Extracellular polymeric substances US Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Practice US Medical PG questions for Extracellular polymeric substances. These multiple choice questions (MCQs) cover important concepts and help you prepare for your exams.
Extracellular polymeric substances US Medical PG Question 1: A 23-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after stepping on a piece of broken glass. Physical examination shows a 3-cm, ragged laceration on the plantar aspect of the left foot. The physician uses hydrogen peroxide to clean the wound. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of this disinfectant?
- A. Formation of free radicals (Correct Answer)
- B. Intercalation of DNA
- C. Crosslinking of proteins
- D. Halogenation of nucleic acids
- E. Congealing of cytoplasm
Extracellular polymeric substances Explanation: ***Formation of free radicals***
- **Hydrogen peroxide** acts as an **oxidizing agent**, generating highly reactive **oxygen-free radicals** (e.g., superoxide, hydroxyl radicals) that damage microbial cellular components.
- This **oxidative damage** disrupts proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, leading to bacterial and viral cell death.
*Intercalation of DNA*
- This mechanism is characteristic of certain **chemotherapeutic agents** (e.g., doxorubicin, ethidium bromide) and some **antimicrobials**, which insert themselves between DNA base pairs, disrupting replication and transcription.
- Hydrogen peroxide does not typically target DNA in this manner for its disinfectant action.
*Crosslinking of proteins*
- This mechanism is characteristic of **aldehydes** like **formaldehyde** and **glutaraldehyde**, which form covalent bonds between amino groups of proteins, denaturing them and disrupting cellular function.
- While hydrogen peroxide can modify proteins, its primary disinfectant action is not through widespread protein crosslinking.
*Halogenation of nucleic acids*
- This mechanism is primarily associated with **halogens** such as **chlorine** and **iodine**, which react with nucleic acids to form halogenated compounds, thereby inactivating them.
- Hydrogen peroxide, while an oxidizer, does not lead to halogenation as its primary mode of action.
*Congealing of cytoplasm*
- This mechanism, which refers to the coagulation or solidification of cellular contents, is typical of **alcohols** (e.g., ethanol, isopropanol) and some **heavy metal salts** that denature proteins and lipids, leading to cell lysis.
- Hydrogen peroxide's action is more specific to oxidative damage rather than general cytoplasmic congealing.
Extracellular polymeric substances US Medical PG Question 2: A 37-year-old woman with a history of anorectal abscesses complains of pain in the perianal region. Physical examination reveals mild swelling, tenderness, and erythema of the perianal skin. She is prescribed oral ampicillin and asked to return for follow-up. Two days later, the patient presents with a high-grade fever, syncope, and increased swelling. Which of the following would be the most common mechanism of resistance leading to the failure of antibiotic therapy in this patient?
- A. Intrinsic absence of a target site for the drug
- B. Use of an altered metabolic pathway
- C. Production of beta-lactamase enzyme (Correct Answer)
- D. Altered structural target for the drug
- E. Drug efflux pump
Extracellular polymeric substances Explanation: ***Production of beta-lactamase enzyme***
- The patient's symptoms of a rapidly worsening infection despite ampicillin treatment suggest the presence of a **beta-lactamase producing organism**. Ampicillin is a **beta-lactam antibiotic** that is inactivated by these enzymes.
- Anorectal abscesses and rapidly progressing soft tissue infections are often caused by **polymicrobial flora**, including staphylococci and enterococci, many of which can produce **beta-lactamase**.
*Intrinsic absence of a target site for the drug*
- While some bacteria inherently lack the target site for certain drugs (e.g., mycoplasma lacking a cell wall, thus being resistant to beta-lactams), this is less likely to be the **most common mechanism of acquired resistance** leading to treatment failure in a typical perianal infection.
- The rapid progression and failed initial treatment point towards an **acquired mechanism of resistance** rather than an intrinsic one.
*Use of an altered metabolic pathway*
- This mechanism, such as altered **folate synthesis pathways** in resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, is less common as the primary mechanism for ampicillin resistance.
- Ampicillin's mechanism of action primarily targets the **bacterial cell wall**, not a metabolic pathway in the same way.
*Altered structural target for the drug*
- This involves modifications to the **penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs)**, which are the targets of beta-lactam antibiotics like ampicillin. While a valid mechanism (e.g., in MRSA), the **production of beta-lactamase** is generally a more widespread and common cause of ampicillin failure, especially in infections involving mixed flora from the perianal region.
- Given the abrupt failure of ampicillin, **beta-lactamase inactivation** is a more immediate and common cause than a rapid mutational change in PBPs.
*Drug efflux pump*
- **Efflux pumps** actively remove antibiotics from the bacterial cell, contributing to resistance against various drug classes.
- While efflux pumps can play a role, the dominant mechanism for resistance to **ampicillin** in many common perianal pathogens is the **enzymatic degradation by beta-lactamases**.
Extracellular polymeric substances US Medical PG Question 3: A 65-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a complaint of intense pain in his right foot for the past month, along with fever and chills. He denies any traumatic injury to his foot in recent memory. He has a medical history of poorly-controlled type II diabetes and is a former smoker with extensive peripheral vascular disease. On physical exam, the area of his right foot around the hallux is swollen, erythematous, tender to light palpation, and reveals exposed bone. Labs are notable for elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The physician obtains a biopsy for culture. What is the most likely causative organism for this patient’s condition?
- A. Pasteurella multocida
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Staphylococcus aureus (Correct Answer)
- D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- E. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Extracellular polymeric substances Explanation: ***Staphylococcus aureus***
- This patient presents with signs of **osteomyelitis** (foot pain, fever, chills, exposed bone, elevated inflammatory markers) in the setting of **diabetes** and **peripheral vascular disease (PVD)**.
- **_S. aureus_** is the most common cause of osteomyelitis, especially in patients with diabetes and PVD where skin integrity is compromised or there's hematogenous spread.
*Pasteurella multocida*
- **_Pasteurella multocida_** is typically associated with infections following **animal bites**, specifically cat or dog bites.
- There is no history of animal bite in this patient, making this organism less likely.
*Mycobacterium tuberculosis*
- **_Mycobacterium tuberculosis_** can cause osteomyelitis, known as **Pott's disease** when affecting the spine, but it's typically a **chronic, granulomatous infection** often without acute purulence or the rapid progression seen here.
- It usually occurs in patients with active tuberculosis elsewhere or those from endemic regions, and the clinical presentation is not as acute as described.
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
- **_Pseudomonas aeruginosa_** is a common cause of osteomyelitis in specific contexts, such as **puncture wounds** through footwear (especially in diabetic patients) or in **IV drug users**.
- While possible in diabetic foot infections, **_S. aureus_** remains overwhelmingly more common given the general presentation of osteomyelitis without a specific puncture wound history.
*Neisseria gonorrhoeae*
- **_Neisseria gonorrhoeae_** causes **gonococcal arthritis** or disseminated gonococcal infection, which can affect joints.
- However, it typically presents with migratory polyarthralgia, tenosynovitis, or dermatitis, rather than localized acute osteomyelitis with exposed bone in the foot as described.
Extracellular polymeric substances US Medical PG Question 4: A 2-year-old boy has a history of recurrent bacterial infections, especially of his skin. When he has an infection, pus does not form. His mother reports that, when he was born, his umbilical cord took 5 weeks to detach. He is ultimately diagnosed with a defect in a molecule in the pathway that results in neutrophil extravasation. Which of the following correctly pairs the defective molecule with the step of extravasation that molecule affects?
- A. E-selectin; transmigration
- B. LFA-1 (integrin); tight adhesion (Correct Answer)
- C. ICAM-1; margination
- D. E-selectin; tight adhesion
- E. PECAM-1; transmigration
Extracellular polymeric substances Explanation: ***LFA-1 (integrin); tight adhesion***
- This patient's symptoms (recurrent bacterial infections, lack of pus formation, and delayed umbilical cord separation) are classic for **Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency type 1 (LAD-1)**.
- **LAD-1** is caused by a defect in the **CD18 subunit** of **β2 integrins**, including **LFA-1** and **Mac-1**, which are crucial for the **tight adhesion** of neutrophils to endothelial cells.
*E-selectin; transmigration*
- **E-selectin** mediates the initial **rolling** of leukocytes along the endothelial surface, not transmigration.
- A defect in E-selectin would impair rolling, but the primary defect in LAD-1 is in tight adhesion.
*ICAM-1; margination*
- **ICAM-1** (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1) is an endothelial ligand that binds to integrins on leukocytes, facilitating **tight adhesion** and transmigration, not margination.
- **Margination** refers to the movement of leukocytes to the periphery of the blood vessel lumen.
*E-selectin; tight adhesion*
- **E-selectin** is involved in the initial **rolling** phase of extravasation by binding to sialyl Lewis X on leukocytes.
- It does not primarily mediate **tight adhesion**, which is facilitated by integrins binding to ICAM-1.
*PECAM-1; transmigration*
- **PECAM-1** (Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1) is primarily involved in **transmigration** (diapedesis), where leukocytes pass between endothelial cells.
- While important for extravasation, the characteristic findings of LAD-1 point to a defect earlier in the pathway, specifically tight adhesion.
Extracellular polymeric substances US Medical PG Question 5: A 25-day-old male infant presents to the emergency department because his mother states that he has been acting irritable for the past 2 days and has now developed a fever. On exam, the infant appears uncomfortable and has a temperature of 39.1 C. IV access is immediately obtained and a complete blood count and blood cultures are drawn. Lumbar puncture demonstrates an elevated opening pressure, elevated polymorphonuclear neutrophil, elevated protein, and decreased glucose. Ampicillin and cefotaxime are immediately initiated and CSF culture eventually demonstrates infection with a Gram-negative rod. Which of the following properties of this organism was necessary for the infection of this infant?
- A. K capsule (Correct Answer)
- B. M protein
- C. Fimbriae
- D. IgA protease
- E. LPS endotoxin
Extracellular polymeric substances Explanation: ***K capsule***
- The K capsule (specifically **K1 antigen**) is a specific virulence factor found in **E. coli** strains, which are a common cause of neonatal meningitis.
- This capsule is **antiphagocytic** and helps the bacteria evade the immune system, allowing it to cross the **blood-brain barrier** and cause meningitis in neonates.
*M protein*
- **M protein** is a major virulence factor associated with **Streptococcus pyogenes** (Group A Strep), playing a role in attachment and immune evasion.
- While *S. pyogenes* can cause infections, it is not typically the Gram-negative rod responsible for **neonatal meningitis** and its M protein is not relevant here.
*Fimbriae*
- **Fimbriae** (pili) are important for bacterial **adhesion** to host cells, often in the initial stages of infection, particularly in urinary tract infections (UTIs).
- While gram-negative rods possess fimbriae, the specific virulence factor critical for **meningitis** caused by *E. coli* in neonates is the K1 capsule, not fimbriae which are more for initial colonization.
*IgA protease*
- **IgA protease** is an enzyme produced by some bacteria (e.g., *N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae*) that cleaves **IgA antibodies**, helping them colonize mucous membranes.
- This enzyme is not a primary virulence factor for the **Gram-negative rod** causing neonatal meningitis, where capsule formation is more critical for invasion.
*LPS endotoxin*
- **Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin** is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and is responsible for many symptoms of sepsis and **systemic inflammation**.
- While LPS contributes to the overall disease severity, it primarily mediates **inflammation and fever**, and is not the specific factor necessary for **invasion and survival within the central nervous system**, which is facilitated by the K capsule.
Extracellular polymeric substances US Medical PG Question 6: One week after starting amoxicillin for sinusitis, a 4-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department with fever, rash, and myalgia. She has been hospitalized multiple times for recurrent streptococcal pneumonia and meningitis. She appears tired. Examination shows a diffuse urticarial rash. Her antibiotic is discontinued. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism for her recurrent infections?
- A. Impaired opsonization (Correct Answer)
- B. Absence of IgA antibodies
- C. Defective superoxide production
- D. Impaired leukocyte adhesion
- E. Accumulation of bradykinin
Extracellular polymeric substances Explanation: ***Impaired opsonization***
- Recurrent severe bacterial infections, particularly with **encapsulated organisms** like *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, suggest a defect in the **complement system** or **antibody production**, which are crucial for opsonization.
- The pattern of recurrent **pneumonia and meningitis** with *Streptococcus pneumoniae* is highly suggestive of **complement deficiency** (particularly C3 or alternative pathway defects), which impairs opsonization and clearance of encapsulated bacteria.
*Absence of IgA antibodies*
- Selective IgA deficiency typically presents with recurrent **mucosal infections** (e.g., upper respiratory, gastrointestinal), but usually not severe, disseminated bacterial infections like meningitis.
- While IgA is important for mucosal immunity, its absence alone does not explain generalized recurrent **streptococcal pneumonia** and **meningitis** as the primary underlying cause.
*Defective superoxide production*
- Defective superoxide production, as seen in **chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)**, leads to recurrent infections with **catalase-positive organisms** (e.g., *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Aspergillus*).
- The patient's history of recurrent **streptococcal infections** (which are catalase-negative) and lack of **granuloma formation** makes CGD less likely.
*Impaired leukocyte adhesion*
- Impaired leukocyte adhesion, characteristic of **leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)**, leads to recurrent bacterial infections, **impaired wound healing**, and **delayed umbilical cord separation**.
- While recurrent infections are present, the clinical picture does not specifically mention impaired wound healing or delayed cord separation, and the specific organisms involved (streptococcal) are not pathognomonic for LAD.
*Accumulation of bradykinin*
- Accumulation of bradykinin leads to **hereditary angioedema**, characterized by recurrent episodes of localized **swelling** without urticaria.
- This condition does not primarily manifest with recurrent bacterial infections or a diffuse urticarial rash in response to medication, making it an unlikely underlying mechanism for the patient's symptoms.
Extracellular polymeric substances US Medical PG Question 7: While testing various strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a researcher discovers that a certain strain of this bacteria is unable to cause disease in mice when deposited in their lungs. What physiological test would most likely deviate from normal in this strain of bacteria as opposed to a typical strain?
- A. Quellung reaction (Correct Answer)
- B. Hemolytic reaction when grown on sheep blood agar
- C. Bile solubility
- D. Optochin sensitivity
- E. Motility
Extracellular polymeric substances Explanation: ***Quellung reaction***
- The **Quellung reaction** tests for the presence of the **polysaccharide capsule**, which is the primary virulence factor of *S. pneumoniae*.
- An **avirulent strain** that cannot cause disease would most likely lack the capsule and show a **negative Quellung reaction** (no capsular swelling), deviating from the **positive reaction** seen in typical encapsulated pathogenic strains.
- The capsule enables *S. pneumoniae* to evade phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing, which is essential for establishing infection in the lungs.
*Hemolytic reaction when grown on sheep blood agar*
- Both virulent and avirulent strains of *S. pneumoniae* typically exhibit **alpha-hemolysis** (partial hemolysis, producing a greenish discoloration) on sheep blood agar due to the production of pneumolysin.
- This characteristic does not differentiate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains in terms of disease-causing ability.
*Bile solubility*
- *S. pneumoniae* is characteristically **bile-soluble** due to the presence of autolysin enzymes that are activated by bile salts, leading to cellular lysis.
- This property is a **species characteristic** present in both virulent and avirulent strains, thus it would not explain the inability to cause disease.
*Optochin sensitivity*
- *S. pneumoniae* is universally **sensitive to optochin**, a chemical agent that inhibits its growth and is used for laboratory identification.
- This characteristic is used for **species identification** but does not correlate with strain virulence or disease-causing ability.
*Motility*
- *Streptococcus pneumoniae* is a **non-motile** bacterium; it lacks flagella.
- This characteristic is consistent across all strains and is not a virulence factor for this species.
Extracellular polymeric substances US Medical PG Question 8: A previously healthy 26-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of pain with urination. She has been sexually active with two partners over the past year. She uses condoms for contraception. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows suprapubic tenderness. Urinalysis shows neutrophils and a positive nitrite test. Urine culture grows gram-negative, oxidase-negative rods that form greenish colonies on eosin-methylene blue agar. Which of the following virulence factors of the causal organism increases the risk of infection in this patient?
- A. Fimbriae (Correct Answer)
- B. Lecithinase
- C. IgA protease
- D. Biofilm production
- E. Lipoteichoic acid
Extracellular polymeric substances Explanation: ***Fimbriae***
- The patient's symptoms (dysuria, suprapubic tenderness), urinalysis findings (neutrophils, positive nitrite), and culture results (gram-negative, oxidase-negative rods, greenish colonies on EMB agar) are highly suggestive of a **urinary tract infection (UTI)** caused by **Escherichia coli**.
- **P-fimbriae (pili)** are crucial virulence factors for *E. coli* in UTIs, enabling the bacteria to **adhere to uroepithelial cells** and colonize the urinary tract.
*Lecithinase*
- **Lecithinase (alpha-toxin)** is a virulence factor primarily associated with bacteria like *Clostridium perfringens*, causing gas gangrene, and some *Bacillus cereus* strains.
- It is not a significant virulence factor for *E. coli* in the context of UTIs.
*IgA protease*
- **IgA protease** is an enzyme produced by bacteria such as *Neisseria gonorrhoeae*, *Neisseria meningitidis*, and *Haemophilus influenzae*.
- It cleaves IgA antibodies, preventing their protective effects at mucosal surfaces, but it is not a primary virulence factor for *E. coli* in UTIs.
*Biofilm production*
- While *E. coli* can form biofilms, particularly in chronic infections or on catheters, **biofilm production** is not the primary mechanism that increases the **initial risk** of acquiring an acute uncomplicated UTI in a healthy individual.
- The *initial* adherence to uroepithelium, facilitated by fimbriae, is key for colonization and infection establishment.
*Lipoteichoic acid*
- **Lipoteichoic acid** is a major component of the cell wall in **Gram-positive bacteria** and contributes to their immune stimulation and adherence properties.
- The causative organism in this case is a **Gram-negative rod**, making lipoteichoic acid an irrelevant virulence factor.
Extracellular polymeric substances US Medical PG Question 9: A 28-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with complaints of intermittent abdominal pain and alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea. His medical chart is not significant for any past medical problems or prior surgeries. He is not prescribed any current medications. Which of the following questions would be the most useful next question in eliciting further history from this patient?
- A. "Does the diarrhea typically precede the constipation, or vice-versa?"
- B. "Is the diarrhea foul-smelling?"
- C. "Please rate your abdominal pain on a scale of 1-10, with 10 being the worst pain of your life"
- D. "Are the symptoms worse in the morning or at night?"
- E. "Can you tell me more about the symptoms you have been experiencing?" (Correct Answer)
Extracellular polymeric substances Explanation: ***Can you tell me more about the symptoms you have been experiencing?***
- This **open-ended question** encourages the patient to provide a **comprehensive narrative** of their symptoms, including details about onset, frequency, duration, alleviating/aggravating factors, and associated symptoms, which is crucial for diagnosis.
- In a patient presenting with vague, intermittent symptoms like alternating constipation and diarrhea, allowing them to elaborate freely can reveal important clues that might not be captured by more targeted questions.
*Does the diarrhea typically precede the constipation, or vice-versa?*
- While knowing the sequence of symptoms can be helpful in understanding the **pattern of bowel dysfunction**, it is a very specific question that might overlook other important aspects of the patient's experience.
- It prematurely narrows the focus without first obtaining a broad understanding of the patient's overall symptomatic picture.
*Is the diarrhea foul-smelling?*
- Foul-smelling diarrhea can indicate **malabsorption** or **bacterial overgrowth**, which are important to consider in some gastrointestinal conditions.
- However, this is a **specific symptom inquiry** that should follow a more general exploration of the patient's symptoms, as it may not be relevant if other crucial details are missed.
*Please rate your abdominal pain on a scale of 1-10, with 10 being the worst pain of your life*
- Quantifying pain intensity is useful for assessing the **severity of discomfort** and monitoring changes over time.
- However, for a patient with intermittent rather than acute, severe pain, understanding the **character, location, and triggers** of the pain is often more diagnostically valuable than just a numerical rating initially.
*Are the symptoms worse in the morning or at night?*
- Diurnal variation can be relevant in certain conditions, such as inflammatory bowel diseases where nocturnal symptoms might be more concerning, or functional disorders whose symptoms might be stress-related.
- This is another **specific question** that should come after gathering a more complete initial picture of the patient's symptoms to ensure no key information is overlooked.
Extracellular polymeric substances US Medical PG Question 10: A 20-year-old woman presents for a follow-up visit with her physician. She has a history of cystic fibrosis and is currently under treatment. She has recently been struggling with recurrent bouts of cough and foul-smelling, mucopurulent sputum over the past year. Each episode lasts for about a week or so and then subsides. She does not have a fever or chills during these episodes. She has been hospitalized several times for pneumonia as a child and continues to struggle with diarrhea. Physically she appears to be underweight and in distress. Auscultation reveals reduced breath sounds on the lower lung fields with prominent rhonchi. Which of the following infectious agents is most likely associated with the recurrent symptoms this patient is experiencing?
- A. Mycobacterium avium
- B. Pseudomonas (Correct Answer)
- C. Histoplasma
- D. Pneumococcus
- E. Listeria
Extracellular polymeric substances Explanation: ***Pseudomonas***
- **Pseudomonas aeruginosa** is a common and opportunistic pathogen in patients with **cystic fibrosis** due to altered mucus secretion and impaired mucociliary clearance.
- Recurrent cough, foul-smelling, and **mucopurulent sputum** are classic symptoms of **Pseudomonas** lung infections in CF patients, often leading to chronic colonization and bronchiectasis.
*Mycobacterium avium*
- While *Mycobacterium avium complex* (MAC) can infect patients with cystic fibrosis, it typically causes a **more indolent and chronic lung disease** rather than recurrent, self-limiting bouts of cough and sputum.
- MAC infections are often associated with **nodular or cavitary lesions** on imaging and may require prolonged multidrug therapy.
*Histoplasmosis*
- **Histoplasmosis** is a fungal infection endemic to certain geographic regions (e.g., Ohio and Mississippi River valleys) and is acquired by inhaling spores.
- It's **not a typical or recurrent pathogen** in cystic fibrosis patients in the way bacterial infections are, and its presentation often includes fever, chills, and disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals.
*Pneumococcus*
- *Streptococcus pneumoniae* (**Pneumococcus**) is a common cause of **acute bacterial pneumonia** in the general population, including young children.
- While CF patients can get pneumococcal infections, the pattern of **recurrent bouts of foul-smelling mucopurulent sputum** without fever and the chronic nature of the lung disease point away from typical acute pneumococcal infection and more towards a chronic colonizer like *Pseudomonas*.
*Listeria*
- *Listeria monocytogenes* is primarily a cause of **foodborne illness**, leading to gastroenteritis, meningitis, or sepsis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, and neonates.
- It is **not a common respiratory pathogen**, and its presentation does not align with the described recurrent pulmonary symptoms in a cystic fibrosis patient.
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