause disease, which is insufficient to stimulate a robust immune response.
- Thus, previous tetanus infection does not negate the need for **vaccination or passive immunity** following injury.
*The patient does not need tetanus post-exposure prevention, because he received the Tdap vaccine several times in the past.*
- While he received the vaccine "several times," the **exact timing of his last dose is unknown**, which is critical for determining protection levels.
- Without a clear history of a booster within the last **5 years for dirty wounds** or 10 years for clean wounds, his immune status is considered uncertain.
*The patient should only be administered human tetanus immunoglobulin, because he is acutely ill and febrile, which are contraindications for tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine administration.*
- **Mild illness or low-grade fever** is generally not a contraindication for vaccination, and the potential benefits often outweigh the risks in post-exposure prophylaxis.
- While **tetanus immunoglobulin** provides immediate passive protection, it does not stimulate long-term active immunity, which is crucial for ongoing protection.
Vaccination documentation US Medical PG Question 6: A young man about to leave for his freshman year of college visits his physician in order to ensure that his immunizations are up-to-date. Because he is living in a college dormitory, his physician gives him a vaccine that prevents meningococcal disease. What type of vaccine did this patient likely receive?
- A. Live, attenuated
- B. Killed, attenuated
- C. Toxoid
- D. Conjugated polysaccharide (Correct Answer)
- E. Killed, inactivated
Vaccination documentation Explanation: ***Conjugated polysaccharide***
- The **meningococcal vaccine** commonly administered to college students is a **polysaccharide vaccine** wherein the polysaccharide antigens are conjugated to a protein carrier.
- This **conjugation** improves the immune response by converting a T-independent antigen into a T-dependent one, inducing better memory responses and allowing for vaccination of infants.
*Live, attenuated*
- Live, attenuated vaccines contain a **weakened form of the pathogen** that can replicate but does not cause disease, such as the MMR or varicella vaccine.
- While they elicit strong, long-lasting immunity, the meningococcal vaccine is not typically of this type due to the risk of opportunistic infection, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
*Killed, attenuated*
- This term is a **contradiction**; vaccines are either **killed (inactivated)** or **live (attenuated)**, but not both.
- Attenuation implies weakening, for which the organism would still be alive.
*Toxoid*
- **Toxoid vaccines** are made from inactivated bacterial toxins, used to protect against diseases where the toxin, not the bacterium itself, causes the disease, such as diphtheria and tetanus.
- Meningococcal disease is primarily caused by **direct bacterial invasion and inflammation**, not solely by a toxin.
*Killed, inactivated*
- **Killed, inactivated vaccines** contain whole pathogens that have been killed and cannot replicate, such as the inactivated poliovirus vaccine.
- While there are inactivated meningococcal vaccines, the most common type for broad use, especially in college settings, is the conjugated polysaccharide vaccine, which elicits a stronger and more long-lasting immune response against multiple serotypes compared to plain inactivated whole-cell vaccines.
Vaccination documentation US Medical PG Question 7: A 9-month-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents for routine immunization. The parents say they have recently immigrated to the United States from a developing country, where the infant was receiving immunizations as per the national immunization schedule for that country. The pediatrician prepares a plan for the infant’s immunizations as per standard US guidelines. Looking at the plan, the parents ask why the infant needs to be vaccinated with injectable polio vaccine, as he had already received an oral polio vaccine back in their home country. The pediatrician explains to them that, as per the recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents in the United States, it is important to complete the schedule of immunizations using the injectable polio vaccine (IPV). He also mentions that IPV is considered safer than OPV, and IPV has some distinct advantages over OPV. Which of the following statements best explains the advantage of IPV over OPV to which the pediatrician is referring?
- A. IPV is known to produce higher titers of mucosal IgG antibodies than OPV
- B. IPV is known to produce virus-specific CD4+ T cells that produce interleukins and interferons to control polio viruses
- C. IPV is known to produce higher titers of mucosal IgA antibodies than OPV
- D. IPV is known to produce higher titers of serum IgG antibodies than OPV (Correct Answer)
- E. IPV is known to produce virus-specific CD8+ T cells that directly kill polio-infected cells
Vaccination documentation Explanation: ***IPV is known to produce higher titers of serum IgG antibodies than OPV***
- The **injectable polio vaccine (IPV)** is an **inactivated vaccine** that primarily induces a systemic immune response, leading to high levels of **serum IgG antibodies**. These antibodies are crucial for preventing **viremia** and subsequently protecting against paralytic poliomyelitis.
- While OPV (oral polio vaccine) induces both mucosal and humoral immunity, IPV's strength lies in its ability to generate robust systemic immunity without the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP), a rare but serious complication of OPV.
*IPV is known to produce higher titers of mucosal IgG antibodies than OPV*
- IPV primarily stimulates **systemic immunity** rather than strong mucosal immunity, meaning it does not typically produce higher titers of mucosal IgG antibodies than OPV.
- Mucosal immunity, especially IgA, is better stimulated by vaccines administered orally, like **OPV**, as it directly interacts with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
*IPV is known to produce virus-specific CD4+ T cells that produce interleukins and interferons to control polio viruses*
- Both IPV and OPV can induce **CD4+ T cell responses**, but this statement does not highlight a distinct advantage of IPV over OPV.
- While CD4+ T cells are important for immune coordination and antibody production, the primary advantage of IPV is its **safety profile** and systemic antibody levels, not necessarily a superior CD4+ T cell response.
*IPV is known to produce higher titers of mucosal IgA antibodies than OPV*
- **OPV**, being an oral vaccine, is highly effective at inducing a strong **mucosal IgA response** in the gut, which is important for preventing viral shedding and transmission.
- **IPV**, administered parenterally, produces minimal to no mucosal IgA response, making this statement incorrect.
*IPV is known to produce virus-specific CD8+ T cells that directly kill polio-infected cells*
- **Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells** are primarily involved in clearing cells infected with intracellular pathogens.
- While both vaccines may induce some cellular immunity, their primary mechanism for protecting against polio is through **neutralizing antibodies**, and the induction of CD8+ T cells is not the principal advantage of IPV over OPV.
Vaccination documentation US Medical PG Question 8: A 2-month-old girl is brought to the physician by her father for a routine well-child examination. She is given a vaccine that contains polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated to a toxoid carrier. The vaccine is most likely to provide immunity against which of the following pathogens?
- A. Haemophilus influenzae (Correct Answer)
- B. Neisseria meningitidis
- C. Bordetella pertussis
- D. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- E. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Vaccination documentation Explanation: **Haemophilus influenzae**
- The vaccine described, containing **polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP)** conjugated to a toxoid carrier, is characteristic of the **Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine**.
- PRP is the **polysaccharide capsule** of *H. influenzae* type b, and conjugating it to a protein (toxoid carrier) allows for T-cell dependent immunity, effective in infants.
*Neisseria meningitidis*
- While *N. meningitidis* also has a **polysaccharide capsule** and vaccines are available, their capsular components differ (e.g., serogroups A, C, Y, W-135, or B outer membrane protein).
- The description of **polyribosylribitol phosphate** is specific to *H. influenzae* type b.
*Bordetella pertussis*
- Vaccines against *Bordetella pertussis* are typically **acellular pertussis vaccines (aP)**, which contain purified components like pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin, and pertactin, not a PRP conjugate.
- These vaccines target bacterial toxins and adhesins, not a polysaccharide capsule unique to PRP.
*Streptococcus pneumoniae*
- Vaccines for *S. pneumoniae* (pneumococcal vaccines) use **capsular polysaccharides** from various serotypes, often conjugated to a protein carrier (e.g., diphtheria toxoid), but the specific polysaccharide is not PRP.
- The structure and serotypes of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides are distinct from PRP.
*Corynebacterium diphtheriae*
- The vaccine for *C. diphtheriae* is the **diphtheria toxoid**, which is an inactivated form of the diphtheria toxin, not a polysaccharide conjugate.
- It provides immunity by inducing antibodies against the toxin, preventing its harmful effects.
Vaccination documentation US Medical PG Question 9: A 15-month-old girl is brought to her primary care physician for a follow-up visit to receive the 4th dose of her DTaP vaccine. She is up-to-date on her vaccinations. She received her 1st dose of MMR, 1st dose of varicella, 3rd dose of HiB, 4th dose of PCV13, and 3rd dose of polio vaccine 3 months ago. Thirteen days after receiving these vaccinations, the child developed a fever up to 40.5°C (104.9°F) and had one generalized seizure that lasted for 2 minutes. She was taken to the emergency department. The girl was sent home after workup for the seizure was unremarkable and her temperature subsided with acetaminophen therapy. She has not had any other symptoms since then. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. Her mother is concerned about receiving further vaccinations because she is afraid of the girl having more seizures. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation at this time?
- A. Administration of the DTaP vaccine as scheduled (Correct Answer)
- B. Administration of the DTaP vaccine with valproic acid
- C. Administration of a reduced-dose DTaP vaccine
- D. Refrain from administration of the DTaP vaccine
- E. Administration of the DTaP vaccine with prophylactic aspirin
Vaccination documentation Explanation: ***Administration of the DTaP vaccine as scheduled***
- The seizure experienced by the child was a **febrile seizure**, triggered by a fever following vaccination, and not a contraindication to future DTaP doses.
- The timing of the seizure (**13 days post-vaccination**) suggests it was most likely related to the **MMR vaccine**, which commonly causes delayed fever (5-12 days) and febrile seizures, rather than the pertussis component or other vaccines given simultaneously.
- Since the child did **not receive DTaP** at the visit when the febrile seizure occurred, there is no evidence that pertussis-containing vaccines trigger seizures in this patient.
- The **unremarkable workup** and the child's return to normal health indicate the seizure was benign and not indicative of an underlying seizure disorder or severe adverse reaction.
- **Simple febrile seizures are not a contraindication** to DTaP vaccination per CDC/ACIP guidelines.
*Administration of the DTaP vaccine with valproic acid*
- **Valproic acid** is an anti-epileptic drug and is not indicated for the prevention of simple febrile seizures following vaccination.
- Prophylactic use of anti-epileptic drugs for vaccination-related febrile seizures is generally not recommended due to potential side effects and lack of clear benefit.
*Administration of a reduced-dose DTaP vaccine*
- There is **no such thing as a reduced-dose DTaP vaccine** for standard administration in children of this age.
- Reducing the vaccine dose would compromise its efficacy and protective immunity.
*Refrain from administration of the DTaP vaccine*
- **Febrile seizures are not a contraindication** to receiving further DTaP vaccination.
- Withholding the vaccine would leave the child unprotected against **diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis**, which are serious and potentially life-threatening diseases.
*Administration of the DTaP vaccine with prophylactic aspirin*
- **Aspirin is contraindicated in children** due to the risk of **Reye's syndrome**, especially during viral illnesses or when fever is present.
- It should not be used as a prophylactic measure for vaccination-related fever or seizures.
Vaccination documentation US Medical PG Question 10: An unimmunized 5 -year-old child presents to the OPD with a white membranous layer on inspection, suggesting diphtheria. What is the appropriate prophylaxis for a 2 -year-old contact who has completed their vaccination?
- A. No prophylaxis needed
- B. Toxoid
- C. Immunoglobulins
- D. Penicillin (Correct Answer)
- E. Erythromycin
Vaccination documentation Explanation: ***Penicillin***
- For a **fully vaccinated contact** of a diphtheria case, **antibiotic prophylaxis** (e.g., penicillin or erythromycin) is recommended to prevent carriage and transmission of *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*.
- This approach aims to eradicate the organism from the respiratory tract, even if the contact is otherwise protected from the disease itself.
- **Penicillin** is a commonly used first-line agent for this purpose.
*Erythromycin*
- **Erythromycin** is also an acceptable antibiotic for diphtheria prophylaxis and is particularly useful in penicillin-allergic patients.
- Both penicillin and erythromycin are effective for preventing carriage; the choice between them may depend on local guidelines, patient allergies, and availability.
- In this context, either would be clinically appropriate, but penicillin is often listed as the primary option in standard guidelines.
*No prophylaxis needed*
- This is incorrect because even vaccinated individuals can become **asymptomatic carriers** of *C. diphtheriae* and transmit the infection to unimmunized or under-immunized contacts.
- Prophylaxis is crucial for **breaking the chain of transmission** in a household or close contact setting.
*Toxoid*
- **Diphtheria toxoid** is the active component of the diphtheria vaccine, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against diphtheria toxin, preventing the disease.
- While important for ongoing immunity, administering the toxoid as an immediate prophylaxis for a fully vaccinated contact is not the primary intervention for preventing carriage; **antibiotics are used for this purpose**.
*Immunoglobulins*
- **Diphtheria antitoxin** (DAT), which contains immunoglobulins, is used for the **treatment of active diphtheria disease** by neutralizing the circulating toxin.
- It is not indicated for prophylaxis in vaccinated contacts, as their immune system is already primed to handle potential exposure to the toxin, and the goal of prophylaxis here is to prevent colonization rather than toxin effects.
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